Top

Published in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. CdTe Deposition and Characterisation

Authors : A. A. Ojo, W. M. Cranton, I. M. Dharmadasa

Published in: Next Generation Multilayer Graded Bandgap Solar Cells

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The main absorber material used in solar cells described in this book is CdTe. This chapter provides an insight to the electrodeposition of cadmium telluride (CdTe) layers. CdTe thin films were electrodeposited on glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) using a two-electrode system from an acidic and aqueous solution containing 1.5 M Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and 0.002 M TeO₂ at pH = 2.00 ± 0.02. The grown layers were characterised for their structural, optical, morphological, compositional and electronic properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell and DC conductivity measurements, respectively. The XRD study reveals that the ED-CdTe layers are polycrystalline in nature with preferential peak orientation along the (111) plane. The highest crystallinity was observed when grown at 1370 mV cathodic potential with reference to graphite electrode. Optical absorption reveals that the bandgap of the as-deposited, heat-treated and CdCl₂-treated CdTe layers falls within the range 1.48–1.50 eV. The SEM micrographs show a uniform coverage of the underlying glass/FTO substrate. The EDX shows the effect of growth voltage on the atomic composition of CdTe layers with 1:1 atomic ratio of the deposited CdTe layers grown at 1370 mV. The PEC cell measurements reveal that both p- and n-type CdTe layers can be electroplated. The effect of F, Cl, I and Ga as dopants to CdTe baths was evaluated and documented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter CdS Deposition and Characterisation

next chapter Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterisation

M.P.R. Panicker, M. Knaster, F.A. Kroger, Cathodic deposition of CdTe from aqueous electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 125, 566 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2131499 CrossRef

T.M. Razykov, C.S. Ferekides, D. Morel, E. Stefanakos, H.S. Ullal, H.M. Upadhyaya, Solar photovoltaic electricity: current status and future prospects. Sol Energy 85, 1580–1608 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.12.002 CrossRef

K. Zanio, Semiconductors and Semimetals (Academic, New York, 1978). http://shu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwdV3JCsIwEB1cEAQPrrgV-gNKmyZNPYvFu94l6bQ3K1j_HydDXXA5Zg7DJJB5me0FIBLrYPXhE8LEUZ8lRggjsgBlgBuptSqw0Chzrsy80Rg848ZXCuObQZ_iCKmCyN3HJjQJON2LqOaiYzdM7pnQiml0hCaUCiNVM-481sn7lwYMKGkfWm7IYACNvBxCh9sws2o

J.J. Loferski, Theoretical considerations governing the choice of the optimum semiconductor for photovoltaic solar energy conversion. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 777–784 (1956). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1722483 CrossRef

C.S. Ferekides, U. Balasubramanian, R. Mamazza, V. Viswanathan, H. Zhao, D.L. Morel, CdTe thin film solar cells: device and technology issues. Sol Energy 77, 823–830 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.023 CrossRef

K.L. Chopra, P.D. Paulson, V. Dutta, Thin-film solar cells: an overview. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 12, 69–92 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.541 CrossRef

I.M. Dharmadasa, Advances in Thin-Film Solar Cells (Pan Stanford, Singapore, 2013)

O.K. Echendu, F. Fauzi, A.R. Weerasinghe, I.M. Dharmadasa, High short-circuit current density CdTe solar cells using all-electrodeposited semiconductors. Thin Solid Films 556, 529–534 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.01.071 CrossRef

P.V. Braun, P. Osenar, M. Twardowski, G.N. Tew, S.I. Stupp, Macroscopic nanotemplating of semiconductor films with hydrogen-bonded lyotropic liquid crystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 1745–1750 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500083 CrossRef

10.

T. Nishio, M. Takahashi, S. Wada, T. Miyauchi, K. Wakita, H. Goto, S. Sato, O. Sakurada, Preparation and characterization of electrodeposited in-doped CdTe semiconductor films. Electr Eng Japan 164, 12–18 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/eej.20673 CrossRef

11.

H.I. Salim, V. Patel, a. Abbas, J.M. Walls, I.M. Dharmadasa, Electrodeposition of CdTe thin films using nitrate precursor for applications in solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 3119–3128 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-2805-x CrossRef

12.

N.A. Abdul-Manaf, H.I. Salim, M.L. Madugu, O.I. Olusola, I.M. Dharmadasa, Electro-plating and characterisation of CdTe thin films using CdCl2 as the cadmium source. Energies 8, 10883–10903 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/en81010883 CrossRef

13.

S. Bonilla, E.A. Dalchiele, Electrochemical deposition and characterization of CdTe polycrystalline thin films. Thin Solid Films 204, 397–403 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(91)90078-C CrossRef

14.

