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2018 | Book

Creating an Inclusive Architectural Intervention as a Research Space to Explore Community Well-being Read chapter Read first chapter

Breaking Down Barriers

Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design

Editors: Dr. Pat Langdon, Jonathan Lazar, Prof. Ann Heylighen, Prof. Hua Dong

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

The Cambridge Workshops on Universal Access and Assistive Technology (CWUAAT) is one of the few gatherings where people interested in inclusive design, across different fields, including designers, computer scientists, engineers, architects, ergonomists, ethnographers, policymakers and user communities, meet, discuss, and collaborate. CWUAAT has also become an international workshop, representing diverse cultures including Portugal, Germany, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Australia, China, Norway, USA, Belgium, UK, and many more.


The workshop has five main themes based on barriers identified in the developing field of design for inclusion:
I Breaking Down Barriers between Disciplines
II Breaking Down Barriers between Users, Designers and Developers
III Removing Barriers to Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design
IV Breaking Down Barriers between People with Impairments and Those without
V Breaking Down Barriers between Research and Policy-making


In the context of developing demographic changes leading to greater numbers of older people and people living with impairments, the general field of inclusive design research strives to relate the capabilities of the population to the design of products, services, and spaces. CWUAAT has always had a successful multidisciplinary focus, but if genuine transdisciplinary fields are to evolve from this, the final barriers to integrated research must be identified and characterised. Only then will benefits be realised in an inclusive society. Barriers do not arise from impairments themselves, but instead, are erected by humans, who often have not considered a greater variation in sensory, cognitive and physical user capabilities. Barriers are not only technical or architectural, but they also exist between different communities of professionals. Our continual goal with the CWUAAT workshop series is to break down barriers in technical, physical, and architectural design, as well as barriers between different professional communities.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Breaking Down Barriers Between Disciplines

Frontmatter
Creating an Inclusive Architectural Intervention as a Research Space to Explore Community Well-being
Abstract
This paper outlines a 2-year active design research project coordinated in collaboration with Public Health Northern Ireland and set in the city of Derry/Londonderry to explore how inclusive design methodologies can produce interventions to improve community well-being. The research focuses on the waterfront of the River Foyle and how an inclusive architectural intervention challenged the areas’ negative associations. In the last decade, the waterfront has become synonymous with mental health crisis and suicide. This has led to the phrase ‘I’m ready for the Foyle’ becoming embedded within the communities’ language as a colloquial term for stress. This project seeks to extend inclusive design within the community, creating well-being spaces around the bridges and banks of the river, with outcomes focused on drawing people to the area as a place of celebration and life-affirming activities. The project has helped to develop Inclusive Design as a means of engaging a whole city in the redesign of public spaces for improved well-being.
J. Bichard, R. Alwani, E. Raby, J. West, J. Spencer
The Effect of Age and Gender on Task Performance in the Automobile
Abstract
The automobile is becoming more complex as vehicle technologies advance. As a result, driver awareness of internal and external aspects of the environment will influence performance for a range of activities. Inclusivity is an important aspect of vehicle design, especially as autonomous driving functionality increases. This paper examines how users of differing gender and age perform within the vehicle. A simulator study was carried out to assess performance on a range of tasks, whilst driving under different driving conditions. The results show that differences exist between males and females, and older and younger operators for a range of driving and non-driving measures. Older operators generated higher steering wheel variation than younger drivers in driving-only conditions, whilst older and female operators require more button presses and glances away from the road than younger and male operators. The implications relating to in-vehicle interface design are discussed.
L. Skrypchuk, A. Mouzakitis, P. M. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson
Introducing Assistive Technology and Universal Design Theory, Applications in Design Education
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand student assumptions related to the challenges of developing a universally designed device compared to designing a dedicated assistive device. Two projects were conducted in a sophomore industrial design studio class. Data was collected from students via surveys. Results of the projects and suggestions for conducting similar projects are presented.
Y. M. Choi
Exploring User Capability Data with Topological Data Analysis
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of user capability data using Topological Data Analysis (TDA) (unsupervised machine learning) to extract insight. The aim was to explore the global shape and sub-groupings (clusters of profiles) of people using data collected from the Cambridge Better Design Pilot Study of 362 people from across England and Wales. The resulting topological network demonstrated the global shape of the sample and distribution of sensory, cognitive and motor capability across the sample. The TDA network was automatically grouped into 14 distinct clusters, and distinguishing features of each cluster was extracted. The results demonstrate the value of applying TDA to analyse and visualise user capability data, and it is proposed that the cluster descriptions could be used for developing empirically based design tools such as personas for Inclusive Design.
U. Persad, J. Goodman-Deane, P. M. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson
Enhancing the Fashion and Textile Design Process and Wearer Experiences
Abstract
Broadly, this research aims to explore technology to create future sustainable and inclusive approaches in the fashion and textiles industry. This paper (1) addresses aspects to enhance the creative digital design process and (2) to facilitate creative and immersive design and emotive sensory wearer experiences, for future-enhanced physical products and virtual experiences. This involves a multimodal experience, and in particular, here the potential of vibrotactile and vibrotactile acoustic devices within this experience. A number of studies have explored wearable vibrotactile interfaces. However, the sense of touch, as a sophisticated and sensitive tool or skill, could be harnessed further. A literature review identifies relevant factors at this early stage of the research that will be used as a basis for developing multimodal design strategies using the sense of touch; and a creative yet functional analysis of this wearable technology.
W. Moody, P. M. Langdon, M. Karam

