Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2026
In-Situ Characterization Techniques
- 2026
- Book
- Editors
- Kelvin Yu Xie
- Zhiwei Peng
- Mingming Zhang
- Jian Li
- Bowen Li
- Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Rajiv Soman
- Jiann-Yang Hwang
- Yunus Eren Kalay
- Juan P. Escobedo-Diaz
- John S. Carpenter
- Shadia Ikhmayies
- Eason Chen
- Book Series
- The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include but are not limited to:
Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process–structure– property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of metals, polymers, and ceramics including battery materials Characterization of structural, morphological, and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano-scales Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis Advances in instrument development for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques 2D and 3D modeling for materials characterization
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Advanced Characterization IV: Electron-Microscopy-Based Techniques II
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Frontmatter
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Investigation of Fracture Toughness in Repair Weld of Process Piping Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Atomic-Scale Modelling
Gil M. Agag Jr., Persia Ada N. de Yro, Clodualdo Aranas Jr.This chapter delves into the fracture toughness of carbon steel welds at the nanoscale level, complementing traditional methods like CTOD and Charpy tests. The study employs advanced techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and atomic-scale modelling to develop a predictive system for weld fracture toughness in process piping. Key topics include the use of Density Functional Theory (DFT) for computing elastic constants, the application of analytical modelling for bulk modulus, and the experimental welding and destructive testing processes. The results highlight the successful selection of base metal and welding consumables, as well as the optimization of welding parameters. The study concludes with a summary of nondestructive and destructive testing results, emphasizing the importance of fracture toughness in material design, selection, and construction. This comprehensive approach offers valuable insights for enhancing material integrity and safety in process piping.AI Generated
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AbstractWeld repair is a critical issue in low-carbon steel piping due to the equipment’s importance in the energy and chemical processing sectors. This research evaluates both repair and original welds through empirical welding experiments. After welding, destructive tests are conducted, including microhardness, tensile, Charpy, and crack tip opening displacement at −29 °C. The assessment of repair welds is further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and atomic-scale simulation and modelling using analytical techniques. The welding experiments are performed on A106 Grade B low-carbon steel piping with an 18-inch diameter. EBSD provides nanoscale information on phase fractions, crystal structures, and lattice parameters. Analytical modelling calculates the energy-volume derivative (d2E/dV2) to determine bulk modulus and fracture toughness, yielding values of 216 GPa and 130 MPa√m, respectively. These welds surpass industry standards, enhancing asset performance and extending equipment lifespan. -
Mechanical Behaviour of Additively Manufactured TPMS-Voronoi Hybrid Scaffolds
Kaushik Raj Pyla, Ishaan Gupta, Hongxu Wang, Hang Dong, Juan Pablo Escobedo-DiazThis chapter delves into the mechanical behavior of hybrid scaffolds that combine Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) and Voronoi structures, specifically focusing on their potential in bone tissue engineering. The study explores how different hybridization strategies—horizontal and radial—affect the performance of these scaffolds. Key topics include the design and fabrication of Gyroid-Voronoi hybrid scaffolds using FDM printing with PLA, the mechanical properties assessed through quasi-static compression tests, and the permeability performance measured using a constant head permeability apparatus. The results reveal that radial designs generally outperform horizontal ones in terms of mechanical properties, while horizontal designs show superior permeability. The chapter concludes that the R2 design, with its radial hybridization, offers the best overall performance, aligning with the mechanical and permeability characteristics of human trabecular bone. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing scaffold designs for bone tissue engineering applications.AI Generated
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AbstractAdvances in additive manufacturing (AM) enable the creation of complex geometries that replicate the porous architecture of bone, especially for use in tissue engineering scaffolds. Hybrid scaffolds merge different unit cells, porosity gradients, and patterns to achieve superior properties. This study investigates the effect of horizontal and radial hybridisation strategies on the mechanical and fluid flow capabilities of TPMS-Voronoi hybrid scaffolds. All the designs had a similar porosity level of nearly 55%. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) and polylactic acid (PLA) were chosen as the manufacturing mode and raw material. Radial hybridization exhibited better strength, Young’s modulus and energy absorption than the horizontal ones. Horizontal designs showed lower strength compared to the uniform Voronoi design. All the hybrid scaffolds had excellent permeability performance compared to the uniform Voronoi scaffold. Overall, radial design with TPMS sandwiched between Voronoi (R2), performed best in all aspects. These results pave the way for designing new-generation scaffolds that can improve orthopaedic patient outcomes.
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Advanced Characterization VI: X-Ray-Based Techniques II and Mineral Processing I
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Frontmatter
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Study on the Preparation of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) from Sulfur-Containing Iron Ore by Hydrogen Reduction
Junjie Yu, Youxun Dai, Xiaoqing Zhou, Chen LiuThis study delves into the preparation of direct reduced iron (DRI) from sulfur-containing iron ore through hydrogen reduction, addressing the critical need for efficient desulfurization in steel production. The research investigates the impact of roasting temperature, dwell time, and H2 concentration on the reduction and desulfurization processes. Key findings reveal that a roasting temperature of 1000°C, a dwell time of 90 minutes, and a H2 concentration of 30% yield optimal results, with a metallization degree of 93.3% and a desulfurization percentage of 95.9%. The study also explores the microstructural morphology and magnetic properties of the roasted products, providing valuable insights into the phase transformation and crystallization of metallic iron. The magnetic separation tests conducted under optimal conditions demonstrate the potential of the prepared DRI powder as a high-quality feedstock for electric arc furnace steel production, meeting the Chinese national standard YB/T 5296-2011 for steelmaking-grade DRI.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study investigates the hydrogen reduction of sulfur-bearing iron ore to produce high-quality direct reduced iron (DRI), aiming to provide a feasible alternative for low-carbon and environmentally friendly iron powder production. The research demonstrates that H2 shows good performance in both the reduction and desulfurization of the ore. By optimizing roasting process parameters, the optimal conditions were determined to be a roasting temperature of 1000 ℃, a roasting time of 90 min, and a H2 concentration of 30%. The experimental results show that the metallic iron yield and desulfurization percentage of the roasted product reached 93.3% and 95.9%, respectively. Moreover, high-quality DRI was obtained through conventional magnetic separation, which met industrial application requirements. The hydrogen reduction method not only effectively enhances the reduction of low-grade sulfur-bearing iron ores but also significantly reduces sulfur content, providing a viable technological solution for the comprehensive utilization of high-sulfur iron ores in China. -
Research on the Metallurgical Performance of Three Types of Natural Lump Ores for Blast Furnace
Zefei Zhang, Sibin Zhang, Yong Zhang, Jianlong Wu, Jian Sun, Li Zhu, Wenyun Liu, Donghui HuangThis chapter delves into the metallurgical performance of three types of natural lump ores used in blast furnaces, focusing on their chemical composition, thermal decrepitation, reducibility, and softening-melting-dripping characteristics. The study employs various analytical methods, including XRF, volumetric method, and XRD, to characterize the ores. Key findings include the superior iron content and reducibility of lump ore A, despite its poorer thermal decrepitation performance. Lump ore B and C show varying levels of performance in different tests, with lump ore B generally performing better than lump ore C. The chapter concludes that while lump ore A is the most favorable for blast furnace operations due to its high iron content and excellent reducibility, its high fines generation rate must be managed to avoid adverse effects on furnace permeability. The detailed analysis and comparative study provide valuable insights for optimizing blast furnace burden structure, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing pollutant emissions.AI Generated
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AbstractIn recent years, some steel companies have been reducing the proportion of agglomerates (sinter/pellets) in the blast furnace burden composition while increasing the proportion of natural lump ore, to achieve cost reduction and emission reduction. However, different lump ores entering the furnace will affect the production of the blast furnace to varying degrees, and it is essential to conduct a systematic study on the performance of lump ores. This study employed X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, volumetric method, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze the chemical composition of three types of lump ores. Additionally, the thermal decrepitation behavior, reducibility, and softening-melting-dripping performance of these ores were evaluated. Through a systematic comparison of the three lump ores, this research provides insights for optimizing blast furnace burden composition and operational practices.