C.G. Morris, Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology (Academic, San Diego, 1991)

15.

V. Petr, Electrochemical Series, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005), pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.53.7.504 CrossRef

16.

F.A. Kröger, Cathodic deposition and characterization of metallic or semiconducting binary alloys or compounds. J. Electrochem. Soc. 125, 2028 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2131357 CrossRef

17.

J.H. Chen, C.C. Wan, Dependence of the composition of CdTe semiconductor on conditions of electrodeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem. 365, 87–95 (1994). http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0040171133&partnerID=40&md5=7f6ef88803b168878b60e48117cc31a6 CrossRef

18.

T.L. Chu, S.S. Chu, F. Firszt, H.a. Naseem, R. Stawski, Deposition and characterization of p-type cadmium telluride films. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 1349–1355 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.336106 CrossRef

19.

Y. Jung, G. Yang, S. Chun, D. Kim, J. Kim, Post-growth CdCl2 treatment on CdTe thin films grown on graphene layers using a close-spaced sublimation method. Opt. Express 22, A986–A991 (2014). http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899786471&partnerID=40&md5=2f630c658c679ff9e4e38e7b57ea7243 CrossRef

20.

C. Frausto-Reyes, J.R. Molina-Contreras, C. Medina-Gutiérrez, S. Calixto, CdTe surface roughness by Raman spectroscopy using the 830 nm wavelength. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 65, 51–55 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.082 CrossRef

21.

I.M. Dharmadasa, O.K. Echendu, F. Fauzi, N.A. Abdul-Manaf, O.I. Olusola, H.I. Salim, M.L. Madugu, A.A. Ojo, Improvement of composition of CdTe thin films during heat treatment in the presence of CdCl2. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 2343–2352 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5802-9 CrossRef

22.

M. Ichimura, F. Goto, E. Arai, Structural and optical characterization of CdS films grown by photochemical deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 7411 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.369371 CrossRef

23.

B.M. Basol, Processing high efficiency CdTe solar cells. Int J Sol Energy 12, 25–35 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1080/01425919208909748 CrossRef

24.

P. Fernández, Defect structure and luminescence properties of CdTe based compounds. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 5, 369–388 (2003)

25.

J. Sun, D.K. Zhong, D.R. Gamelin, Composite photoanodes for photoelectrochemical solar water splitting. Energ. Environ. Sci. 3, 1252 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00030b CrossRef

26.

H.-G. Junginger, Electronic band structure of tellurium. Solid State Commun. 5, 509–511 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(67)90534-0 CrossRef

27.

I.M. Dharmadasa, Review of the CdCl2 treatment used in CdS/CdTe thin film solar cell development and new evidence towards improved understanding. Coatings 4, 282–307 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings4020282 CrossRef

28.

A. Bosio, N. Romeo, S. Mazzamuto, V. Canevari, Polycrystalline CdTe thin films for photovoltaic applications. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 52, 247–279 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2006.09.001 CrossRef

29.

I.M. Dharmadasa, O.K. Echendu, F. Fauzi, N.A. Abdul-Manaf, H.I. Salim, T. Druffel, R. Dharmadasa, B. Lavery, Effects of CdCl2 treatment on deep levels in CdTe and their implications on thin film solar cells: a comprehensive photoluminescence study. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 4571–4583 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3090-4 CrossRef

30.

M. Bugar, E. Belas, R. Grill, J. Prochazka, S. Uxa, P. Hlidek, J. Franc, R. Fesh, P. Hoschl, Inclusions elimination and resistivity restoration of CdTe:Cl Crystals by two-step annealing. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 58, 1942–1948 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2011.2159394 CrossRef

31.

N.B. Chaure, S. Bordas, A.P. Samantilleke, S.N. Chaure, J. Haigh, I.M. Dharmadasa, Investigation of electronic quality of chemical bath deposited cadmium sulphide layers used in thin film photovoltaic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 437, 10–17 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00671-0 CrossRef

32.

T.L. Chu, S.S. Chu, Thin film II–VI photovoltaics. Solid State Electron. 38, 533–549 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(94)00203-R CrossRef

33.

M.R. Murti, K.V. Reddy, Grain boundary effects on the carrier mobility of polysilicon. Phys Status Solidi 119, 237–240 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211190128 CrossRef

34.

R.V. Muniswami Naidu, A. Subrahmanyam, A. Verger, M.K. Jain, S.V.N. Bhaskara Rao, S.N. Jha, D.M. Phase, Grain boundary carrier scattering in ZnO thin films: a study by temperature-dependent charge carrier transport measurements. J Electron Mater 41, 660–664 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-012-1907-y CrossRef

35.

