Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4/2021

24-04-2021

Centering Sex Workers’ Voices in Law and Social Policy

Authors: Cecilia Benoit, Róisín Unsworth, Priscilla Healey, Michaela Smith, Mikael Jansson

Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy | Issue 4/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Introduction

Research shows criminal code laws negatively affect the health and safety of sex workers and hinders their ability to access protective and other services. Less is known about sex workers’ views on how to improve their occupational and broader social rights. This paper aims to help fill in this knowledge gap.

Methods

In 2017, a cross-section of active sex workers (N = 60) from Victoria, Canada, were interviewed about their personal and work lives under Canada’s 2014 criminal code law, Bill C-36, the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act (PCEPA). Thematic analysis was carried out using the participants’ (n = 57) who answered these two open-ended questions: What changes are needed to improve health, safety and rights for sex workers? What would be your dream list of services sex workers need right now?

Results

Participants recommended elimination of Canada’s criminal code law governing consensual sex work, and policy change in two main areas: (1) occupational health and safety and (2) access to non-judgmental protective, health, and other community services.

Conclusion

Sex workers are an important source of insight regarding the unintended consequences of the PCEPA and its stated commitment to improve their safety and ensure the protection of their occupational and social rights.

Policy Implications

Consensual adult sexual commerce should be decriminalized and governed by health and social welfare policies, just as other service jobs.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Aantjes, C. J., Munguambe, K., Muchanga, V., Capurchande, R. & Poku, N. K. (2021). Why Doesn't the decriminalisation of same-sex sexuality and sex work ensure rights? The legality and social acceptance of transgressive sexualities in urban Mozambique. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00554-1 Aantjes, C. J., Munguambe, K., Muchanga, V., Capurchande, R. & Poku, N. K. (2021). Why Doesn't the decriminalisation of same-sex sexuality and sex work ensure rights? The legality and social acceptance of transgressive sexualities in urban Mozambique. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s13178-021-00554-1
go back to reference Abel, G., Fitzgerald, L., & Healy, C. (2010). Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization. Policy Press.CrossRef Abel, G., Fitzgerald, L., & Healy, C. (2010). Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization. Policy Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Abel, G., & Fitzgerald, L. (2010). Decriminalisation and stigma. In G. Abel, L. Fitzgerald, C. Healy, & A. Taylor (Eds.), Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization. (pp. 239–258). Bristol, United Kingdom. Policy Press. Abel, G., & Fitzgerald, L. (2010). Decriminalisation and stigma. In G. Abel, L. Fitzgerald, C. Healy, & A. Taylor (Eds.), Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization. (pp. 239–258). Bristol, United Kingdom. Policy Press.
go back to reference Abel, G. M., Fitzgerald, L., & J., . (2012). “The street’s got its advantages”: Movement between sectors of the sex industry in a decriminalised environment. Health, Risk and Society, 14, 17–23CrossRef Abel, G. M., Fitzgerald, L., & J., . (2012). “The street’s got its advantages”: Movement between sectors of the sex industry in a decriminalised environment. Health, Risk and Society, 14, 17–23CrossRef
go back to reference Abel, G. M., Fitzgerald, L. J., & Brunton, C. (2009). The impact of decriminalisation on the number of sex workers in New Zealand. Journal of Social Policy, 38, 515–531CrossRef Abel, G. M., Fitzgerald, L. J., & Brunton, C. (2009). The impact of decriminalisation on the number of sex workers in New Zealand. Journal of Social Policy, 38, 515–531CrossRef
go back to reference Armstrong, L., & Abel, G. (Eds.). (2020b). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change. Bristol University Press. Armstrong, L., & Abel, G. (Eds.). (2020b). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change. Bristol University Press.
go back to reference Armstrong, L., & Abel, G. (2020a). Introduction. In L. Armstrong, & G Abel. (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 1–14). Bristol University Press. Armstrong, L., & Abel, G. (2020a). Introduction. In L. Armstrong, & G Abel. (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 1–14). Bristol University Press.
go back to reference Armstrong, L., & Fraser, C. (2020). The disclosure dilemma: Stigma and talking about sex work in the decriminalized context. In L. Armstrong, & G. Abel (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 177–198). Bristol University Press. Armstrong, L., & Fraser, C. (2020). The disclosure dilemma: Stigma and talking about sex work in the decriminalized context. In L. Armstrong, & G. Abel (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 177–198). Bristol University Press.
go back to reference Benoit, C., Belle-Isle, L., Smith, M., Phillips, R., Shumka, S., Atchison, C., Jansson, M., Loppie, C., & Flagg, J. (2017). Sex workers as peer health advocates: community empowerment and transformative learning through a Canadian pilot program. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(160), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0655-2CrossRef Benoit, C., Belle-Isle, L., Smith, M., Phillips, R., Shumka, S., Atchison, C., Jansson, M., Loppie, C., & Flagg, J. (2017). Sex workers as peer health advocates: community empowerment and transformative learning through a Canadian pilot program. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(160), 1–16. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s12939-017-0655-2CrossRef