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Advanced Characterization VII: Mineral Processing II
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Frontmatter
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Mechanical Activation Effects on Physicochemical Characteristics of Silica-Based Alluvial Columbite-Tantalite Bearing Mineral for Recovery of Critical Metals
Nnaemeka Stanislaus Nzeh, Abraham Adeleke, Samson Adeosun, Torti UwaikeThis chapter delves into the crucial role of comminution in mineral processing, particularly focusing on the mechanical activation of silica-based alluvial columbite-tantalite minerals (SBACTM). The study examines how milling affects the particle size distribution, surface area, and dissolution rates of these minerals, which are essential for the efficient recovery of critical metals like niobium and tantalum. Through extensive experimental work, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical composition analysis, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the mineral's physicochemical properties. The findings highlight the significance of mechanical activation in enhancing the liberation and recovery of valuable metals from columbite-tantalite ores. This study offers practical insights into optimizing mineral processing techniques, making it a valuable resource for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractGrindability study was conducted on a silica-based alluvial columbite-tantalum mineral. Grindability values were therefore obtained. The milling process was conducted at various milling conditions. Chemical characterization, as well as the milling effects on the particle size distribution and the physicochemical structure of the mineral, was investigated. In addition, the effect of particle sizes on the liberation, chemical composition, and thermal properties of the mineral was also investigated under different milling conditions. This is significant in the sustainability in processing, mining, and metallurgical engineering and especially in the columbite mineral liberation and design/development of effective mineral processing or beneficiation routes for overall efficiency of recovery, separation and extraction of value metals such as: Nb, Ta, and Fe. This study aids the comprehension of the deciphering factor which is to be considered when choosing or selecting suitable comminution design system and equipment for successful extraction and recovery of the critical metals. -
Effects of Adding Ratio of Boron-Iron and Roasting Temperature on Properties of Boron-Containing Pellets
Luyao Zhao, Hongmei Qiao, Yunqing Tian, Zilong Zhao, Yang Li, Dianwei ZhangThis chapter delves into the effects of different ratios of boron-iron powder and roasting temperatures on the properties of boron-containing pellets, with a focus on compressive strength and metallurgical performance. The study examines how varying the proportion of boron-iron powder influences the falling strength and compressive strength of green pellets, as well as the compressive strength and reduction swelling index of roasted pellets. Key findings include the observation that increasing the boron-iron powder ratio enhances the falling strength of green pellets without significantly affecting their compressive strength. At a roasting temperature of 1200°C, pellets with 3% and 5% boron-iron concentrate powder exhibited significantly higher compressive strengths compared to the benchmark. However, at 1250°C, the compressive strength decreased, likely due to excessive liquid phase formation. The reduction swelling index was also found to increase with higher boron-iron powder ratios and roasting temperatures, but this effect was mitigated at lower temperatures. The chapter concludes with insights into the microstructural changes and the implications for pellet production, offering a comprehensive understanding of how to optimize these parameters for improved pellet quality and cost-efficiency.AI Generated
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AbstractThe effects of adding ratio of boron-iron and different roasting temperatures on the compressive strength of boron-containing pellets and the reduction swelling index of pellets were studied. The results show that the compressive strength of pellets decreases from 3125 to 2933 N, and the reduction swelling index of pellets increases from 13.12% to 18.40%, with the increase of the ratio of boron iron ore powder from 0 to 5% at the roasting temperature of 1250 °C. When the roasting temperature is reduced to 1200 °C, the swelling index rate of pellets with 5% boron iron concentrate powder is reduced to 14.33%, which meets the demand of blast furnace. The microstructure of borax pellets at different temperatures was observed. It was found that under the condition of low temperature, the formation of low melting point substances decreased significantly. -
Evaluation of Combustion Characteristics of Municipal Sewage Sludge for Iron Ore Sintering
Lin Xiong, Zhiwei Peng, Shaochang NieThis chapter delves into the combustion characteristics of municipal sewage sludge, a pressing environmental challenge due to its complex composition and high production volumes. The study analyzes the sludge's chemical composition, revealing high levels of organic matter and significant amounts of silica and alumina in its ash content. It explores the potential of using sludge as a supplementary heat source in iron ore sintering, a process that requires fuel and moisture. The research conducts thermogravimetric analysis at various heating rates, revealing that the sludge's combustion reaction proceeds rapidly at low temperatures, with a maximum mass loss rate exceeding that of conventional coke breeze. The study also discusses the environmental and economic benefits of this approach, as well as the challenges posed by harmful elements in the sludge. The findings suggest that properly regulating the heating rate could enhance the thermal utilization efficiency of sludge in iron ore sintering, offering a promising solution for sludge disposal and resource recovery.AI Generated
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AbstractMunicipal sewage sludge is a complex organic waste requiring proper proposal. Its maximum mass loss rate in air was found to be 7.14%/min at the heating rate of 30 °C/min, approximately twice that of coke breeze commonly used in iron ore sintering. Although the sludge provided less heat during combustion, its thermal utilization efficiency could be enhanced. With increasing heating rate from 10 to 50 °C/min, the reaction onset temperature, combustion ignition temperature, and maximum mass loss rate increased from 192 ℃, 210 ℃, and 2.47%/min to 205 ℃, 249 ℃, and 12.06%/min, respectively. Conversely, the combustion extinction temperature declined from 1070 to 1025 ℃. Rapid heating hindered the immediate release of volatile components in the sludge, thereby delaying the combustion process that would favor the utilization of the sludge for iron ore sintering. -
Leaching Chilembwe Phosphate Rock for Production of Fertilizer-Grade Phosphoric Acid
Moreblessings Susa, Yotamu Rainford Stephen Hara, Agabu ShaneThis chapter delves into the viability of producing phosphoric acid from Chilembwe phosphate rock, a critical step in creating fertilizer-grade phosphoric acid. The study meticulously examines the chemical composition and mineralogical structure of the rock, revealing that hydroxylapatite is the primary phosphorus-bearing mineral. Through a series of leaching experiments, the effects of pH, particle size, and acid dosing on the recovery of phosphorus are thoroughly analyzed. The results indicate that while pH-based leaching yields lower recovery rates, fixed acid dosing significantly enhances phosphorus recovery, reaching up to 92% efficiency. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on the economic and agricultural implications of utilizing local phosphate deposits, emphasizing the potential to reduce fertilizer import costs and stimulate local industries.AI Generated