E. Regalado-Pérez, M.G. Reyes-Banda, X. Mathew, Influence of oxygen concentration in the CdCl2 treatment process on the photovoltaic properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells. Thin Solid Films 582, 134–138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.11.005 CrossRef

36.

Z.H. Chen, C.P. Liu, H.E. Wang, Y.B. Tang, Z.T. Liu, W.J. Zhang, S.T. Lee, J.A. Zapien, I. Bello, Electronic structure at the interfaces of vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowires and sensitizing layers in photochemical solar cells. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44, 325108 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/32/325108 CrossRef

37.

I.M. Dharmadasa, J. Haigh, Strengths and advantages of electrodeposition as a semiconductor growth technique for applications in macroelectronic devices. J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, G47 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2128120 CrossRef

38.

A.A. Ojo, I.M. Dharmadasa, 15.3% efficient graded bandgap solar cells fabricated using electroplated CdS and CdTe thin films. Sol. Energy. 136, 10–14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.067 CrossRef

39.

S. Lalitha, R. Sathyamoorthy, S. Senthilarasu, a. Subbarayan, K. Natarajan, Characterization of CdTe thin film - dependence of structural and optical properties on temperature and thickness. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 82, 187–199 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2004.01.017 CrossRef

40.

T.L. Chu, S.S. Chu, Y. Pauleau, K. Murthy, E.D. Stokes, P.E. Russell, Cadmium telluride films on foreign substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 54, 398 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.331717 CrossRef

41.

K. Peters, A. Wenzel, P. Rudolph, The p-T-x projection of the system Cd-Te. Cryst Res Technol 25, 1107–1116 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170251002 CrossRef

42.

N.V.V. Sochinskii, V.N.N. Babentsov, N.I.I. Tarbaev, M.D. Serrano, E. Dieguez, The low temperature annealing of p-cadmium telluride in gallium-bath. Mater. Res. Bull. 28, 1061–1066 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(93)90144-3 CrossRef

43.

H.N. Jayatirtha, D.O. Henderson, a. Burger, M.P. Volz, Study of tellurium precipitates in CdTe crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 573–575 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.108885 CrossRef

44.

S. Mazzamuto, L. Vaillant, A. Bosio, N. Romeo, N. Armani, G. Salviati, A study of the CdTe treatment with a Freon gas such as CHF2Cl. Thin Solid Films 516, 7079–7083 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.124 CrossRef

45.

A. Romeo, S. Buecheler, M. Giarola, G. Mariotto, A.N. Tiwari, N. Romeo, A. Bosio, S. Mazzamuto, Study of CSS- and HVE-CdTe by different recrystallization processes. Thin Solid Films 517, 2132–2135 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.10.129 CrossRef

46.

N.B. Chaure, A.P. Samantilleke, I.M. Dharmadasa, The effects of inclusion of iodine in CdTe thin films on material properties and solar cell performance. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 77, 303–317 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00351-3 CrossRef

47.

M.A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, W. Warta, E.D. Dunlop, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46). Prog Photovolt Res Appl 23, 805–812 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2637 CrossRef

48.

First Solar raises bar for CdTe with 21.5% efficiency record: pv-magazine, (n.d.), http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/first-solar-raises-bar-for-cdte-with-215-efficiency-record_100018069/#axzz3rzMESjUl. Accessed 20 Nov 2015

49.

A. Rios-Flores, O. Arés, J.M. Camacho, V. Rejon, J.L. Peña, Procedure to obtain higher than 14% efficient thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells activated with HCF 2Cl gas. Sol Energy 86, 780–785 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.12.002 CrossRef

50.

O.K. Echendu, I.M. Dharmadasa, The effect on CdS/CdTe solar cell conversion efficiency of the presence of fluorine in the usual CdCl2 treatment of CdTe. Mater. Chem. Phys. 157, 39–44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.03.010 CrossRef

51.

A.A. Ojo, I.M. Dharmadasa, Electrodeposition of fluorine-doped cadmium telluride for application in photovoltaic device fabrication. Mater Res Innov 19, 470–476 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2015.1109215 CrossRef

52.

R.J. Deokate, S.M. Pawar, a.V. Moholkar, V.S. Sawant, C.a. Pawar, C.H. Bhosale, K.Y. Rajpure, Spray deposition of highly transparent fluorine doped cadmium oxide thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 254, 2187–2195 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.09.006 CrossRef

53.

P. Ghosh, Electrical and optical properties of highly conducting CdO:F thin film deposited by sol–gel dip coating technique. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 81, 279–289 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2003.11.021 CrossRef

54.

