Skip to main content
Top

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

ChronoGraph: A Versioned TinkerPop Graph Database

Authors : Martin Haeusler, Thomas Trojer, Johannes Kessler, Matthias Farwick, Emmanuel Nowakowski, Ruth Breu

Published in: Data Management Technologies and Applications

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Database content versioning is an established concept in modern SQL databases, which also became part of the SQL standard in 2011. It is used in business applications to support features such as traceability of changes, auditing, historical data analysis and trend analysis. However, versioning capabilities have barely been considered outside of the relational context so far. In particular in the emerging graph technologies, these aspects are being neglected by database vendors. This paper presents ChronoGraph (This work was partially funded by the research project “txtureSA” (FWF-Project P 29022).), the first full-featured TinkerPop-compliant graph database that provides support for transparent system-time content versioning and analysis. This paper offers two key contributions: We present the concepts and architecture of ChronoGraph as a new addition to the state of the art in graph databases, and we also provide our implementation as an open-source project. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed solution, we compare it with existing, non-versioned graph databases in a controlled experiment.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
7
All circles in Fig. 4 represent serialized vertex records or edge records.
 
8
We do not support multi-valued properties directly as intended by TinkerPop. However, we do support regular properties of List or Set types.
 
9
The Graph Computer is the entry point to the Online Analytics Processing (OLAP) API. Support for this feature may be added in future versions of ChronoGraph.
 
10
Transaction support is an optional feature in TinkerPop 3.
 
11
Vertices that have been deleted by transaction t1 while being modified concurrently by transaction t2 do not disappear from the graph; they remain as Ghosts.
 
12
Half Edges refer to the situation where an edge is only traversable and visible in one direction, i.e. the out-vertex lists the edge as outgoing, but the in-vertex does not list it as incoming, or vice versa.
 