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AbstractThe study investigates leaching of phosphate rock with sulphuric acid with the aim of producing phosphoric acid. The sample was obtained from Chilembwe Mine of Eastern province of Zambia. The sample was leached under different conditions such as pH, particle size, and acid dosing. Leach efficiency was lower (<45%) when the sample was leached under controlled pH conditions. However, higher leach efficiency of 92% was obtained when the sample was leached at acid consumption of 500 kg per tonne of ore. Therefore, it was concluded that leach efficiency of P2O5 from the phosphate rock is acid depended on and not pH. The feed material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification and quantification. -
Unraveling the Synergistic Leaching of Low-Grade Scheelite in NaOH–Na2CO3: Insights from Advanced Material Characterization
Xinran Li, Hao Jiang, Zhiwei Peng, Anan Duan, Tong Zhang, Zexi GongThis study delves into the synergistic leaching of low-grade scheelite using a combination of NaOH and Na2CO3, focusing on optimizing the extraction of tungsten, a critical metal with numerous high-technology applications. Through advanced material characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, and ICP-OES, the research explores the phase composition, surface morphology, and chemical state of scheelite at various leaching stages. The study identifies the optimal conditions for leaching, including the mass ratio of NaOH to Na2CO3, reaction time, and temperature, which significantly enhance the leaching efficiency of WO3. The results reveal that the synergistic leaching system not only improves the dissolution of scheelite but also eliminates the passivation phenomenon on the surface of ore particles. This comprehensive analysis provides new insights into the effective utilization of low-grade tungsten resources, promoting sustainable development in the tungsten industry.AI Generated
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AbstractTraditional acid leaching and Na2CO3 high-pressure leaching processes of low-grade scheelite (CaWO4) face challenges like high energy consumption and impurity dissolution. This study investigates the enhanced alkaline leaching of low-grade scheelite using NaOH-Na2CO3 synergy and in-depth characterization of the changes in the material during the leaching process. Optimal conditions achieved a 90.41% WO3 leaching rate within 2h at 180 °C, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, an alkali concentration of 170 g/L, and a mass ratio of NaOH to Na2CO3 of 1:32. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed distinct phase transformations during leaching, while residue characterization with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the ionic competitive interaction between WO42− and CO32−. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) confirmed that NaOH could promote the leaching of Na2CO3 on scheelite. This work establishes structure–activity relationships through multi-scale characterization, enabling efficient low-grade scheelite processing.
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Poster Session I
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Frontmatter
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Multi-scale Flame Retardancy in Aerospace Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) Using Hybrid Fibres and Graphene Oxide (GO)
J. Nabuai, J. P. Escobedo-Diaz, A. Zinoviev, M. GhodratThis chapter delves into the innovative use of hybrid fibres and graphene oxide (GO) to enhance flame retardancy in aerospace carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs). The study explores the integration of carbon, nomex, and basalt fibres with nano-engineered GO within an epoxy matrix to create a multifunctional hybrid composite. Key topics include the material specifications and preparation methods, experimental methodologies such as the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test, and the results demonstrating the impact of GO on flame retardancy and mechanical properties. The conclusion highlights the significant improvements in LOI values, reduced burn rates, and enhanced structural integrity, making this approach a transformative solution for aerospace applications. The chapter also discusses the synergistic effects of fibre hybridization and the role of GO in creating a more tortuous path for oxygen, thereby optimizing fire retardancy. The study's findings suggest that the developed GO-enhanced hybrid CFRPs represent a significant advancement in meeting stringent aerospace safety standards.AI Generated
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AbstractThe aviation industry has increasingly adopted carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) over recent years due to their exceptional strength to weight ratio, which enhances fuel efficiency and aligns with environmental goals for reduced emissions. While CFRPs offer advantages in performance and weight reduction, their high manufacturing costs and inherent flammability limit their use in critical structural components where fire safety is paramount. This research will evaluate the effectiveness of current flame-retardant strategies in aerospace-grade CFRPs and propose a novel multi-scale approach, integrating nano and micro-level modifications, to enhance fire retardancy and impact performance. The proposed solution combines fibre hybridisation of carbon, basalt, and nomex fibres with nano engineered graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as a micro coating or filler to synergistically delay ignition, reduce heat release rate and preserve post fire mechanical integrity. This research performed pre-ignition thermal and post-fire mechanical analysis to establish a structure property relationship identifying key parameters affecting fire resistance. The goal is to develop a fire resistant, mechanically robust material, using experimental data, that meets aviation safety standards and outperforms current solutions. -
Analysis of FeS2 Depression by Thioglycolate (C2H3NO2S) During Collectorless Flotation
Hector Iván Hernández Jímenez, Martín Reyes Pérez, Iván A. Reyes Domínguez, Dayli Yamilet Tolentino Mendoza, Mishelle Miroslava Sánchez Acosta, Mizraim U. Flores Guerrero, Miguel Pérez Labra, Julio Cesar Juárez Tapia, Francisco Raúl Barrientos HernándezThis chapter delves into the analysis of pyrite depression using sodium thioglycolate during collectorless flotation, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly depressant. The study examines the impact of thioglycolate on pyrite flotation under different pH conditions and concentrations, revealing its effectiveness in reducing pyrite's natural floatability. Key findings include the significant depression of pyrite at acidic pH and the adsorption of thioglycolate on pyrite surfaces, altering their hydrophobic properties. The research also explores the influence of pulp potential and electrical conductivity on flotation efficiency. The conclusions underscore the adsorption of thioglycolate to pyrite surfaces, obstructing its natural hydrophobicity and providing hydrophilic properties. This study offers valuable insights into sustainable mineral processing techniques, emphasizing the role of organic depressants in enhancing flotation efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.AI Generated
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AbstractAn environmental challenge in the mineral flotation process is avoiding the use of cyanide to depress undesirable gangue species, such as pyrite. Therefore, this research focuses on determining the influence of different pH values and quantities of the depressant sodium thioglycolate (TG) C2H3NO2S on the performance of collectorless flotation of FeS2. The results indicate that TG depresses iron disulfide at all tested pHs (6.3, 7.3 and 10.0) and concentrations used (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L TG) and pulp potentials around +0.104 V. and 0.24 V. However, at a more alkaline pH (10.0), TG consumption to obtain 17.3% w/w cumulative pyrite flotation at 0.25 g/L is considerably lower than that required (1.5 g/L) at slightly acidic pH (6.3) to achieve 15.7% w/w pyrite flotation. -
Analysis of the Flotation Behavior of Coarse Particles of Malachite Ore