E. Elangovan, K. Ramamurthi, Studies on micro-structural and electrical properties of spray-deposited fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films from low-cost precursor. Thin Solid Films 476, 231–236 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.09.022 CrossRef

55.

V.D. Popovych, I.S. Virt, F.F. Sizov, V.V. Tetyorkin, Z.F. Tsybrii (Ivasiv), L.O. Darchuk, O.A. Parfenjuk, M.I. Ilashchuk, The effect of chlorine doping concentration on the quality of CdTe single crystals grown by the modified physical vapor transport method. J. Cryst. Growth 308, 63–70 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.07.041 CrossRef

56.

I.M. Dharmadasa, Recent developments and progress on electrical contacts to CdTe, CdS and ZnSe with special reference to barrier contacts to CdTe. Prog Cryst Growth Charact Mater 36, 249–290 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(98)00010-2 CrossRef

57.

L. Jin, Y. Linyu, J. Jikang, Z. Hua, S. Yanfei, Effects of Sn-doping on morphology and optical properties of CdTe polycrystalline films. J Semicond 30, 112003 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/30/11/112003 CrossRef

58.

M. Kul, A.S. Aybek, E. Turan, M. Zor, S. Irmak, Effects of fluorine doping on the structural properties of the CdO films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 91, 1927–1933 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2007.07.014 CrossRef

59.

A. Monshi, Modified Scherrer equation to estimate more accurately nano-crystallite size using XRD. World J Nano Sci Eng 2, 154–160 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2012.23020 CrossRef

60.

B.G. Yacobi, Semiconductor Materials: An Introduction to Basic Principles, 1st edn. (Springer, New York, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/b105378 CrossRef

61.

T. Schulmeyer, J. Fritsche, A. Thißen, A. Klein, W. Jaegermann, M. Campo, J. Beier, Effect of in situ UHV CdCl2-activation on the electronic properties of CdTe thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films 431–432, 84–89 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00207-4 CrossRef

62.

I.M. Dharmadasa, P. Bingham, O.K. Echendu, H.I. Salim, T. Druffel, R. Dharmadasa, G. Sumanasekera, R. Dharmasena, M.B. Dergacheva, K. Mit, K. Urazov, L. Bowen, M. Walls, A. Abbas, Fabrication of CdS/CdTe-based thin film solar cells using an electrochemical technique. Coatings. 4, 380–415 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings4030380 CrossRef

63.

I.M. Dharmadasa, W.G. Herrenden-Harker, R.H. Williams, Metals on cadmium telluride: Schottky barriers and interface reactions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 1802 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.96792 CrossRef

64.

J.M. Burst, J.N. Duenow, D.S. Albin, E. Colegrove, M.O. Reese, J.A. Aguiar, C.-S. Jiang, M.K. Patel, M.M. Al-Jassim, D. Kuciauskas, S. Swain, T. Ablekim, K.G. Lynn, W.K. Metzger, CdTe solar cells with open-circuit voltage breaking the 1 V barrier. Nat Energy 1, 16015 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.15 CrossRef

65.

M.O. Reese, C.L. Perkins, J.M. Burst, S. Farrell, T.M. Barnes, S.W. Johnston, D. Kuciauskas, T.A. Gessert, W.K. Metzger, Intrinsic surface passivation of CdTe. J. Appl. Phys. 118, 155305 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933186 CrossRef

66.

D.G. Diso, F. Fauzi, O.K. Echendu, O.I. Olusola, I.M. Dharmadasa, Optimisation of CdTe electrodeposition voltage for development of CdS/CdTe solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 12464–12472 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-4844-3 CrossRef

67.

M.K. Rabinal, I. Lyubomirsky, E. Pekarskaya, V. Lyakhovitskaya, D. Cahen, Low resistance contacts to p-CulnSe2 and p-CdTe crystals. J. Electron. Mater. 26, 893–897 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-997-0270-x CrossRef

68.

S. Nozaki, A.G. Milnes, Specific contact resistivity of indium contacts to n-type CdTe. J. Electron. Mater. 14, 137–155 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656672 CrossRef

69.

I.M. Dharmadasa, A.P. Samantilleke, N.B. Chaure, J. Young, New ways of developing glass/conducting glass/CdS/CdTe/metal thin-film solar cells based on a new model. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 17, 1238–1248 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/17/12/306 CrossRef

70.

I.M. Dharmadasa, C.J. Blomfield, C.G. Scott, R. Coratger, F. Ajustron, J. Beauvillain, Metal/n-CdTe interfaces: a study of electrical contacts by deep level transient spectroscopy and ballistic electron emission microscopy. Solid State Electron. 42, 595–604 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1101(97)00296-7 CrossRef

71.