go back to reference Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Millar, A., & Phillips, R. (2005). Community-academic research on hard-to-reach populations: Benefits and challenges. Qualitative Health Research, 15(2), 263–282CrossRefPubMed Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Millar, A., & Phillips, R. (2005). Community-academic research on hard-to-reach populations: Benefits and challenges. Qualitative Health Research, 15(2), 263–282CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Smith, M., Flagg, J. (2017a) “Well, it should be changed for one, because it’s our bodies”: Workers’ views on Canada’s punitive approach towards sex work. Social Sciences. Special Issue "Sex Workers’ Rights: Looking toward the Future", 6(52), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6020052 Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Smith, M., Flagg, J. (2017a) “Well, it should be changed for one, because it’s our bodies”: Workers’ views on Canada’s punitive approach towards sex work. Social Sciences. Special Issue "Sex Workers’ Rights: Looking toward the Future", 6(52), 1–17. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​socsci6020052
go back to reference Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Smith, M., Flagg, J. (2018b). Prostitution stigma and its effect on the working conditions, personal lives and health of sex workers. Special issue: Annual Review of Sex Research. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5) 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652 Benoit, C., Jansson, M., Smith, M., Flagg, J. (2018b). Prostitution stigma and its effect on the working conditions, personal lives and health of sex workers. Special issue: Annual Review of Sex Research. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5) 1–15. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​00224499.​2017.​1393652
go back to reference Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Magnus, S., Ouellet, N., Atchison, C., Casey, L., Phillips, R., Reimer, B., Reist, D., & Shaver, F. (2016). Lack of confidence in police creates a ‘blue’ ceiling for sex workers’ safety. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques, 42(4), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2016-006CrossRef Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Magnus, S., Ouellet, N., Atchison, C., Casey, L., Phillips, R., Reimer, B., Reist, D., & Shaver, F. (2016). Lack of confidence in police creates a ‘blue’ ceiling for sex workers’ safety. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques, 42(4), 456–468. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3138/​cpp.​2016-006CrossRef
go back to reference Benoit, C., McCarthy, B. & Jansson, M. (2015). Occupational stigma and mental health: Discrimination and depression among front-line service workers. Canadian Public Policy. 41(Issue Supplement 2), S61–S69. Benoit, C., McCarthy, B. & Jansson, M. (2015). Occupational stigma and mental health: Discrimination and depression among front-line service workers. Canadian Public Policy. 41(Issue Supplement 2), S61–S69.
go back to reference Bradshaw, M., & Stratford, E. (2010). Qualitative research design and rigour. In I. Hay (Ed.), Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. (pp. 67–76). Oxford University Press. Bradshaw, M., & Stratford, E. (2010). Qualitative research design and rigour. In I. Hay (Ed.), Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. (pp. 67–76). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Canada vs. Bedford. (2013). R.S. C. 2013, SCC 72. Canada vs. Bedford. (2013). R.S. C. 2013, SCC 72.
go back to reference Crago, A., Bruckert, C., Braschel, M., & Shannon, K. (2021). Sex workers’ access to police assistance in safety emergencies and means of escape from situations of violence and confinement under an “end demand” criminalization model: A five city study in Canada. Social Sciences, 10(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010013CrossRef Crago, A., Bruckert, C., Braschel, M., & Shannon, K. (2021). Sex workers’ access to police assistance in safety emergencies and means of escape from situations of violence and confinement under an “end demand” criminalization model: A five city study in Canada. Social Sciences, 10(1), 1–13. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​socsci10010013CrossRef
go back to reference Csete, J., & Cohen, J. (2010). Health benefits of legal services for criminalized populations: the case of people who use drugs, sex workers and sexual and gender minorities. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 38(4), 816–831CrossRef Csete, J., & Cohen, J. (2010). Health benefits of legal services for criminalized populations: the case of people who use drugs, sex workers and sexual and gender minorities. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 38(4), 816–831CrossRef
go back to reference Easterbrook-Smith, G. (2020). “Genuinely keen to work”: Sex work, emotional labour, and the news media. In L. Armstrong,, & G. Abel (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 157–176). Bristol University Press. Easterbrook-Smith, G. (2020). “Genuinely keen to work”: Sex work, emotional labour, and the news media. In L. Armstrong,, & G. Abel (Eds.). Sex work and the New Zealand model: Decriminalisation and social change (pp. 157–176). Bristol University Press.