Juan Daniel Duran García, Marisol Galindo Hidalgo, Martín Reyes Pérez, Iván Alejandro Reyes Domínguez, Dayli Yamilet Tolentino Mendoza, Mishelle Miroslava Sánchez Acosta, Mizraim Uriel Flores Guerrero, Gustavo Urbano Reyes, Felipe Legorreta GarcíaThis chapter delves into the flotation behavior of coarse malachite ore particles, focusing on the use of potassium amyl xanthate as a collector and the impact of pH on the selective recovery of malachite. The study explores the influence of different concentrations of potassium amyl xanthate and varying pH levels on the flotation efficiency of malachite. Key findings include the optimal conditions for maximizing copper recovery and the challenges associated with higher collector concentrations. The research also discusses the mineralogical nature of malachite and the importance of efficient separation techniques. Additionally, the study provides insights into the environmental and economic implications of the flotation process, highlighting the need for sustainable practices in copper extraction.AI Generated
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AbstractCopper in nature is generally extracted from sulfide minerals. However, an attractive source of this element is carbonates such as malachite, which contains 57.47% w/w copper in its structure. To increase its added value, a concentration process is carried out. This research work analyzes the flotation behavior of coarse particles of 170 mesh (90 μm) at pH 8.6 and 10.5 with potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) of a mineral that contains quartz as the majority phase goethite, magnetite, malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3 as minority phases, detected by X-ray diffraction. The results show 91.5% w/w copper flotation with a grade of 12.5% w/w at pH 8.6 with 0.5 g/L of PAX and a pulp potential (PP) of + 152.8 mV; higher pH does not improve the concentration, obtaining 87.2% w/w with a law of 14.13% w/w at pH 10.5 and PP of + 72 mV. -
Analysis of the Influence of Heat Treatment and Acetone Vapor Exposure on ABS Samples
Edson Soares, Márcia Cardoso, Alisson Silva, Sergio Monteiro, Verônica CandidoThis chapter delves into the analysis of how heat treatment and acetone vapor exposure affect the mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) samples produced through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The study focuses on the impact of these treatments on tensile, compressive, and impact strengths. Key findings reveal that while heat treatment alone can slightly improve tensile strength, the combination of heat treatment followed by acetone exposure drastically reduces tensile strength. Conversely, all treatments, including the combination, enhance compression and impact strengths. The research highlights the need for careful consideration of post-processing treatments to optimize specific properties of ABS. The detailed experimental procedures and results provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of ABS under different treatment conditions, offering valuable insights for professionals in the field of additive manufacturing.AI Generated
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AbstractThe present study evaluates the influence of acetone vapor and heat treatment on the mechanical properties and aesthetic finish of ABS specimens produced by additive manufacturing via FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling). This study involves exposing groups of samples to thermal conditions at 110 ºC for periods of 1 and 2 h, with these groups divided into two types: groups without acetone exposure (T1 and T2) and groups with acetone exposure (T1A and T2A). The T1A and T2A samples were first subjected to heat treatment, followed by 1 h of exposure to acetone vapor. Subsequently, the samples underwent mechanical tests for tensile, compression and impact strength, respectively, according to the ASTM D638-22, ASTM D695-23, and ASTM D256-23 standards. The tensile tests of samples TT0 (without thermal exposure), TT1, and TT2 revealed tensile strengths of 36.7, 38.99, and 37.78 MPa, respectively, and Young’s moduli of 0.822, 0.768, and 0.732 GPa. -
Characterization of the Surface Nature of a Lithium Mineral Type KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2
Martín Reyes Pérez, Francisco Patiño Cardona, Hernan Islas Vázquez, Iván Alejandro Reyes Domínguez, Dayli Yamilet Tolentino Mendoza, Mishelle Miroslava Sánchez Acosta, Mizraim Uriel Flores Guerrero, Miguel Pérez Labra, Francisco Raúl Barrientos HernándezThis chapter delves into the characterization of the surface nature of a lithium mineral, specifically lepidolite, with the chemical formula KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2. The study employs various instrumental techniques such as Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive microanalysis (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to reveal the surface, morphological nature, and crystalline structure of the mineral. The research highlights the importance of understanding the mineral's properties for efficient separation processes, particularly froth flotation. The study provides detailed insights into the elemental composition, morphology, and surface characteristics of lepidolite, which are crucial for its extraction and utilization. The results confirm the mineralogical nature of lepidolite, with a monoclinic crystalline structure and characteristic chemical composition. The infrared spectrum identifies the main vibrational bonds of the oxides present in the mineral, providing a comprehensive understanding of its surface properties. This detailed analysis is essential for optimizing the separation and extraction processes of this valuable lithium mineral.AI Generated
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AbstractDue to the increase in global demand for lithium, mainly for use in Li-ion batteries, mineral deposits with a low percentage of lithium compared to the metal contained in brine deposits have been explored. The main disadvantage of separating lithium from these deposits is the long processing time. For this reason, the separation of solid species containing lithium by flotation has recently been evaluated. This work characterizes the superficial nature by XRD, indicating that the mineral consists of a single majority phase of lepidolite. The SEM–EDS images show particles of irregular morphology, rounded, and flake-shaped. The EDS indicates that it contains 60.07% oxygen, 16.04% silicon, 10.35% aluminum, 5.76% potassium, 7.62% fluorine, and 0.16% calcium. Infrared analysis detects the main covalent bonds of Si–O, Li–O, Al–O, and K–O present in the lepidolite mineral located at 6925 cm–1, 464 cm–1, 751 cm–1, and 801 cm–1. -
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Structural Performance of Extruded Ceramic Blocks Pressed and Fired Under Different Loading Conditions
Elias Socrates Nascimento da Cruz Junior, Laura Barreto Azeredo, Niander Aguiar CerqueiraThis chapter delves into the structural performance of extruded ceramic blocks under different loading conditions, focusing on static and dynamic parameters. Through experimental testing and computational modeling, the study evaluates the strength, deformability, and failure modes of prisms and small walls constructed with these blocks. Key findings include the identification of two distinct failure modes: central vertical cracks and lateral spalling, highlighting the brittle and anisotropic behavior of ceramic blocks. The Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was employed to analyze deformations and displacements, providing a non-destructive method for tracking structural responses. Numerical simulations using ANSYS 2024 R1 software revealed stress distribution patterns and natural frequencies, with the central and lateral areas of the walls identified as critical deformation regions. The study concludes with insights for safer and more efficient masonry design, emphasizing the need for updated Brazilian standards to better address the scope and accuracy of structural masonry parameters.AI Generated
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AbstractThe use of alternative materials in civil construction has grown exponentially in recent decades, driven by the demand for sustainable solutions. Among them, structural ceramic blocks stand out for combining technical performance with environmental responsibility. This study investigates the structural behavior of prisms and small walls built with Extruded, Pressed, and Fired Ceramic Blocks (BCEPQ) which are a promising alternative. Despite their potential, further research is needed on their mechanical properties, especially under static and dynamic loads. Laboratory tests examined the failure modes, revealing a characteristic compressive strength of 4.86 MPa, in accordance with the Brazilian standard. However, water absorption reached 22.83%, slightly above the normative range. Prisms and small walls showed average strengths of 1.66 and 0.98 MPa. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to monitor deformation. Additionally, a 3D numerical model was developed in ANSYS 2024 R1 to simulate both load types. -
