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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Case Studies

Author : Harald Haelterman

Published in: Crime Script Analysis

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

This chapter presents a number of case studies that illustrate the use of script analysis in a business environment. All cases are to some extent based on real-life examples reported upon in the press or shared by practitioners in the field. Where relevant and required, names of individuals and locations have been changed or removed to ensure strict confidentiality. The main purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the potential of script analysis for preventive purposes. The crime types that were selected have deliberately been kept simple and straightforward as to allow the reader to gain sufficient understanding of the approach itself rather than to become distracted by the complexity of the incidents that are described. From gaining such initial understanding it will become evident that the value of script analysis becomes even more obvious when dealing with more complex crime types.

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previous chapter Scripting Crime Against Business

next chapter Wider Benefits and Future Development Needs

See Haelterman et al. (2012) for an example of a detailed assessment of financial, ethical, and esthetical costs of situational crime prevention measures.

Average amount for the cargo theft incident reports (i.e. 332 in total) that contained information on the loss value (TAPA EMEA 2013: 7).

Average amount for the cargo theft incident reports (i.e. 363 in total) that contained information on the loss value (TAPA EMEA 2014: 5).

Initially the phenomenon was referred to as the ‘Romanian Method’. While this particular modus operandi originally stems from incidents that first occurred in Romania, TAPA EMEA emphasizes that it is by far not only Romanian criminals that appear to display it (TAPA EMEA n.d.: 2).

As the actual incident was not witnessed in real time and as no CCTV equipment was fitted on the trailer, it is unclear how many offenders or vehicles participated in the theft. While in some occasions only one vehicle is involved, there is evidence of offenders using up to three or more vehicles, either to carry the load that is taken off the trailer, to drive in front of the truck to control its speed, or to drive next to the truck to prevent it from changing lanes. For the sake of this case study, we assume that the offenders used three vehicles, two normal cars, and one vehicle big enough to carry the loot.

Please note that as they often relate to rather common customer features, the answers to such security questions can easily be retrieved by an offender via, for example, social engineering.

The data to produce such counterfeit cards is obtained through electronic copying of the card data, for example, by means of tiny skimming devices fitted in a false front that is installed on cash machines, or by an unscrupulous employee in a restaurant putting the card into an electronic copying device out of sight of the victim (Experian 2013: 10; CardWatch n.d.).

‘Tokenisation’ is the process by which sensitive information is being replaced with a randomly generated token or symbol as to ensure that this information is not transmitted or stored in an unsecure format (Kovacs 2014).

Video accessed on 20 July 2015 via https://www.youtube.com

Source: http://www.securitymanagement.nl/nieuwe-fraudemethode-plaag-voor-multinationals/ (accessed 20 July 2015).

In some occasions the e-mail account is hacked and accessed by the criminals. In other instances an account is created which is very similar (but still distinct) from the CEO’s genuine e-mail account.

Money mules are individuals that serve as intermediaries for criminals and criminal organizations and that transport fraudulently gained money to fraudsters, sometimes without being aware (Source: Safe Internet Banking 2015a, b).

In this particular case, the outside legal counsel was not aware of any fraudulent set-up but got unintentionally involved to make the scam look more credible.

ACFE – Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2012). Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from https://www.acfe.com/uploadedFiles/ACFE_Website/Content/rttn/2012-report-to-nations.pdf

ACFE – Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2014). Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from http://www.acfe.com/rttn/docs/2014-report-to-nations.pdf

Action Fraud. (n.d.). Bank Card and cheque fraud. Retrieved September 28, 2015, from http://www.actionfraud.police.uk/fraud-protection/bank-card-cheque-fraud

Beauregard, E., Proulx, J., Rossmo, K., Leclerc, B., & Allaire, J. F. (2007). Script analysis of the hunting process of serial sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1069–1084.CrossRef

Breuer, M. (2014). 6 signs your employees are abusing expense reports. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from http://www.insperity.com/blog/6-signs-your-employees-are-abusing-expense-reports/

Burges, D. (2012a). Cargo theft, loss prevention, and supply chain security (p. 392). Waltham: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Burges, D. (2012b). Hidden costs. Cargo Security International, October/November, pp. 46–48.

Cornish, D. B. (1994). The procedural analysis of offending and its relevance for situational prevention. In R. V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime prevention studies, Volume 3 (pp. 151–196). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Cougar Mountain (n.d.). Expense Reimbursement Fraud, signs to Watch for. Retrieved May 11, 2016, from https://www.caugarmtn.com/expense-reimbursement-fraud-signs-watch/

CargoNet. (2012). 2011 United States Cargo Theft Report. Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www. cargonet.com/cargo_theft_reports/2011.pdf.

CardWatch. (n.d.). About CardWatch. Retrieved September 28, 2015, from http://cardwatch.org.uk.

Ekwall, D., & Lantz, B. (2015). Modi operandi for cargo theft in EMEA. A seasonality analysis. Journal of Transportation Security. doi:10.1007/s12198-015-0160-z.

Experian. (2013). The fraudster’s modus operandi. Understanding how fraudsters operate. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from http://www.experian.co.uk/assets/identity-and-fraud/experian-the-fraudsters-modus-operandi.pdf

Fraudehelpdesk (2015). Nieuw Fenomeen: CEO-Fraude. Retrieved July 20, 2015, from https://www.fraudehelpdesk.nl/nieuws/nieuw-fenomeen-ceo-fraude/

Gill, M. (1994). Introducing crime at work. In M. Gill (Ed.), Crime at work (pp. 1–10). Leicester: Perpetuity Press.

Haelterman, H., Callens, M., & Vander Beken, T. (2012). Controlling access to pick-up and delivery vans: The cost of alternative measures. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 18(2), 163–182.CrossRef

Kahaian, M. N., & Roth, R. A. (2013). The impact of expense reimbursement fraud. SSR Global Financial Advisory Services. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from http://www.srr.com/article/impact-expense-reimbursement-fraud

Kovacs, E. (2014). Tokenization: Benefits and challenges for securing transaction data. Retrieved October 22, 2015, from http://www.securityweek.com/tokenization-benefits-and-challenges-securing-transaction-data

Marasco, J. (n.d.). Expense reimbursement fraud: Ten ways to protect your organization. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from http://www.stonebridgebp.com/library/fraud-forensics/expense-reimbursement-fraud-ten-ways-to-protect-your-organization

Safe Internet Banking. (n.d.a). Money mules. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from https://www.safeinternetbanking.be/en/fraud-techniques/money-mules

Safe Internet Banking. (n.d.b). Shoulder Surfing. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from https://www.safeinternetbanking.be/en/fraud-techniques/shoulder-surfing

Sky News. (2013). ATM ‘Shoulder Surfing’ card fraud on rise. Retrieved September 28, 2015, from http://news.sky.com/story/1100203/atm-shoulder-surfing-card-fraud-on-rise

TAPA EMEA. (2013). TAPA EMEA IIS Annual Report 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.tapaemea.com/intelligence/iis-bulletins/iis-annual-reports.html

TAPA EMEA. (2014). TAPA EMEA IIS Annual Report 2014. The cargo crime landscape in EMEA. Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.tapaemea.com/intelligence/iis-bulletins/iis-annual-reports.html

TAPA EMEA. (n.d.). Theft for a moving truck. A growing concern? Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.tapaemea.com/intelligence/iis-bulletins/iis-special-reports.html

Title: Case Studies
Author: Harald Haelterman
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Book: Crime Script Analysis
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-54612-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-54613-5

Copyright Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54613-5_5

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