go back to reference Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(117), 1–8 Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(117), 1–8
go back to reference Hallgrimsdottir, H., & Benoit, C. (2007). From wage slaves to wage workers: cultural opportunity structures and the evolution of the wage demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880–1900. Social Forces, 85(3), 1393–1412CrossRef Hallgrimsdottir, H., & Benoit, C. (2007). From wage slaves to wage workers: cultural opportunity structures and the evolution of the wage demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880–1900. Social Forces, 85(3), 1393–1412CrossRef
go back to reference Hoefinger, H., Musto, J., Macioti, P. G., Fehrenbacher, A., Mai, N., Bennachie, C., & Giametta, C. (2019). Community-based responses to negative health impacts of sexual humanitarian anti-trafficking policies and the criminalization of sex work and migration in the US. Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9010001CrossRef Hoefinger, H., Musto, J., Macioti, P. G., Fehrenbacher, A., Mai, N., Bennachie, C., & Giametta, C. (2019). Community-based responses to negative health impacts of sexual humanitarian anti-trafficking policies and the criminalization of sex work and migration in the US. Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–30. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​socsci9010001CrossRef
go back to reference Jeffrey, L. A., & Sullivan, B. (2009). Canadian sex work policy for the 21st century: Enhancing rights and safety, lessons from Australia. Canadian Political Science Review, 3, 57–76 Jeffrey, L. A., & Sullivan, B. (2009). Canadian sex work policy for the 21st century: Enhancing rights and safety, lessons from Australia. Canadian Political Science Review, 3, 57–76
go back to reference Kunimoto, E. (2018). A critical analysis of Canada’s sex work legislation: Exploring gendered and racialized consequences. Stream: Inspiring Critical Thought,10(2), 27–36. Kunimoto, E. (2018). A critical analysis of Canada’s sex work legislation: Exploring gendered and racialized consequences. Stream: Inspiring Critical Thought,10(2), 27–36.
go back to reference Landsberg, A., Shannon, K., Krüsi, A., DeBeck, K., Milloy, M. J., Nosova, E., Kerr, T., & Hayashi, K. (2017). Criminalizing sex work clients and rushed negotiations among sex workers who use drugs in a Canadian setting. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 94(4), 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0155-0CrossRef Landsberg, A., Shannon, K., Krüsi, A., DeBeck, K., Milloy, M. J., Nosova, E., Kerr, T., & Hayashi, K. (2017). Criminalizing sex work clients and rushed negotiations among sex workers who use drugs in a Canadian setting. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 94(4), 563–571. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11524-017-0155-0CrossRef
go back to reference Lyons, T., Krüsi, A., Pierre, L., Kerr, T., Small, W., & Shannon, K. (2017). Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization: The experiences of trans sex workers in Vancouver. Canada. Qualitative Health Research, 27(2), 109–182 Lyons, T., Krüsi, A., Pierre, L., Kerr, T., Small, W., & Shannon, K. (2017). Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization: The experiences of trans sex workers in Vancouver. Canada. Qualitative Health Research, 27(2), 109–182
go back to reference Machat, S., Shannon, K., Braschel, M., Moreheart, S., & Goldenberg, S. (2019). Sex workers’ experiences and occupational conditions post-implementation of end-demand criminalization in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110, 575–583. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00226-z Machat, S., Shannon, K., Braschel, M., Moreheart, S., & Goldenberg, S. (2019). Sex workers’ experiences and occupational conditions post-implementation of end-demand criminalization in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110, 575–583. https://​doi.​org/​10.​17269/​s41997-019-00226-z
go back to reference Maloney, J. (2006). The challenge of change: A study of Canada’s criminal prostitution laws. Ottawa: Communication Canada Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.nswp.org Maloney, J. (2006). The challenge of change: A study of Canada’s criminal prostitution laws. Ottawa: Communication Canada Publishing. Retrieved from: https://​www.​nswp.​org
go back to reference McIvor, S. (2020). Social science evidence in poverty-related charter claims: An example in Bedford v Canada. Appeal, 25, 61–71. CanLIIDocs 1669. Retrieved from: https://canlii.ca/t/svdp McIvor, S. (2020). Social science evidence in poverty-related charter claims: An example in Bedford v Canada. Appeal, 25, 61–71. CanLIIDocs 1669. Retrieved from: https://​canlii.​ca/​t/​svdp
go back to reference Stevens, A. (2012). ‘Portuguese drug policy shows that decriminalisation can work, but only alongside improvements in health and social policies’, LSE European Politics and Policy. Stevens, A. (2012). ‘Portuguese drug policy shows that decriminalisation can work, but only alongside improvements in health and social policies’, LSE European Politics and Policy.
Metadata
Title
Centering Sex Workers’ Voices in Law and Social Policy
Authors
Cecilia Benoit
Róisín Unsworth
Priscilla Healey
Michaela Smith
Mikael Jansson
Publication date
24-04-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Sexuality Research and Social Policy / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-9884
Electronic ISSN: 1553-6610
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00576-9

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4/2021 Go to the issue