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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

14. Can the Poor Resist Capital? Conflicts over ‘Accumulation by Contamination’ at the Ship Breaking Yard of Alang (India)

How Struggles for Environmental Justice Contribute to the Environmental Sustainability of the Economy

Author : Federico Demaria

Published in: Nature, Economy and Society

Publisher: Springer India

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Abstract

Capital looks at waste management as a new emergent global market, where a rentier position can be acquired and profits realized. Indeed, capitalists consider waste management as one among several economic spaces to be occupied for the expansion of the scale and scope of capital accumulation (Harvey, 2003). However, the commodification, the marketization and the privatization of wastes increase ecological distribution conflicts, i.e. the struggles around the redistribution of benefits and costs generated by an increase of the societal metabolism (the energy and material flows) of industrialized societies (Martinez-Alier, 2002). Shipbreaking in the developing world is not just an externality but a successful case of cost shifting, or else, capital accumulation by contamination. This is the process by which the capital system endangers, through cost-shifting, the means of existence (and subsistence) of human beings to in order to find new possibilities for capital valorization (e.g. alteration of biogeochemical cycles). An appropriation of de-facto property rights takes place resulting in the shifting of costs and risks, i.e. exploiting the sinks over their sustainable assimilative capacity (e.g. climate change). The consequences most likely fall upon the most vulnerable social groups (e.g. small scale farmers or fishers in the South), but the society as a whole can be affected. The shipping industry constitutes a key element in the infrastructure of the world’s social metabolism. Ocean-going ships are owned and used for their trade by developed countries but are often demolished, together with their toxic materials, in developing countries. Ship breaking is the process of dismantling an obsolete vessel’s structure for scrapping or disposal. The Alang–Sosiya yard (India), one of the world largest shipbreaking yards, is studied here with particular attention to toxic waste management. Ship owners and ship breakers obtain large profits dumping the environmental costs on workers, local farmers and fishers. This unequal distribution of benefits and burdens, due to an international and national uneven distribution of power, has led to an ecological distribution conflict. The controversy at the Indian Supreme Court in 2006 over the dismantling of the ocean liner ‘Blue Lady,’ shows how the different languages of valuation expressed by different social groups clashed and how a language that expresses sustainability as monetary benefit at the national scale, dominated.

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Footnotes
2
Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) response re allegations regarding a fire causing six deaths on MSC Jessica shipbreaking operation. 17 October 2012. Available at http://​www.​business-humanrights.​org.
 
3
‘Let them eat pollution’. The Economist, 8 February 1992.
 
4
If not diversely specified, data for this section comes from Review of Maritime Transport (UNCTAD 2011). All presented data refers to vessels of 100 gross tons (GT) and above.
 
5
In 2009 of 1.006 vessels (8.2 million tons), 435 were demolished in India (43 %), 214 in Bangladesh (21 %), 173 in China (17 %), 87 in Pakistan (9 %), 42 in Turkey (4 %). Robin de Bois, Information Bulletins on Ship Demolition: #17, September 2009; #18, January 2010. www.​robindesbois.​org.
 
6
In 2010 of 956 vessels (6.5 million tons), 422 were demolished in India (44 %), 135 in Turkey (14 %), 125 in China (13 %), 90 in Pakistan (9 %), 79 in Bangladesh (8 %), 5 in Europe (1 %) and 100 in other countries (10 %). Robin de Bois, Information Bulletins on Ship Demolition: #19–22, January 2011. www.​robindesbois.​org.
 
7
In 2011 of 1.020 vessels (8.2 million tons), 458 were demolished in India (45 %), 154 in Bangladesh (14 %), 142 in China (14 %), 108 in Pakistan (7 %) and 19 in Turkey (2 %). Robin de Bois, Information Bulletins on Ship Demolition: #23–26, February 2012. www.​robindesbois.​org.
 
8
Article by Xu Hui, Executive Manager, China Ship Fund. Available at http://​www.​chinadaily.​com.​cn/​bizchina/​2010-04/​08/​content_​9703387.​htm (accessed in January 2012).
 
9
Robin de Bois, Information Bulletins on Ship Demolition: #23–26, February 2012. www.​robindesbois.​org.
 
10
Database from the French NGO Robin de bois is public and presents a lot of details for each ship sent for scrapping. Instead IHS Fairplay data might be more exhaustive, but is less transparent and detailed (therefore difficult to assess), and only accessible by paying an expensive fee. For the purpose of this analysis the two are complementary and do not contradict each other.
 
13
LDT is the mass of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, ballast water, stores, passengers and crew.
 
14
Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni).
 
15
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs), Dioxins, PVC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organotins (Monobutyltin—MBT, Dibutyltin—DBT, Tributyltin—TBT, etc.).
 
17
Shipload of trouble, Lyla Bavadam, Frontline, 16 Nov 2007.
 
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Metadata
Title
Can the Poor Resist Capital? Conflicts over ‘Accumulation by Contamination’ at the Ship Breaking Yard of Alang (India)
Author
Federico Demaria
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer India
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2404-4_14