Influence of the Reduction of Solubilized Hydrated Lime on the Performance of Coating Mortars
L. G. Rocha, R. M. Siqueira, R. F. de Abreu, V. D. Pinheiro, J. Alexandre, S. N. Monteiro, A. R. G. de AzevedoThis chapter delves into the influence of solubilized hydrated lime on the performance of coating mortars, focusing on key areas such as density, air content, water retention, and mechanical strength. The study employs advanced techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze the microstructural and mechanical properties of mortars with varying lime content. Results indicate that reducing the amount of solubilized lime decreases density and water retention while increasing air content and capillary absorption, affecting the mortar's permeability. Mechanical tests reveal that full replacement of dry lime with solubilized lime reduces strength, but using 50% soluble lime offers a balanced performance. The conclusion highlights the importance of controlling lime incorporation to optimize mortar properties, suggesting intermediate proportions of solubilized lime as a promising solution for enhancing durability and production efficiency.AI Generated
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AbstractLime, used since ancient times, remains relevant in civil construction because of its adhesion, durability, and compatibility properties. In the form of an aqueous suspension, known as milk of lime, it plays an essential role in the formulation of mortars. This study evaluated the behavior of coating mortars with a ratio of 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand), using hydrated lime powder in a proportion of 100% in relation to the cement mass, and in proportions of 100%, 75%, and 50%, previously hydrated in water. Lime was characterized using SEM–EDS and XRD analyses to determine its morphology and mineralogical composition. The mortars were subjected to tests in the fresh state (consistency, density, entrained air content, and water retention) and hardened state (flexural tensile and compressive strength). The results indicate that the reduction of lime solubilized in water can contribute to cement hydration, promoting more economical and sustainable alternatives. -
Instrumental Characterization of Lithium Content in a Lepidolite Mineral
F. R. Barrientos-Hernández, M. Pérez-Labra, M. Reyes-Pérez, E. Cardoso-Legorreta, I. A. Lira-Hernández, R. Escudero-García, F. Patiño-Cardona, H. Islas-VázquezThis chapter delves into the instrumental characterization of lepidolite, a vital source of lithium, focusing on its surface properties and structural analysis. Key topics include the use of X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystalline nature of lepidolite, SEM-EDS analysis to determine its elemental composition and morphology, FTIR spectroscopy to identify bonding structures, and LIBS to quantify lithium content. The study highlights the challenges in separating lepidolite from gangue minerals due to its hydrophilic surface and mica-like morphology. The results reveal that lepidolite particles exhibit a flake-like structure with a high surface area, which can be advantageous for physical separation processes. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding lepidolite's surface nature for efficient lithium extraction, making it a valuable resource for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractThis project investigates the instrumental characterization of a lepidolite mineral [K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2] by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive SEM–EDS microanalysis to determine the purity and chemical composition of the mineral. LIBS results reported contents of 7.1% K, 1.2% Li, 9.10% Al, 14.3% Si, 11.7% F and 56.3% O, all in % by weight. XRD analysis shows that the main phases present in the mineral are lepidolite (PDF 01-85-0389). SEM micrographs showed scaly, translucent, foliated aggregated crystals characteristic of the lepidolite mineral. This elemental and species analysis will be used in the subsequent treatment of the mineral. -
Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Performance of Soil–Cement Bricks with Mineral and Ceramic Waste
Bruno Sanches da Silva, Niander Aguiar Cerqueira, Amanda de Oliveira Aguiar, Jonas Alexandre, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, Elias Sócrates do Nascimento Junior, Gustavo de Castro XavierThis chapter delves into the innovative use of iron ore tailings, red ceramic waste, and crushed sand to enhance the properties of soil-cement bricks. The study evaluates the physical and mechanical performance of these bricks, focusing on water absorption, compressive strength, and durability. Microstructural analysis reveals the interaction of waste materials with the cementitious matrix, contributing to improved brick strength and reduced porosity. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of these wastes not only meets but often exceeds standard technical requirements, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional construction materials. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the potential for large-scale industrial application of these eco-efficient bricks, aligning with global sustainability goals.AI Generated
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AbstractThe reuse of industrial residues in construction materials is a key strategy for promoting sustainability and reducing natural resource consumption. This study evaluated the physical, mechanical, and microstructural performance of soil–cement bricks produced with iron ore tailings, red ceramic waste, and crushed sand. The soil was previously corrected with crushed sand to optimize particle size distribution. Bricks were produced with 10% cement by mass, varying the proportion of residues, and cured for 7 and 28 days. Physical properties (water absorption), mechanical performance (compressive strength), durability (wetting–drying cycles), and microstructural characteristics (X-ray diffraction) were assessed. Results indicate that the incorporation of iron ore tailings and ceramic waste improves matrix densification, reduces water absorption, and enhances compressive strength. Small additions of residues minimized mass loss during durability tests. Microstructural analysis revealed that quartz, feldspars, kaolinite, hematite, mullite, and cristobalite interact with cement hydration products, contributing to performance gains through filler effect, structural stiffness, and efficient particle packing. The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of producing eco-efficient soil–cement bricks using these residues, providing environmental benefits and meeting Brazilian standards for strength and durability. Future work should explore long-term durability, pilot-scale production, and detailed microstructural investigations. -
Physical Characterization of the Behavior of the Gas Retained in a Flotation Celd
Dayli Yamilet Tolentino Mendoza, Martín Reyes Pérez, Gustavo Urbano Reyes, Julio Cesar Juárez Tapia, Miguel Pérez Labra, Iván Alejandro Reyes Domínguez, Mizraim Uriel Flores Guerrero, Angel Alberto Tiscareño Banda, Felipe Legorreta GarcíaThis chapter delves into the physical characterization of gas behavior in flotation cells equipped with ceramic dispersers, focusing on the impact of superficial gas and liquid velocities, as well as the concentration of frother agents. The study systematically evaluates the effects of these parameters on gas holdup, bubble diameter, and bubble surface area flow. Key findings include the observation that higher gas velocities and frother concentrations lead to increased gas holdup and smaller bubble sizes, enhancing the efficiency of the flotation process. The research also highlights the optimal operating conditions for maximizing critical hydrodynamic parameters, making it a valuable resource for professionals seeking to optimize flotation systems in environmental and metallurgical applications.AI Generated
