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2022 | Book

Broadcasting in Japan

Challenges and Opportunities

Editors: Hitoshi Mitomo, Mikio Kimura

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

Book Series : Advances in Information and Communication Research

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About this book

This book provides an analysis of the various challenges and opportunities facing the Japanese broadcasting industry. It is the first book in English that explores how Japanese broadcasting, especially commercial broadcasting, fulfills its social mission under the threat of the increased popularity of Internet-based media services as it reexamines the role and nature of broadcasting. During a series of disasters and the spread of the new coronavirus in Japan, while varied media connected people and supported socio-economic activities, broadcasting continued to be the most trusted. However, as Internet media attract increasing attention, the trend in broadcast viewership is downward. Commercial broadcasting, in particular, will be strongly affected by that trend and the impact of the shrinking population.

Recognizing that such dramatic technological and environmental changes are under way, in addition to the eleven researchers participating in the visiting researcher committee at the Research Institute of the Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association (JBA), four research collaborators and the secretariat (director of the JBA) have contributed to this book. They have taken up issues related to challenges and opportunities for the broadcasting industry based on their respective areas of awareness of the problems, including policies for broadcasting, fake news, disaster responses, viewer trust in television programs, competition with Internet-based services, and the business model for broadcasting.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
The Concept of “Communications” and “Broadcasting” in the Era of Digital Convergence
Abstract
In the Japanese legal system, “broadcasting” is part of “telecommunications” in a very broad sense. However, if “telecommunications” which excludes “broadcasting” is taken to be “telecommunications” in a narrow sense, “broadcasting” can also be said to be a concept separated from “telecommunications”, and it needs to be further analyzed whether this separation functions theoretically and empirically. Thus, by drawing on past discussions, this article aims to provide a review and an outlook for the concept of “broadcasting” in the Japanese legal context.
Shuya Hayashi
Japan’s Broadcasting System from the Perspective of Its Demographics in 2040
Abstract
By 2040, Japan’s population will be in a precipitous decline, and its elderly population is expected to peak. There is a conspicuous movement to backcast from this point to reexamine the issues faced by Japanese society and local communities, and discuss the means of their resolution.
George Shishido
An Outlook on Broadcasting in 2036—The State of Broadcasting in the UK and Japanese Broadcasting Policy
Abstract
The first half of this paper provides an overview of the state of broadcasting in the UK. The UK is the world’s most famous model for the dual public–commercial broadcasting system and is often compared to the Japanese broadcasting system. Using the system in the UK as a guide, the second half of the paper provides an outlook on Japan’s broadcasting policy. After introducing discussions about Broadcast Act 2010, data use, conditional access system, changes in social structure in Japan and new broadcasting platforms that have taken place in the government over the past few years, this paper examines the points in question that prompted these discussions. Lastly, this paper offers policy recommendations, including prefectural licensing, deconcentration of mass media, restrictions on foreign investment, and the reorganization of ministries and agencies in a policy paper.
Ichiya Nakamura, Naoto Kikuchi
An International Comparison of Simulcasting and Webcasting: From Facilitating Transmission to Communication to the Public
Abstract
In Japan, in 2020, there is no centralized management of neighboring rights for webcasting, and the permission of the performer and record producer is required for any and all music to be webcast. With respect to this form of simultaneous retransmission, the Japanese Copyright Act is a complex, subdivided system. Under Japan’s Copyright Act, rights are established based on differences in transmission technologies, but under the WPPT, rights are established based on the manner in which a work is used. Consequently, while forms of use and associated rights are precisely set out in the international treaty, they are complex and subdivided in the Japanese Copyright Act. Although the view of the Japanese government may have changed between 2004 and 2006, the provisions for making them available for transmission have yet to be amended. The commonly discussed methods are: (1) changing the definition of broadcasting, (2) right to claim remuneration, (3) compulsory licensing, and (4) expanded centralized licensing. In order to create a market and expand the distribution of copyrighted works in Japan as in other countries, the country must reestablish rights, recognize the information and communications and copyright legal systems in sum, and regulate them in an internationally harmonized manner.
Naoto Kikuchi
The Development of Japanese Broadcasting and the Training System
Yoshihiro Oto
Business Models for Commercial Broadcasters in Japan—Will There Be New Developments in the Digital Age?
Abstract
