17. China’s Influence in the European Union: From Soft Power to Tight Power

This chapter delves into China's evolving influence strategies in the European Union, transitioning from soft power to a more coercive 'tight power' approach. It examines three key axes of China's discourse: cultural superiority, economic relations through the Belt and Road initiative, and the co-optation of elites. The text explores how China promotes its attractiveness through cultural offerings, economic benefits, and strategic partnerships, while also asserting control and coercion. It highlights specific events and initiatives, such as the Confucius Institutes, the Belt and Road initiative, and various cultural and diplomatic activities in Brussels. The chapter also analyzes the reception of China's soft power in Europe, noting a significant shift in public perception due to political values and foreign policy actions. It concludes by discussing the challenges authoritarian countries face in maintaining an attractive soft power discourse and the recent shift in China's public diplomacy towards trade and political negotiations.