H. Metin, R. Esen, Annealing effects on optical and crystallographic properties of CBD grown CdS films. Semicond Sci Technol 18, 647–654 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/18/7/308 CrossRef

72.

I.M. Dharmadasa, J.D. Bunning, A.P. Samantilleke, T. Shen, Effects of multi-defects at metal/semiconductor interfaces on electrical properties and their influence on stability and lifetime of thin film solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 86, 373–384 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2004.08.009 CrossRef

73.

R. Paterson, J. Anderson, S.S. Anderson, Lutfullah, Transport in aqueous solutions of group IIB metal salts at 298.15 K. Part 2.—Interpretation and prediction of transport in dilute solutions of cadmium iodide: an irreversible thermodynamic analysis. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases. 73, 1773 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1039/f19777301773 CrossRef

74.

R. Paterson, C. Devine, Transport in aqueous solutions of Group IIB metal salts. Part 7.—Measurement and prediction of isotopic diffusion coefficients for iodide in solutions of cadmium iodide. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1 Phys Chem Condens Phases 76, 1052 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1039/f19807601052 CrossRef

75.

A. Bouraiou, M.S. Aida, O. Meglali, N. Attaf, Potential effect on the properties of CuInSe2 thin films deposited using two-electrode system. Curr Appl Phys 11, 1173–1178 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2011.02.014 CrossRef

76.

C. Ferekides, J. Britt, CdTe solar cells with efficiencies over 15%. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 35, 255–262 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90148-1 CrossRef

77.

A.A. Ojo, I.M. Dharmadasa, The effect of fluorine doping on the characteristic behaviour of CdTe. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 5728–5738 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4786-9 CrossRef

78.

M.A. Redwan, E.H. Aly, L.I. Soliman, A.A. El-Shazely, H.A. Zayed, Characteristics of n-Cd0.9 Zn0.1S/p-CdTe heterojunctions. Vacuum 69, 545–555 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-207X(02)00604-8 CrossRef

79.

B.M. Basol, Electrodeposited CdTe and HgCdTe solar cells. Sol Cells 23, 69–88 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(88)90008-7 CrossRef

80.

T.M. Razykov, N. Amin, B. Ergashev, C.S. Ferekides, D.Y. Goswami, M.K. Hakkulov, K.M. Kouchkarov, K. Sopian, M.Y. Sulaiman, M. Alghoul, H.S. Ullal, Effect of CdCl2 treatment on physical properties of CdTe films with different compositions fabricated by chemical molecular beam deposition. Appl Sol Energy 49, 35–39 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X1301009X CrossRef

81.

P.J. Sellin, A.W. Dazvies, A. Lohstroh, M.E. Özsan, J. Parkin, Drift mobility and mobility-lifetime products in CdTe:Cl grown by the travelling heater method. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52, 3074–3078 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2005.855641 CrossRef

82.

M.A. Cengel, Y.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering approach, 5th edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006)

83.

V.P. Vasil’ev, Correlations between the thermodynamic properties of II--VI and III--VI phases. Inorg Mater 43, 115–124 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168507020045 CrossRef

84.

O. Chang-Seok, L.D. Nyung, C. Oh, Thermodynamic assessment of the Ga·Te system. Calphad 16, 317–330 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(92)90029-W CrossRef

85.

J. Han, C. Spanheimer, G. Haindl, G. Fu, V. Krishnakumar, J. Schaffner, C. Fan, K. Zhao, a. Klein, W. Jaegermann, Optimized chemical bath deposited CdS layers for the improvement of CdTe solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 95, 816–820 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.10.027 CrossRef

86.

E. PŁaczek-Popko, Z. Gumienny, J. Trzmiel, J. Szatkowski, Evidence for metastable behavior of Ga-doped CdTe. Opt Appl 38, 559–565 (2008)

87.

K.C. Mandal, R.M. Krishna, T.C. Hayes, P.G. Muzykov, S. Das, T.S. Sudarshan, S. Ma, Layered GaTe crystals for radiation detectors. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 58, 1981–1986 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2011.2140330 CrossRef

88.

A.M. Mancini, C. Manfredotti, A. Rizzo, G. Micocci, Vapour growth of GaTe single crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 21, 187–190 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(74)90003-7 CrossRef

Title: CdTe Deposition and Characterisation
Authors: A. A. Ojo
W. M. Cranton
I. M. Dharmadasa
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Next Generation Multilayer Graded Bandgap Solar Cells
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96666-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-96667-0

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96667-0_6