Climate Change Effects and Sustainability Needs
The Case of Morocco
- 2024
- Book
- Editors
- Kholoud Kahime
- Mohamed El Yamani
- Stéphane Pouffary
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
This book provides simultaneously, a cross-sectoral, multi-scale assessment of climate change issues in Morocco and proposes levers of action and innovative practices to be used to strengthen the resilience and adaptation strategies. The book offers the opportunity to debate contemporary mutations, the paradigms of change as a complex process, the dynamics of values, the complexity of the issues and the opportunities for transformation, starting from a reflective approach on the historical, scientific, theoretical and strategic dimensions of action, creativity and environmental innovation in a perspective of sustainability.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Climate Observation and Prediction in Morocco
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Exploring Climate Change: Morocco in Focus
Kholoud Kahime, Abdelali Boussakouran, Moulay Abdelmonaim El Hidan, Mohamed El YamaniThe chapter 'Exploring Climate Change: Morocco in Focus' delves into the significant challenges posed by climate change in Morocco, a country particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation. It discusses the historical evolution of climate change, the drivers behind it, and future projections based on various climate models. The text highlights the critical impacts on water resources, including reduced availability and increased contamination, and the severe consequences for agriculture, such as decreased crop yields and increased water scarcity. It emphasizes the urgent need for adaptation and resilience strategies to mitigate these challenges and ensure sustainable development.AI Generated
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AbstractManifestations of climate change have been occurring more frequently in recent years, posing major challenges that require that require measures, and even strategies, for adaptation and mitigation. This review starts by providing an overview of climate change, focusing first on defining key concepts and understanding the emergence of associated events beyond natural phenomena. The causes of these changes are then explored, with a heightened emphasis on human-induced factors, including the contribution of industrial activities, agricultural practices, burning of fossil fuel, and greenhouse gas emissions responsible for global warming. Afterwards, the various possible future evolutions of these changes were presented, addressing fundamental principles, scenario construction models, as well as their similarities and differences. This first part concludes by an analysis of the repercussions of such changes on water resources—currently considered the most affected environmental element and will continue to face more impacts—along with water-related sectors and their vulnerability in the face of these challenges. The second part of this review highlights climate change in Morocco, beginning with the country’s particular climatic features based on its topography and geographical location. Future projections are produced on the basis of previous scenarios, mainly for temperature and precipitation, to gauge the extent of climate change at national level. Subsequently, the repercussions of changes that have already occurred, as well as potential impacts resulting from future changes, are examined with a particular focus on the water, agriculture, and food security sectors. In fact, the rise in temperatures, coupled with irregularity and decreased precipitation, have led to a 35% reduction in surface compared to the period of 1940–1970 and a 60-m decline in piezometric levels in certain aquifers. These changes significantly impact water supply, especially for the agriculture sector, which heavily relies (87%) on rainfall conditions, putting food security at risk. Overcoming these critical situations will require substantial efforts, especially as the driving factors are expected to worsen. -
Chapter 2. Are the Heat Waves Recorded in Morocco During the Summer of 2022 Exceptional?