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AbstractIn flotation systems, gas holdup (Eg) represents the volume of gas present in the cell, relating to the efficiency of contact between bubbles and species to be separated. This study characterizes the behavior of Eg in an aerated equipment with a ceramic disperser. Tests were conducted without and with a frothing agent [e] (pine oil) from 10 to 60 ppm, superficial gas velocities (Jg) from 0.1 to 2.0 cm/s, and liquid velocities (Jl) from 0.12 to 0.28 cm/s. The results show that Eg increases with Jg, reaching 30% v/v at 60 ppm [e], with Jl at 0.28 cm/s. The bubble diameter (Db) was estimated with the Drift flux model, and it was found to decrease as Jg increased at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 cm/s, while from 0.8 cm/s, it increased slightly with an average value of 0.092 cm. The largest bubble surface area (Sb) was 123.62 s−1. These results demonstrate the physical potential of the device for its application in environmental remediation. -
Production of Belitic Cements Using Waste Glass as a Mineralizer
J. A. T. Linhares Júnior, I. A. Pereira, A. R. G. Azevedo, M. T. MarvilaThis chapter delves into the production of belitic cements, a promising alternative to traditional Portland cement, with a focus on utilizing waste glass as a mineralizer. The study explores the potential of waste glass to enhance clinker formation and stability, addressing the critical challenge of reducing CO₂ emissions in cement manufacturing. Through a series of experiments, the research demonstrates that incorporating 5% waste glass into belitic clinker significantly improves its properties. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals more intense peaks of C₃S and C₂S in the modified composition, indicating a higher degree of silicate phase formation. Thermal analysis confirms the improved thermal stability of the clinker with waste glass, showing reduced mass loss up to 900°C. Isothermal calorimetry further supports these findings, with the 5% composition exhibiting more pronounced dissolution and C–S–H formation peaks. The chapter concludes that waste glass, even at low replacement levels, acts as an effective mineralizer, promoting clinkerization and contributing to more sustainable cement production. This research highlights the potential of waste glass as a valuable resource in the cement industry, offering a pathway to reduce environmental impact while maintaining the quality and performance of construction materials.AI Generated
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AbstractBelitic cements are binders with a high content of belite (dicalcium silicate, C₂S) compared to ordinary Portland cement, which is richer in alite (tricalcium silicate, C₃S). These cements exhibit specific characteristics that make them attractive from both environmental and technical perspectives, such as lower heat of hydration, higher long-term strength, and reduced CO₂ emissions during production. In this context, the objective of this study was to use waste glass as a partial substitute for conventional clinkers, at levels of 0% and 5%, for the production of belitic cement. The binder was produced in a laboratory muffle furnace, with a maximum calcination temperature of 1200 °C. Cements with 0% and 5% of waste glass were produced in order to evaluate the mineralizing effect of the waste. The cement was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and calorimetry. The incorporation of 5% waste glass was found to enhance clinker formation and thermal stability by promoting silicate phase development and C–S–H formation. The results indicated the feasibility of producing belitic cement incorporating waste glass. -
Research on the Filtration Performance of Wet Finely Ground Fine Ore
Tao Yang, Gele Qing, Yunqing TianThis chapter delves into the critical factors affecting the filtration performance of wet finely ground fine ore, a crucial process in pellet production for blast furnace smelting. The study examines the chemical and mineral composition, surface morphology, and grinding performance of 10 fine ore samples from various regions. Key findings reveal that the loss on ignition and Al2O3 content are highly correlated with filtered water, while the presence of limonite increases filtered water and magnetite decreases it. The microstructure of ore particles also significantly impacts filtration efficiency, with regular, smooth particles facilitating easier filtration. Additionally, the study explores methods to reduce filtered water, such as adjusting slurry concentration, vacuum degree, and particle size, as well as the use of filter aids. The research concludes with practical recommendations for optimizing filtration processes in industrial settings, providing valuable insights for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractWith the increasing proportion of pellet ore used in blast furnaces, more and more fine ore which was used to be sintered is finely ground and used to prepare pellets. These fine ores are mostly composed of hematite and limonite, with significant differences in filtration performance. To study the filtration performance of different powder ores, experiments were conducted on 10 types of ores to investigate the relationship between chemical composition, mineral composition, surface morphology, grinding difficulty and filtration performance. The experimental results show that ores with high loss on ignition, high content of limonite, rough surface, and easier grinding had poorer filtration performance. By adjusting the filtration slurry concentration, filtration vacuum degree, filtration time, grinding particle size, and adding filter aids, it was possible to effectively reduce the filtration moisture of finely ground ore. -
Study of Collectorless Flotation of Jamesonite in the Presence of Thioglycolate
Leonardo Haziel Jiménez Bello, Eduardo García Bautista, Martín Reyes Pérez, Iván A. Reyes Domínguez, Dayli Yamilet Tolentino Mendoza, Mishelle Miroslava Sánchez Acosta, Mizraim U. Flores Guerrero, Miguel Pérez Labra, Francisco Raúl Barrientos HernándezThis chapter delves into the flotation behavior of jamesonite, a mineral rich in lead and antimony, in the presence of thioglycolate. The study focuses on the effects of pH and thioglycolate concentration on the flotation efficiency of jamesonite, aiming to improve its separation from pyrite. The research employs various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, to characterize the mineral and understand its surface properties. The findings reveal that thioglycolate can significantly impact the flotation of jamesonite, with its effectiveness varying depending on the pH and concentration. At acidic pH, thioglycolate depresses jamesonite flotation, while at alkaline pH, higher concentrations of thioglycolate can enhance flotation. The study concludes that thioglycolate holds promise as a selective depressant for jamesonite flotation, offering a potential alternative to traditional cyanide-based methods. This research provides valuable insights into the flotation behavior of jamesonite and the role of thioglycolate in mineral processing, making it a crucial read for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractJamesonite is a natural source of lead with the formula Pb4FeSb6Pb4, commonly associated with undesirable sulfide minerals such as pyrite. During flotation separation, this phase floats freely with valuable minerals. Alternative non-toxic reagents such as thioglycolate (TG) have been proposed to suppress pyrite, showing good effectiveness. However, the effect of TG on collectorless flotation of jamesonite is unknown. This research investigates flotation in the presence of thioglycolate. The results indicate the depression of jamesonite at pH 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 the maximum depression is with 0.25 g/L of TG obtaining a flotation of 27.2% and 19.09% w/w for pH 6 and 10. On the other hand the surface of the lead mineral is activated during the collectorless flotation at alkaline pH of 12.0 and for all the proportions of TG used (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L) obtaining around 97% w/w of cumulative separation after ten minutes of processing.