13
Basically Available, Soft State, Eventual Consistency.
 
Literature
1.
go back to reference Barbieri, D.F., Braga, D., Ceri, S., Valle, E.D., Grossniklaus, M.: C-SPARQL: a continuous query language for RDF data streams. Int. J. Seman. Comput. 4(1), 3–25 (2010)CrossRef Barbieri, D.F., Braga, D., Ceri, S., Valle, E.D., Grossniklaus, M.: C-SPARQL: a continuous query language for RDF data streams. Int. J. Seman. Comput. 4(1), 3–25 (2010)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Becker, B., Gschwind, S., Ohler, T., Seeger, B., Widmayer, P.: An asymptotically optimal multiversion B-Tree. VLDB J. 5(4), 264–275 (1996)CrossRef Becker, B., Gschwind, S., Ohler, T., Seeger, B., Widmayer, P.: An asymptotically optimal multiversion B-Tree. VLDB J. 5(4), 264–275 (1996)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Castelltort, A., Laurent, A.: Representing history in graph-oriented NoSQL databases: a versioning system. In: Eighth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2013), Islamabad, Pakistan, 10–12 September 2013, pp. 228–234 (2013) Castelltort, A., Laurent, A.: Representing history in graph-oriented NoSQL databases: a versioning system. In: Eighth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2013), Islamabad, Pakistan, 10–12 September 2013, pp. 228–234 (2013)
4.
go back to reference Ciglan, M., Averbuch, A., Hluchy, L.: Benchmarking traversal operations over graph databases. In: 2012 IEEE 28th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW), pp. 186–189. IEEE (2012) Ciglan, M., Averbuch, A., Hluchy, L.: Benchmarking traversal operations over graph databases. In: 2012 IEEE 28th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW), pp. 186–189. IEEE (2012)
5.
go back to reference Easton, M.C.: Key-sequence data sets on indelible storage. IBM J. Res. Dev. 30(3), 230–241 (1986)CrossRef Easton, M.C.: Key-sequence data sets on indelible storage. IBM J. Res. Dev. 30(3), 230–241 (1986)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Farwick, M., Trojer, T., Breu, M., Ginther, S., Kleinlercher, J., Doblander, A.: A case study on textual enterprise architecture modeling. In: 2013 17th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops (EDOCW), Vancouver, BC, pp. 305–309. IEEE (2013) Farwick, M., Trojer, T., Breu, M., Ginther, S., Kleinlercher, J., Doblander, A.: A case study on textual enterprise architecture modeling. In: 2013 17th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops (EDOCW), Vancouver, BC, pp. 305–309. IEEE (2013)
7.
go back to reference Felber, P., Pasin, M., et al.: On the support of versioning in distributed key-value stores. In: IEEE SRDS 2014, Nara, Japan, 6–9 October 2014, pp. 95–104 (2014) Felber, P., Pasin, M., et al.: On the support of versioning in distributed key-value stores. In: IEEE SRDS 2014, Nara, Japan, 6–9 October 2014, pp. 95–104 (2014)
8.
go back to reference Haeusler, M.: Scalable versioning for key-value stores. In: DATA 2016 - Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Data Management Technologies and Applications, Lisbon, Portugal, 24–26 July 2016, pp. 79–86 (2016) Haeusler, M.: Scalable versioning for key-value stores. In: DATA 2016 - Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Data Management Technologies and Applications, Lisbon, Portugal, 24–26 July 2016, pp. 79–86 (2016)
9.
go back to reference Haeusler, M., Breu, R.: Sustainable management of versioned data. In: Proceedings of the 24th PhD Mini-Symposium. Budapest University of Technology and Economics (2017) Haeusler, M., Breu, R.: Sustainable management of versioned data. In: Proceedings of the 24th PhD Mini-Symposium. Budapest University of Technology and Economics (2017)
10.
go back to reference Haeusler, M., Nowakowski, E., Farwick, M., Breu, R., Kessler, J., Trojer, T.: ChronoGraph - versioning support for OLTP TinkerPop graphs. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications - Volume 1: DATA, pp. 87–97. INSTICC, SciTePress (2017) Haeusler, M., Nowakowski, E., Farwick, M., Breu, R., Kessler, J., Trojer, T.: ChronoGraph - versioning support for OLTP TinkerPop graphs. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications - Volume 1: DATA, pp. 87–97. INSTICC, SciTePress (2017)
11.
go back to reference Han, W., Miao, Y., Li, K., Wu, M., Yang, F., Zhou, L., Prabhakaran, V., Chen, W., Chen, E.: Chronos: a graph engine for temporal graph analysis. In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Computer Systems, p. 1. ACM (2014) Han, W., Miao, Y., Li, K., Wu, M., Yang, F., Zhou, L., Prabhakaran, V., Chen, W., Chen, E.: Chronos: a graph engine for temporal graph analysis. In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Computer Systems, p. 1. ACM (2014)
12.
go back to reference Hart, M., Jesse, S.: Oracle Database 10G High Availability with RAC, Flashback & Data Guard, 1st edn. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York (2004) Hart, M., Jesse, S.: Oracle Database 10G High Availability with RAC, Flashback & Data Guard, 1st edn. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York (2004)
13.
go back to reference ISO. SQL Standard 2011 (ISO/IEC 9075:2011) (2011) ISO. SQL Standard 2011 (ISO/IEC 9075:2011) (2011)
14.