Digital transformation has affected the media and entertainment industries (“content industry”) in the last two to three decades. The broadcasting sector in Japan is no exception. The industry is now facing the question of whether or not to distribute broadcast program content over the Internet. This chapter discusses the overall picture of the transformation of the content industry, the changes in business models in the digital age, the position of commercial broadcasters in this context, and the challenges they face. It argues that the acquisition and utilization of broadcast program viewing data can render TV as a form of media useful for advanced marketing activities. Broadcasters, who have long provided services delivering content in a unidirectional manner and who have relied on viewer ratings, are now at a critical juncture as to whether they can shift to a data-driven business that accurately understands the needs of their customers, namely viewers as well as advertisers.
Nobuko Kawashima
Inter-media Competition: The Differentiation Strategy and Catch-Up Strategy of the Television Industry Against the Internet
Abstract
Television was the dominant player in media from the 1960s to the 2000s. Compared with the other three advertising media (radio, newspaper, and magazine), it was superior in its influence on viewers and advertisers and the financial resources behind it. Furthermore, the expectation of “publicity” ascribed to it is still felt today.
Takashi Uchiyama
How People Respond to Fake News: A Comparison of Japan, South Korea, and Thailand
Abstract
This chapter investigates and compares why people in Japan, South Korea, and Thailand believe and share fake news. Using data collected from survey experiments fielded in the three countries (n=5,217), we find that Japanese respondents appear to be less inclined to believe and share fake news than their South Korean and Thai counterparts. We also find that how people respond to fake news depends on its context. Specifically, in line with prior studies, fake news that causes people to feel anger or anxiety is found to be more effective in causing them to believe it. Moreover, our results also show that the more viral a fake news story is, the more likely people will believe and share it. Lastly, we find that media literacy has a positive but mild effect on reducing people’s inclination to share and believe fake news.
Hitoshi Mitomo, John William Cheng, Artima Kamplean, Youngkyoung Seo
Local News in the Digital Age: A Consideration of Disaster Reporting
Abstract
The widespread adoption of the Internet and smartphones has brought about dramatic changes in how news is consumed. A survey released by the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute in June 2019 found that over 60% of Japanese teenagers and people in their twenties do not obtain their news through traditional platforms such as television (TV) and newspapers Watanabe et al. (Does the diversification of news media make a difference in political attitudes? Results from a survey of news media contact and political attitudes. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, Public Opinion Research Department, 2019). Indeed, media companies must transcend the barriers of print and broadcasting to create compelling digital content to survive. Digital storytelling effectively includes text, photographs, slideshows, and video clips, incorporating technologies such as 360° cameras and drones.
Nobuyuki Okumura
Trust in Television and Its Relationship with Entertainment Program Preferences
Abstract
Independent television broadcasting can protect democracy by being impartial to the current wielders of power. This requires sufficient public trust. To achieve this, television broadcasters—as journalistic institutions—must provide prompt and accurate news and information. General television stations also broadcast entertainment programs which are sometimes criticized for their excesses. Do these programs pose a danger, or are they irrelevant to the credibility of television? An Internet survey of 3102 respondents aged 15–79 years nationwide was conducted from December 13–15th, 2019. Data were examined by cross-tabulations and factor analysis. As a result, we found out that Trust in Television has a more positive correlation with Entertainment Program Preferences than with News Program Preferences.
Hisanori Watanabe
Television Viewing via the Internet: Time-shift and TVer
Norihiro Kasuga, Manabu Shishikura
Internet Simulcast Distribution of Broadcast Media: An Assessment of Actual State and Demand
Abstract
In March 2020, Japan’s public broadcaster NHK launched NHK Plus, a service that combines simultaneous terrestrial TV broadcasts—general and educational—with a seven-day catch-up service. Until then, Japan did not have simultaneous broadcasting (simulcast) services on the Internet except for satellite pay-per-view TV channels. NHK Plus was the first simultaneous terrestrial TV service in Japan. Starting with the launch of BBC iPlayer (2007), Internet simulcast distribution of TV broadcasts—terrestrial and satellite—has been available and established as a means of interfacing with the public worldwide.How will users take advantage of Internet simulcast distribution of TV broadcasts? To what extent is there a demand or a need for this service? In this study, we examine user demand and behaviors concerning Internet simulcasting—based on the results of a survey on the utilization of Internet simulcast services in the US, UK, and Germany and a survey on the intention to use this service in Japan. We offer suggestions for the development of continuous simulcast distribution in Japan.
Mikio Kimura
Metadata
Title
Broadcasting in Japan
Editors
Hitoshi Mitomo
Mikio Kimura
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-19-4699-8
Print ISBN
978-981-19-4698-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4699-8

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