Breaking Down Barriers Between Users, Designers and Developers

Frontmatter
Using Inclusive Design to Drive Usability Improvements Through to Implementation
Abstract
There are compelling reasons to improve usability and make designs more inclusive, but it can be a challenge to implement these changes in a corporate environment. This paper presents some ways to address this in practice based on over 15 years experience of inclusive design work with businesses. It suggests that a successful persuasive case can be built with three key components: a proof-of-concept prototype, an experience that enables the stakeholders to engage personally with the issues and quantitative evidence demonstrating the impact of a potential change. These components are illustrated in this paper using a case study that was conducted with Unilever to improve the images used in e-commerce. The ice cream brand, Magnum is one of Unilever’s billion-dollar brands that implemented these changes. During an 8-week live trial, comparing the old and new images, the new images experienced a sales increase of 24%.
J. Goodman-Deane, S. D. Waller, M. Bradley, P. J. Clarkson, O. Bradley
Improving Pool Design: Interviewing Physically Impaired Architects
Abstract
People with a temporary or permanent physical impairment are often excluded from bathing activities due to the difficulties of getting in and out of the water. This paper explores pool design, specifically the design of the access to the tank, which is the key to pools’ inclusivity. In trying to break down existing barriers between users, accessibility experts and designers, we interviewed physically impaired architects about their perception of four types of pool access often used by wheelchair users: ramps, transfer walls, transfer systems and lifts. The interviews revealed limitations in all four types of pool access. To compensate for the limitations identified, combining different types of access in one single pool may be of interest. Moreover, the interviews allowed the identification of another type of pool access, designed by one of the interviewees: an upper pool border connected to an underwater bed and seat allows for an easier exit than transfer walls and transfer systems. Another interviewee advanced the idea of a cane holder for physically and visually impaired people, which may contribute to freeing poolside floors from obstacles and reducing the risk of falls. These insights may contribute to making pools more inclusive, by accommodating specific temporary or permanent mobility needs of all of us.
C. M. Pereira, T. V. Heitor, A. Heylighen
Intelligent Support Technologies for Older People: An Analysis of Characteristics and Roles
Abstract
For almost two decades, there have been many developments in using intelligent technologies to support older people, with many different terms proposed to describe these technologies including assistive robots, embodied conversational agents and relational agents. Many technologies have been proposed in many different configurations and many assistance roles have been explored. Characteristics of these technologies include tangible or virtual; anthropomorphic, biomorphic, creature or object-like; level of visual realism; paralinguistic abilities; interactivity; adaptability; movement and positioning. The assistive roles proposed include providing information, advice and reminders, helping with physical tasks, monitoring, providing companionship and emotional support. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics and roles of these technologies and attempts to clarify some of the terminology used. It aims to provide a guide for researchers from the wide range of disciplines working on such technologies for supporting older people.
H. Petrie, J. S. Darzentas, S. Carmien
Participatory Design Resulting in a ‘Do-It-Yourself Home Modification’ Smartphone App
Abstract
While the numbers of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) home modifications have increased, there is little available information that assists people to do their own home modifications. This is in the context that the traditional Australian home has generally been built with little consideration for anyone who may be less agile or who may have any other ability issues. For instance, someone may find themselves no longer able to step into a bath or have difficulty standing up from the toilet and need to make changes to their home to remain independent and safe. Home modifications describe these types of changes in the home typically made in response to loss of ability and are designed to help people to remain independent and safe whilst reducing any risk of injury to their carers and care workers. This paper outlines the participatory design process used to create the smartphone App and reports on its beta testing and final launch.
C. Bridge
Identifying Barriers to Usability: Smart Speaker Testing by Military Veterans with Mild Brain Injury and PTSD
Abstract
Emerging technologies need to be tested for usability and usefulness by target users in the context in which they would likely use these technologies. This is especially true for people with disabilities who may have specific use cases and access needs. This paper describes the research protocol and results from usability testing of smart speakers with home hub capability—Amazon Echo and Google Home—by military combat veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research was conducted with eight clients in a rehabilitation program for military service members at Shepherd Center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Smart speakers and two smart plugs were installed in residences owned by Shepherd Center and occupied by clients undergoing rehabilitation. Participants tested each device for 2 weeks, including set-up and daily use, and completed electronic diary entries about their experience. Additionally, they completed a summative questionnaire interview about their experience at the end of each phase. The goal of the research is to identify usability opportunities and challenges of each device in order to inform development of in-home therapeutic solutions using emerging smart home technologies for this population.
T. Wallace, J. Morris