Jaafar El Kassioui, Mohamed HanchaneThe study investigates the exceptional nature of heat waves in Morocco during the summer of 2022, comparing them to a reference period of 1980–2019. Using daily maximum temperature data, the authors define heat waves as periods where Tmax exceeds the 90th percentile for at least three consecutive days. The analysis reveals an increasing trend in hot days and heat waves over the past decades, with some stations recording longer and more frequent heat waves in 2022. However, the extreme temperatures of 2022 did not exceed the record values from the reference period, suggesting that while the summer was hot, it may not be exceptional in the context of long-term climate trends. The study highlights the importance of understanding these trends to better prepare for future heat waves and their potential impacts on human health and natural systems.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study deals with the heat waves recorded in June and July 2022 in Morocco, in comparison with the chosen reference period 1980–2019. The objective of this study is to clarify whether the heat waves of the year are exceptional in terms of record values, duration and frequency of heat waves in our study area. The study is based on the daily data of the maximum temperature (Tmax) observed. The identification of heat waves is based on the criterion that the Tmax exceed the 90th percentile for at least 3 consecutive days. Our results show that the extreme values associated with the heat waves of the months of June and July of the year 2022 did not exceed the records of the reference period 1980–2019 for all the stations analyzed. On the other hand, records for the duration of heat waves exceeded those of the reference period 1980–2019. In addition, all the stations studied recorded a large annual number of heat waves and longer durations during the second half of the reference period. -
Chapter 3. Climate Change Projection and Numerical Climate Modeling in the Rheris Watershed (Region Draa Tafilalet—Morocco)
Abdelmoumen Benchattou, Mohamed El GhachiThe chapter delves into the climate change projections and numerical climate modeling in the Rheris Watershed, Morocco, highlighting the significant impact of climate variability on the occurrence of floods. It utilizes advanced climate models such as the KNMI Climate Change Atlas and AR5 CMIP5 subset model to project future climate scenarios under optimistic and pessimistic GEIEC scenarios. The study area, the Rheris Watershed, is characterized by a semi-arid climate and is particularly vulnerable to extreme hydrological events. The chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of temperature and precipitation trends, demonstrating a projected increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation by the year 2100. This detailed examination of climate change impacts on the hydro-climatic system underscores the urgent need for climate adaptation measures to mitigate the risks associated with flooding and other hydrological extremes.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is a widely recognized reality today in the scientific community. During the three decades, scientific researchers in Morocco spoke of climate variability, since the Rio Summit in 1992, we speak rather of climate change. This subject, of a transversal nature, interests many actors, coming from several climatological, economic, political, sociological fields, … Each discipline has its own visions, objectives, means, problems etc. … In the context of climate change, the Moroccan climate is characterized by a strong spatial and temporal irregularity. The Rheris basin is located in the South-East of Morocco, it covers an area of 12,702 km2, it is characterized by a semi-arid climate. At the level of the watershed of the wadi Rheris, this climatic irregularity favors the occurrence of hydrological extremes (floods and floods), these hydrological risks have constituted in recent years a major risk in our study area. This scientific contribution has allowed us to focus on the recent, current and future climate of the Rheris watershed, based on optimistic and pessimistic scenarios of GEIEC to make the projection of future climate scenarios of the Rheris watershed and its impact on the occurrence of floods, which cause each time material damage and sometimes human losses.
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Climate Change Effects on Ecosystems and Water Resources: Politics of Adaptation
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 4. Genetic Control of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) for Climate Change Mitigation
Tariq Nacimi, Driss Hmouni, Yamna OuguasThe chapter delves into the genetic control of Bactrocera oleae, a significant pest affecting olive trees worldwide. It begins by highlighting the extensive cultivation of olive trees, particularly in the Mediterranean region, and the severe economic losses caused by B. oleae. The life cycle and distribution of B. oleae are detailed, along with the damage it inflicts on olive crops. Various control techniques, including cultural practices, mass trapping, biological control, and chemical control, are discussed. The chapter then focuses on genetic control as a promising strategy for reducing the use of plant protection products and minimizing environmental impact. It explores the genetic resistance of different olive cultivars and the potential for selecting cultivars less susceptible to B. oleae infestation. The study involved sampling 21 olive cultivars and analyzing their infestation rates and intensity, providing valuable insights into the genetic control of this pest.AI Generated