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Poster Session II—Students
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Frontmatter
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Additive Manufacturing of Tri-chiral and Anti-tetra-chiral Auxetic Structures with VAT Photopolymerization
Omar A. Pulgarín Isaza, Henry A. Colorado L.This chapter delves into the additive manufacturing of tri-chiral and anti-tetra-chiral auxetic structures using VAT photopolymerization, focusing on their design, fabrication, and mechanical behavior under compression. The study explores how varying geometric parameters such as ligament thickness, length, and node radius affect the structures' performance. Through compression tests and SEM analysis, the research reveals that anti-tetra-chiral structures exhibit superior stiffness and compressive strength compared to tri-chiral ones. The findings highlight the importance of relative density in determining the mechanical properties of these structures, with higher relative density leading to better energy absorption and reduced deformation. The study also observes a unique two-stage deformation behavior in these structures, attributed to their auxetic compaction. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the design and application of auxetic metamaterials in various industries.AI Generated
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AbstractThis research investigated the mechanical behavior via compression tests of several complex structures tri-chiral and anti-tetra-chiral structures made by additive manufacturing, using the VAT photopolymerization technique. Several parameters were varied to see their effect on the mechanical response. The compression tests were conducted in a universal testing machine, while their microstructure was observed in an optical and a scanning electron microscopy. Finite element analysis using Ansys software was done. The best structures for the auxetic (synclastic) behavior were the anti-tetra-chiral structures, which could lead into better performance in applications such as impact or compression loading. -
Carbide-Mediated Austenite Formation and TRIP Activation in Medium-Mn Steel: An In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Study
Roohallah Surki Aliabad, Saeed Sadeghpour, Pentti Karjalainen, Harishchandra Singh, Ehsan Ghassemali, Jukka Komi, Pasi Suikkanen, Vahid JavaheriThis chapter delves into the intricate world of medium-Mn steels, focusing on the pivotal role of carbides in austenite formation and the activation of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP). Through in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the study meticulously tracks phase transformations and solute partitioning during annealing, revealing the dynamic interplay between carbide dissolution and austenite formation. The research compares two distinct intercritical annealing routes, IA1 and IA2, each yielding unique microstructural pathways and deformation responses. IA1, involving a tempered martensitic matrix, results in rapid austenite formation with relatively low solute enrichment, while IA2, featuring a recrystallized ferritic matrix, produces a dual population of austenite with varying stability. The study highlights how the initial matrix condition critically influences austenite formation kinetics and solute partitioning, ultimately affecting the mechanical properties of the steel. The findings underscore the importance of tailored thermal and thermomechanical treatments in achieving an optimal strength-ductility balance in medium-Mn steels, making this research a compelling read for professionals seeking to enhance the performance of advanced high-strength steels.AI Generated
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AbstractMicrostructure evolution of a medium-Mn steel (Fe–0.4C–1Si–6Mn–2Al–0.05Nb, wt%) during two intercritical annealing (IA) routes was investigated. In the first route (IA1), the initial condition prior to annealing was hot-rolled steel consisting of an auto-tempered martensitic matrix with fine, closely spaced carbides and about 10% retained austenite (RA). Annealing at 680 °C for 600 s increased the RA fraction to ~25%, primarily as lamellar films with relatively low solute enrichment. In the second route (IA2), the IA1 microstructure was cold-rolled and reheated to 680 °C for 600 s. Heating caused partial decomposition of deformed RA (γ–pre) into coarser, more widely spaced carbides, leaving ~10% γ–pre at the onset of annealing. During holding of 600 s, only about 5% submicron blocky austenite enriched in C and Mn was formed. In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed that austenite formation was faster in IA1, although carbide dissolution proceeded at nearly the same rate in both routes. The faster kinetics in IA1 are attributed to a greater number of nucleation sites. Tensile testing showed much slower initial work hardening in IA1, indicating higher stability of RA, whereas IA2 displayed multi-stage hardening with early transformation of γ–pre and delayed transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) from enriched blocky RA. The total elongation was ~25% in IA1 and ~40% in IA2. These results highlight that mechanical performance is controlled not simply by the RA fraction, but by the sequence of TRIP activation among austenite populations with different stabilities. -
Experimental Research of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash in Electric Arc Furnace Melting Process Integrated with Water-Washing and Na2CO3 Addition
Hang Hu, Chen Gong, Shuai Wang, Feng Chen, Yufeng Guo, Lingzhi YangThis chapter delves into the experimental research of treating municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) using the electric arc furnace (EAF) melting process, integrated with water-washing and Na2CO3 addition. The study focuses on reducing the environmental impact of MSWI-FA by decreasing chlorine content and improving the quality of vitrified products (VP). Key topics include the chemical and phase compositions of MSWI-FA, the experimental setup and methodology for the EAF melting process, and the effects of water-washing and Na2CO3 addition on the melting process. The results demonstrate significant reductions in chlorine content and heavy metal leachability, achieving harmless disposal standards. The chapter also discusses the optimization of the EAF melting process for better sustainability and resource utilization, providing valuable insights for professionals in waste management and environmental services.AI Generated
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AbstractMunicipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) has the prominent issues of high content of heavy metals and chlorides, significant environmental hazards, and the substantial challenges in achieving large-scale and harmless treatment. This study employs a 50 kVA pilot-scale DC electric arc furnace (EAF) melting experiment to investigate the impact of water-washing and Na2CO3 addition on the vitrified product (VP) generated during the harmless treatment of MSWI-FA via EAF melting. The results demonstrate that water-washing significantly reduces the chloride content in MSWI-FA, achieving removal efficiencies of 95.2%, 94.2% and 91.6% for NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 respectively. The addition of Na2CO3 exerts an even greater influence on the chlorine content within VP, reducing the final chlorine content to nearly 0%. The heavy metal toxicity of final VP is substantially lower than the limits stipulated for Class III water quality standards in the “Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water” (GB 3838-2002). -
Influence of Alkali Metals on Metallurgical Properties of Blast Furnace Burden
Yingjie Fan, Qingshi Song, Marcus Emerich Botelho, Fabio Rocha Silva, Augusto Pereira de Sa, Vinícius de Morais Oliveira, Honggang Wang, Wenguo Liu, Haibin ZuoThis chapter delves into the significant influence of alkali metals, particularly potassium and sodium, on the metallurgical properties of blast furnace burdens. It explores how these metals migrate and accumulate within the furnace, leading to severe operational issues such as refractory lining erosion and reduced furnace longevity. The text provides detailed insights into the catalytic effects of alkali metals on coke gasification reactions, highlighting how they increase the coke reactivity index (CRI) and decrease coke strength after reaction (CSR). Additionally, it examines the impact of alkali metals on the low-temperature reduction degradation (RDI) behavior of sintered and pelletized ores, discussing how these metals infiltrate iron oxide crystal lattices and form low-melting-point compounds that reduce ore softening temperatures. The chapter also reviews current strategies for mitigating alkali metal hazards, emphasizing the importance of source control to maintain stable and efficient blast furnace operations.AI Generated