Removing Barriers to Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design

Frontmatter
Breaking Down Barriers: Promoting a New Look at Dementia-Friendly Design
Abstract
The ageing of the population is proceeding rapidly and the prevalence of people living with dementia is rising. Dementia is a syndrome caused by a variety of diseases and injuries that primarily or secondarily affect the brain. It is characterised by deterioration in cognitive function and therefore influences people’s memory, thinking, behaviour and their ability to perform activities of daily living independently. A great number of studies have established a relationship between the built environment and outcomes of people with dementia. However, the importance and potential of this topic are still not fully recognised. In Germany, building regulations rarely depict dementia-friendly design. It is underrepresented in the education of architectural students and existing guidelines often do not cover the full range of design interventions. Further, a one-sided interpretation of design principles resulted in a preconceived image of dementia-friendly design, which often does not meet aesthetical standards or is at risk of stigmatising users. In this literature-based introductory chapter, the authors argue that dementia-friendly design does not need an obviously different look but a sensitive and user-centred design approach instead. To promote the realisation of inspiring and innovative concepts, it will be important to break down current prejudices among architects and to take a step towards an integrated, inclusive understanding of dementia-friendly design.
J. Kirch, G. Marquardt, K. Bueter
Usability of Indoor Network Navigation Solutions for Persons with Visual Impairments
Abstract
The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) obligates States Parties to ensure personal mobility and independence for persons with disabilities by promoting access to and the development of assistive technology (AT)—i.e. products and services that enhance daily living and quality of life for persons with disabilities. Research has examined the experiences of persons with different disabilities using ICT and AT for indoor navigation and wayfinding. However, in the last year, ICT developers have made substantial strides in deploying Internet of Things (IoT) devices as part of indoor network navigation solutions (INNS) for persons with visual impairments. This article asks, ‘To what extent do persons with visual impairments perceive INNS as usable?’ Quantitative and qualitative data from an experimental trial conducted with 36 persons with visual impairments shows that persons with visual impairments largely consider INNS as usable for wayfinding in transportation stations. However, the results also suggest that persons with visual impairments experienced barriers using INNS due to the timing of the instructions. Future research should continue to investigate the usability of INNS for persons with visual impairments and focus specifically on reliability and responsivity of the instruction timing.
G. A. Giannoumis, M. Ferati, U. Pandya, D. Krivonos, T. Pey
Physical Barriers to Mobility of Stroke Patients in Rehabilitation Clinics
Abstract
Regaining independent mobility and general independence is the main goal of physical rehabilitation in stroke patients. The patients requiring rehabilitation stay as inpatients in rehabilitation clinics for a period of several weeks to several months. During this time, mobile patients are required to go to therapies and other scheduled appointments on their own. The aim of this study is to provide evidence that specific architectural design features of rehabilitation clinics hinder the independent mobility of stroke patients and to identify the main issues caused by the building design. Patients (n = 50) and staff members (n = 46) from five large German rehabilitation clinics participated in the study. Three methods were used to collect the data: patient questionnaire, staff questionnaire and patient shadowing (observation). Both staff and patients identified the major issues that stroke patients encounter in the built environment of rehabilitation clinics: wayfinding problems, insufficient dimensions of spaces (corridors), physical obstacles, uneven floor surfaces and large distances between patient rooms and therapy rooms. Shadowing data showed that the patients in the earlier stages of rehabilitation, mainly using a wheelchair, encounter the most barriers related to the built environment. Design recommendations for more mobility supportive rehabilitation clinics are made based on the study findings.
M. Kevdzija, G. Marquardt
A Practical Tool for the Evaluation of Contrast
Abstract
The provision of suitable contrast in the built environment not only contributes to a better accessibility and safety, but also improves wayfinding in buildings for all users, when applied well. Many standards on accessibility require a level of contrast for better visibility of different critical elements, such as signage, differences in floor level or the indication of treads on stairs or localisation of obstacles (furniture and sanitary fittings…). Standard descriptions are available illustrating how the contrast should be realised and where it should be provided. Unfortunately, many of these standards are difficult to put in practice and contain much other information besides the contrast requirement. This chapter describes the development of a tool, focussing on visual contrast and its use in the built environment. The tool has been developed to be easy to use by any building professionals and helps providing good contrasts in different particular situations which are integrated into the tool.
S. Danschutter, B. Deroisy