go back to reference Jensen, C.S., et al.: The consensus glossary of temporal database concepts — February 1998 version. In: Etzion, O., Jajodia, S., Sripada, S. (eds.) Temporal Databases: Research and Practice. LNCS, vol. 1399, pp. 367–405. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0053710CrossRef Jensen, C.S., et al.: The consensus glossary of temporal database concepts — February 1998 version. In: Etzion, O., Jajodia, S., Sripada, S. (eds.) Temporal Databases: Research and Practice. LNCS, vol. 1399, pp. 367–405. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BFb0053710CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lomet, D., Barga, R., Mokbel, M., Shegalov, G.: Transaction time support inside a database engine. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ICDE, p. 35, April 2006 Lomet, D., Barga, R., Mokbel, M., Shegalov, G.: Transaction time support inside a database engine. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ICDE, p. 35, April 2006
16.
go back to reference Lomet, D., Hong, M., Nehme, R., Zhang, R.: Transaction time indexing with version compression. Proc. VLDB Endow. 1(1), 870–881 (2008)CrossRef Lomet, D., Hong, M., Nehme, R., Zhang, R.: Transaction time indexing with version compression. Proc. VLDB Endow. 1(1), 870–881 (2008)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Lomet, D., Salzberg, B.: Access methods for multiversion data. SIGMOD Rec. 18(2), 315–324 (1989)CrossRef Lomet, D., Salzberg, B.: Access methods for multiversion data. SIGMOD Rec. 18(2), 315–324 (1989)CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Patiño Martínez, M., Sancho, D., Jiménez Peris, R., Brondino, I., Vianello, V., Dhamane, R.: Snapshot isolation for Neo4j. In: Advances in Database Technology (EDBT). OpenProceedings.org (2016) Patiño Martínez, M., Sancho, D., Jiménez Peris, R., Brondino, I., Vianello, V., Dhamane, R.: Snapshot isolation for Neo4j. In: Advances in Database Technology (EDBT). OpenProceedings.org (2016)
21.
go back to reference Pigné, Y., Dutot, A., Guinand, F., Olivier, D.: GraphStream: a tool for bridging the gap between complex systems and dynamic graphs. In: Emergent Properties in Natural and Artificial Complex Systems. Satellite Conference within the 4th European Conference on Complex Systems (ECCS 2007), volume abs/0803.2 (2008) Pigné, Y., Dutot, A., Guinand, F., Olivier, D.: GraphStream: a tool for bridging the gap between complex systems and dynamic graphs. In: Emergent Properties in Natural and Artificial Complex Systems. Satellite Conference within the 4th European Conference on Complex Systems (ECCS 2007), volume abs/0803.2 (2008)
23.
go back to reference Rodriguez, M.A., Neubauer, P.: The graph traversal pattern. In: Graph Data Management: Techniques and Applications, pp. 29–46 (2011) Rodriguez, M.A., Neubauer, P.: The graph traversal pattern. In: Graph Data Management: Techniques and Applications, pp. 29–46 (2011)
24.
go back to reference Salzberg, B.: File Structures: An Analytic Approach. Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River (1988) Salzberg, B.: File Structures: An Analytic Approach. Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River (1988)
25.
go back to reference Saracco, C., Nicola, M., Gandhi, L.: A matter of time: temporal data management in DB2 10. IBM developerWorks (2012) Saracco, C., Nicola, M., Gandhi, L.: A matter of time: temporal data management in DB2 10. IBM developerWorks (2012)
26.
go back to reference Semertzidis, K., Pitoura, E.: Durable graph pattern queries on historical graphs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICDE (2016) Semertzidis, K., Pitoura, E.: Durable graph pattern queries on historical graphs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICDE (2016)
27.
go back to reference Semertzidis, K., Pitoura, E.: Time traveling in graphs using a graph database. In: Proceedings of the Workshops of the (EDBT/ICDT) (2016) Semertzidis, K., Pitoura, E.: Time traveling in graphs using a graph database. In: Proceedings of the Workshops of the (EDBT/ICDT) (2016)
28.
29.
go back to reference Taentzer, G., Ermel, C., Langer, P., Wimmer, M.: A fundamental approach to model versioning based on graph modifications: from theory to implementation. Softw. Syst. Model. 13(1), 239–272 (2014)CrossRef Taentzer, G., Ermel, C., Langer, P., Wimmer, M.: A fundamental approach to model versioning based on graph modifications: from theory to implementation. Softw. Syst. Model. 13(1), 239–272 (2014)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Tanase, I., Xia, Y., et al.: A highly efficient runtime and graph library for large scale graph analytics. In: Proceedings of Workshop on GRAph Data Management Experiences and Systems, GRADES 2014, pp. 10:1–10:6. ACM, New York (2014) Tanase, I., Xia, Y., et al.: A highly efficient runtime and graph library for large scale graph analytics. In: Proceedings of Workshop on GRAph Data Management Experiences and Systems, GRADES 2014, pp. 10:1–10:6. ACM, New York (2014)
Metadata
Title
ChronoGraph: A Versioned TinkerPop Graph Database
Authors
Martin Haeusler
Thomas Trojer
Johannes Kessler
Matthias Farwick
Emmanuel Nowakowski
Ruth Breu
Copyright Year
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94809-6_12

Premium Partner