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AbstractThe effects of alkali metals (K, Na) on blast furnace burden performance were systematically investigated through metallurgical testing and microstructural analysis. Sinter and pellet samples with varying alkali loads (0.75–13.33 kg/tHM) were evaluated for reducibility (RI), low-temperature reduction degradation (RDI), and strength. Results demonstrate that alkali enrichment enhances reducibility but deteriorates structural integrity, evidenced by elevated RDI and reduced post-reduction strength. Potassium exhibits stronger catalytic activity than sodium, accelerating FeO reduction via lattice infiltration, thereby inducing interfacial stress and crack propagation. Microstructural analysis reveals alkali-driven phase evolution: sinter porosity increases, while pellets develop porous, glass-phase-rich structures with iron whiskers, exacerbating swelling. Elemental mapping confirms heterogeneous alkali distribution, influenced by interactions with Ca, Si, and Al. This study elucidates alkali-metal-induced degradation mechanisms, offering critical insights for optimizing blast furnace operations and advancing sustainable ironmaking under “Dual Carbon” objectives. -
Physicochemical Characterization of Activated Carbon and Isothermal Analysis of Its Adsorption Capacity for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+
V. Acosta-Sánchez, M. Pérez-Labra, M. Reyes-Pérez, J. C. Juárez-Tapia, J. A. Romero-Serrano, A. Hernández-Ramírez, V. E. Reyez-Cruz, J. Martínez-Soto, F. R. Barrientos-HenandezThis chapter delves into the physicochemical characterization of activated carbon and its adsorption capacity for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions, critical for water treatment. The study employs advanced techniques like FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDS, TGA, and PZC analysis to understand the surface properties and optimize adsorption performance. It explores the adsorption isotherms using Langmuir and Freundlich models, revealing that activated carbon shows varying effectiveness for different metals, with Zn2+ being most effectively adsorbed. The findings highlight the importance of correlating structural and surface properties with adsorptive performance, providing valuable insights for designing treatment systems for metal-contaminated wastewater.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study shows the results of the physicochemical characterization and isothermal analysis of the adsorption capacity of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ in aqueous solutions of a commercially available activated carbon (AC) made from wood. Batch experiments were performed to determine the optimal adsorption conditions, focusing on the effect of the initial adsorbate concentration. The physicochemical characterization of AC was carried out by determining the point of zero charge (PZC), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM-EDS). The results revealed a porous structure and the presence of oxygenated functional groups that favor interaction with heavy metals. The metal adsorption results obtained indicated a significant fit to the Freundlich model, suggesting a heterogeneous surface and multilayer formation during adsorption. The adsorption capacity (KF) and correlation coefficient (R2) values were satisfactory for all the metals evaluated, highlighting the high affinity of the adsorbent for Zinc (II) ions. -
Spodumene Waste as an Alternative Aggregate in Eco-Friendly Mortars
A. R. G. de Azevedo, M. T. Marvila, T. E. S. de Lima, E. B. Zanelato, G. C. Xavier, N. A. Cerqueira, J. Freitas, S. N. MonteiroThis chaptere delves into the innovative use of spodumene waste, a byproduct of lithium production, as a sustainable alternative to natural fine aggregates in mortar production. The study evaluates the impact of spodumene waste on key technological properties such as adhesion, compressive strength, workability, water retention, and durability. Through a series of experiments, the research demonstrates that spodumene waste can be effectively incorporated into mortars at varying levels, with notable improvements in mechanical strength and reduced water absorption at moderate replacement levels. The findings highlight the potential of spodumene waste to enhance the performance of mortars while contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible construction industry. The study concludes that incorporation levels of 30% and 60% offer the most balanced combination of sustainability and technical performance, making spodumene waste a promising alternative to traditional natural aggregates.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study evaluates the potential use of spodumene waste from port activities as a partial replacement for natural aggregates in mortars, contributing to sustainable material development. Mortars were produced with Portland cement, hydrated lime, natural sand, and different spodumene contents. Prismatic specimens (40 × 40 × 160 mm) were tested to determine consistency, water retention, air content, compressive strength, water absorption, and bulk density, following normative procedures. The results showed that incorporating spodumene improved some fresh and hardened state properties, notably an increase of approximately 12% in compressive strength compared to the reference mixture. The modified mortars maintained satisfactory performance within standard requirements for all evaluated parameters. The findings indicate that spodumene waste can be technically viable as a partial substitute for natural aggregates, promoting waste valorization, reducing environmental impact, and encouraging more sustainable construction practices. -
Study of the Efficiency of Tetramethylammonium Iodide as a Corrosion Inhibitor for UNS S31803 Duplex Stainless Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Anderson Oliveira Gadioli, Sthefanie de Carvalho Mendes Lopes, Maria de Lourdes Soprani Vasconcellos, Lucas Menezes Souza, Afonso R. G. Azevedo, Elaine C. PereiraThis chaptere delves into the study of tetramethylammonium iodide (TMAI) as a corrosion inhibitor for UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solutions. The research focuses on the efficiency of TMAI at different concentrations and temperatures, its adsorption behavior following the Langmuir isotherm, and the formation of a protective film on the steel surface. Potentiodynamic polarization tests reveal that TMAI significantly reduces corrosion current density and shifts corrosion potential, indicating its mixed-type inhibition. Surface analysis using SEM and EDS confirms the adsorption of TMAI, highlighting its role in forming a protective layer. The study concludes that TMAI is an effective and environmentally sustainable corrosion inhibitor, offering high inhibition efficiency and strong adsorption on the steel surface, even at elevated temperatures.AI Generated
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AbstractThe increasing demand for sustainable and efficient corrosion control strategies has highlighted the potential of ionic liquids as alternative inhibitors due to their excellent properties. This study investigated the corrosion inhibition performance of tetramethylammonium iodide (TMAI) for UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel in 1 M HCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization tests demonstrated that TMAI significantly reduced the corrosion current density, reaching a maximum inhibition efficiency of 88.1% at 40 °C with a concentration of 5 mM. A modest efficiency reduction was observed at 50 °C, suggesting a decrease in protective layer stability at elevated temperatures. SEM analysis revealed a smoother surface in the presence of the inhibitor, while EDS confirmed the adsorption of TMAI through the detection of characteristic elements. The adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of TMAI as a corrosion inhibitor and reinforce the potential of ionic liquids for use in aggressive industrial environments.
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Backmatter
- Title
- Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2026
- Editors
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Kelvin Yu Xie
Zhiwei Peng
Mingming Zhang
Jian Li
Bowen Li
Sergio Neves Monteiro
Rajiv Soman
Jiann-Yang Hwang
Yunus Eren Kalay
Juan P. Escobedo-Diaz
John S. Carpenter
Shadia Ikhmayies
Eason Chen
- Copyright Year
- 2026
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-032-13600-8
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-032-13599-5
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13600-8
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