Breaking Down Barriers Between People with Impairments and Those Without

Frontmatter
Breaking Down Barriers Between Undergraduate Computing Students and Users with Disabilities
Abstract
One of the subthemes of the 2018 CWUAAT is “Breaking down barriers between people with impairments and those without impairments.” This chapter describes an innovative undergraduate class that has, over a 10-year period, broken down barriers between undergraduate computing students without disabilities and computer users with disabilities. The chapter discusses the need for teaching about ICT accessibility within the computing curriculum, and offers details on how to implement innovative approaches in an undergraduate class, including field trips, and one-to-one partnerships between students and computer users with disabilities outside of the university community.
Jonathan Lazar
Improving Design Understanding of Inclusivity in Autonomous Vehicles: A Driver and Passenger Taskscape Approach
Abstract
Recent developments in autonomous vehicle technology now make SAE Levels 3–5 vehicles (Walker Smith in SAE levels of driving automation. http://​cyberlaw.​stanford.​edu/​blog/​2013/​12/​sae-levels-driving-automation, 2016) a realisable goal for transportation over the next 10 years. In particular, SAE Level 3 (conditional automation) automates the main aspects of driving including steering, accelerating and braking on the basis that the driver will frequently respond to a request to intervene. It is likely that in the coming 5 years Level 4 (high automation) will handle all aspects of driving even if a human driver does not intervene. It is also likely that autonomous vehicles will be available in various forms, including conventionally equipped contemporary Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEMs) cars and public transport ‘pods’ with no conventional controls. Public perception of such developments has been sampled more frequently in the past 3 years and this reveals increasing awareness of the key technologies and positivity towards introduction. However, while attitudes appear to be changing rapidly, the nature of this awareness throughout the population is partial and opinions vary with methods of sampling. We examine data regarding the public’s understanding of how autonomously capable vehicles could be used to benefit the inclusive population, including those with capability impairments; their carers, and those who require transportation to support dependent family members. We then use a driver and passenger taskscape approach for the analysis of the perceived benefits of use and barriers to use in these populations. This analysis is made in the context of existing transportation conditions and citizen’s needs, and leads towards a tangible conceptual design criterion that may be implemented by design engineers.
M. Strickfaden, P. M. Langdon
The Role of Inclusive Design in Improving People’s Access to Treatment for Back Pain
Abstract
Inclusive Design is usually applied to consumer products and services; here we investigate if it can be applied to healthcare delivery services. Methods: A case study approach was used by applying Inclusive Design methods to a telephone ‘Physio-Direct’ service for patients with back pain. Online surveys and interviews with healthcare professionals were used to gather insight into the delivery of back pain care and to construct a task analysis of the patient care journey. The task analysis was used to estimate the service demand made on patients’ capabilities. Finally, an exclusion calculator was used to estimate the proportion of a population excluded from the service. Results: The surveys (n = 30) and interviews (n = 4) showed that communication difficulties, patients’ reduced capability, service misconceptions and difficulties in obtaining information were the main barriers, which prevented patients from accessing the service. Some tasks placed a high demand on the patients’ capabilities. These included telephone assessment, waiting for a telephone response, memorising the verbal advice, understanding the posted exercise leaflets and doing the exercises. It was estimated that at least 15% of the British population are excluded from the ‘Physio-Direct’ service. Conclusion: Inclusive Design methods were applied to the ‘Physio-Direct’ service and demand on its users identified ways in which the service could be improved. This suggests that Inclusive Design may be a useful tool in improving healthcare service delivery.
Y. Liu, T. Dickerson, S. D. Waller, P. Waddingham, P. J. Clarkson
Inclusivity Considerations for Fully Autonomous Vehicle User Interfaces
Abstract
Autonomous vehicles could become an important part of the mobility solution for members of society previously excluded from driving. This paper presents the results of an interview study on users’ needs and expectations of fully autonomous vehicles, and specifically on the inclusivity considerations that emerged. Six drivers and two individuals that are currently excluded from driving participated in this study. The main finding was that conventional multimodal interfaces would indeed enable a broader range of users to operate these vehicles. However, fundamental considerations such as the accessibility of displays and easy ingress/egress were of equal importance. We hope the emerging recommendations would form part of an inclusive set of user requirements to be taken into account by industry and academia when designing fully autonomous vehicle user interfaces.
T. Amanatidis, P. M. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson
At Home in the Hospital and Hospitalised at Home: Exploring Experiences of Cancer Care Environments
Abstract
Contemporary cancer care takes place within a healthcare system catering for a highly mobile demographic. This study aimed to better understand how patients experience the cancer care environment (CCE) and the role of spatial aspects therein. We explore the effectiveness of photovoice in discussing this experience over time and the extent to which image production helps emphasise the role of spatial aspects. Three patients were interviewed over the course of 6 weeks. Experiences of the CCE turned out to change over time and across space as repeated travel to the hospital and transitions within the hospital resulted in new impressions and routines. Participants describe the dynamic and linked makeup of the CCE, suggesting a concatenation of places over time. The photovoice method blurs the boundary between researcher and participant, allowing features of the CCE to come to the fore that would otherwise not be considered. Over time, the hospital becomes ‘a second home’ to some, facilitating more than medical consultations and treatments only. A particular challenge for hospital design is therefore to improve the initial experience. Simultaneously, the home environment becomes a place of medical care at a distance. Caution is required when transforming the home into such a place as patients can feel insecure and distant from the watchful eye of the specialists.
P. Jellema, M. Annemans, A. Heylighen
Do Exergames Motivate Seniors to Exercise? Computer Graphics Impact
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle is a serious problem which affects health. Sufficient physical activities help to maintain ability to manage daily lives. This can be a challenge. Exergames has become a possible stimulator to encourage especially seniors away from sedentary lifestyle. This paper, from a graphic interface point of view, investigates the impact of Microsoft Kinect-based exergames on seniors’ motivation to exercise. The exergames include three different graphics user interfaces. Information from NHS recommended motions for seniors was adopted in the development of the games. These games induced a conduction of experiment and interviews with participants from Southampton Age UK. The experiment results showed that different graphics interfaces do have an impact on seniors’ motivation to exercise.
R. Alyami, H. Wei

Breaking Down Barriers Between Research and Policy-Making

Frontmatter
On Becoming a Cyborg: A Reflection on Articulation Work, Embodiment, Agency and Ableism
Abstract
This article auto-ethnographically explores my experiences over the course of several years as I transitioned from able-bodied, to frequent cane user, who used a scooter to attend academic conferences, to a user of robotic telepresence. I discuss the different affordances that those technologies allow, issues of embodiment, articulation work, agency and ableism. The telepresence robot did not ‘fix me’ as is often implicated in the medical model of disability (Thomson in Extraordinary bodies: figuring physical disability in American culture and literature. Columbia University Press, NY, 1997), or augment my experience to make it more palatable to the able-bodied majority. Instead, it allowed me to make conscious trade-offs between the affordances of my corporeal body and an emergent cyborg-self in the context of a degenerative autoimmune disease. Thus, in writing this article, it is my intention to improve the social acceptance of the disabled cyborg person, and through improved design, I aim to afford disabled persons choices.
Jennifer Ann Rode
Breaking Well-Formed Opinions and Mindsets by Designing with People Living with Dementia
Abstract
This paper presents ongoing research that highlights how design thinking and acting can contribute significantly to breaking down preconceived ideas about what people living with dementia are capable of doing. The research, undertaken in collaboration with Alzheimer Scotland and other dementia organisations across the UK, has adopted a range of disruptive design interventions to break the cycle of well-formed opinions, strategies, mindsets and ways-of-doing that tend to remain unchallenged in the health and social care of people living with dementia. The research has resulted in a number of co-designed interventions that help change the perception of dementia by showing that people living with dementia can offer much to UK society after diagnosis. Moreover, it is envisaged that the co-designed activities and interventions presented here will help reconnect people recently diagnosed with dementia to help build their self-esteem, identity and dignity and help keep the person with dementia connected to their community, thus delaying the need for formal support and avoid the need for crisis responses. The paper reports on three design interventions where the authors have worked collaboratively with nearly 200 people diagnosed with dementia across the UK in co-design and development activities. The paper concludes with a number of innovative recommendations for researchers when co-designing with people living with dementia.
Paul A. Rodgers, E. Winton
The Effect of Simulation in Large-Scale Data Collection—An Example of Password Policy Development
Abstract
Computer networks across the world are increasingly vulnerable to hackers. Network administrators have countered this threat with stronger password policies. However, this has resulted in potential usability challenges for all users. Research has shown that users of these new security requirements would typically do the minimum possible to adhere to these policies. End users have become wary of the potential security risks posed by hackers. Privacy laws and the need to protect user data have further added to the difficulties that researchers must overcome in order to better understand user needs. As a result, large sets of data containing password patterns are very difficult to collect and analyse. In this article, we present a possible solution to this data collection challenge by using simulation. This offers us the ability to generate large amounts of user data that can be used to illustrate different trends of password use. Our simulations of a scenario in an academic setting consist of four types of users—undergraduate and graduate students, faculty and staff. By making conservative assumptions of user behaviours based on literature, our findings show that while users of different education and technical backgrounds face different levels of challenges in setting up passwords, nearly all users displayed similar characteristics when updating passwords. These findings from our simulation illustrate the ability to overcome data collection challenges in this field and could potentially allow us to design more inclusive password policies.
J. Chakraborty, N. Nguyen
Education and Existing Knowledge of Architects in Germany About Accessibility and Building for the Older Generation
Abstract
A prerequisite for the development of architecture’s potential to support a safe and independent living of all people is the planning of demographically sustainable buildings. In practice, however, there are currently great obstacles realising buildings for the older generation. An essential starting point for overcoming these difficulties is to improve the education and further training of architects. This interdisciplinary research project MATI: Mensch—Architektur—Technik—Interaktion für demografische Nachhaltigkeit aimed at finding out whether, and where, there are obstacles for architects to implement more demographically sustainable buildings. To evaluate the role of accessibility in the work of the architects the education at the nine leading technical universities in Germany (TU9) was analysed. In addition, architects in practice were asked via an online survey to assess their knowledge of building for older adults and people with disability. Planning of accessible buildings is often underrepresented in the education at the faculties of architecture of the TU9. Although the offered courses, which are dealing with this issue, are very well accepted and attended by students, the universities only partially recognised the importance and potential of the topic. The majority of the architects who participated in the online survey stated that they have a good knowledge about accessible planning. However, accessibility often has a negative connotation for these architects. In summary, it can be stated that the education on the accessibility and design of demographically sustainable buildings needs improvements and should be an integral part of architectural education.
E. Rudolph, S. Kreiser
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Breaking Down Barriers
Editors
Dr. Pat Langdon
Jonathan Lazar
Prof. Ann Heylighen
Prof. Hua Dong
Copyright Year
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-75028-6
Print ISBN
978-3-319-75027-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75028-6

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