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AbstractThe olive tree (Olea europaea) is a highly prized resource in the Mediterranean basin due to its significant economic role. However, the olive tree is susceptible to various pests, which can exacerbate the effects of climate change. One major pest is the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera; Tephritidae), which inflicts significant damage on olive orchards by directly feeding on the drupes of the olives, leading to considerable yield reductions. Several control measures have been attempted to combat this pest, but some of these methods have limitations and can even have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Genetic control, based on the genetic resistance of olive cultivars, is considered an effective and environmentally friendly approach to combat B. oleae. In this study, we provide a description of the olive fly, including its distribution and life cycle, as well as an overview of the techniques used to control this pest. Furthermore, we delve into the topic of genetic control by presenting relevant studies conducted in this field. We discuss the factors involved in genetic control and the parameters used to determine the genetic resistance of olive tree cultivars against B. oleae. -
Chapter 5. Climatic Drought in the Hydraulic Basin of Oum Er Rbia, Morocco (1980–2021): Statistical and Cartographic Analysis
Meriem Hamid, Jalal Aguerd, Mohamed El GhachiThe chapter delves into the analysis of climatic drought in the Oum Er Rbia hydraulic basin in Morocco from 1980 to 2021. It begins by defining drought and its historical significance in Morocco, highlighting the importance of understanding its impacts in the context of climate change. The study uses the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to classify and measure drought severity, revealing a notable recurrence of dry years. The analysis identifies five distinct phases of drought, including two wet phases and three dry phases, with the most recent phase marked by a severe drought persisting until 2021. The impacts of these droughts on water resources and economic sectors, particularly agriculture, are detailed. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for Morocco to focus on drought management and water resource adaptation in the face of global warming.AI Generated
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AbstractDroughts have long been a structural feature of Morocco’s climate. Several sequences of drought have hit the country, with adverse environmental and economic consequences. Today, Morocco is experiencing the impacts of climate change, generally manifested in rising temperatures and falling rainfall. Water stress is having a major impact on its major basins, namely the Oum Er Rbia water basin, which is a major reservoir of the country’s water resources. The characterization of climatic drought in this basin, through statistical and cartographic analysis, has shown that the evolution of rainfall, during the period 1980–1921, went through five distinct phases, three of which were dry. The severe droughts affecting this basin were recorded during the periods 1983/84, 1992/95, 1998/01, 2019/21, and have marked the entire basin. Examination of the drought years reveals a higher frequency of droughts, with significant spatial extensions. This drought dynamic, particularly that which has marked the last decade, has adversely affected water resources in the Oum Er Rbia basin, and contributed to a water supply crisis in several socio-economic sectors. -
Chapter 6. Analysis of Hydrological Regime Variability from 1980 to 2014 of the Source of Ain Asserdoune in Beni Mellal, Morocco
Khouldia Nafia, Mimoun Goumih, Mohamed El GhachiThe chapter delves into the hydrological regime of the Ain Asserdoune spring in Beni Mellal, Morocco, from 1980 to 2014. It examines the variability of the spring's flow, influenced by climate change and human activities. The study includes an analysis of annual and monthly flow patterns, highlighting irregularities and the impact of precipitation and temperature changes. The research also explores the geographical and geological context of the region, providing a holistic view of the factors affecting the spring's hydrological behavior. The findings underscore the importance of understanding these dynamics for sustainable water resource management in semi-arid regions.AI Generated
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AbstractWater and climate change are regularly cited among the most crises that humanity will have to face in the coming decades. In fact, the links between the two issues are so close that we should perhaps see them as a single issue. In Morocco, in this context of climate change, water resources will be threatened and affected in many regions, with impacts on all areas of development (access to water, food security, health, etc.) while risks of water-related disasters will increase. Those who feel the impacts of these changes the most will be the most vulnerable first. On a regional scale, the Beni Mellal Atlas is known for its high groundwater potential and high unit productivity. Considered as the castle of Morocco, it contains a number of springs that exceed the 54 gauged by the ABHOER (Agence du Bassin Hydraulique de l’Oued Oum Er-Rbia). The source of Ain Asserdoune is a tourist site located in the center of Morocco, at the regional level it belongs to the province of Beni Mellal and at the local level it covers the urban area and part of the municipality of Sidi Jaber. Its module is of the order of 1 m3/s, the maximum reaches 1.20 m3/s. The minimum is around 0.76 m3/s (1980–2014). The flows of this source are collected for the drinking water supply of the urban populations of the city of Beni Mellal, as well as the irrigation of all the fields which occupy the development basin of the source. The main objective of this scientific contribution is to relate the impact of these climate changes on the flows of the source of Ain Asserdoune. To precisely define the characteristics of the flows of the source of Ain Asserdoune, we calculate the CMQ (Monthly flow coefficient) of all the chronicle studied (1980–2017) in order to extract all the information that can inform us about the variability of the hydrological regimes. Thus, we have made an analysis of all the situations of the hydrological regimes of the source of Ain Asserdoune.
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Climate Change and Adaptation: Focus on Agricultural Sector
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 7. The Drought Resilience of Vast Livestock Reared in Agropastoral Versus Sylvo-Agro-Pastoral Systems in Morocco
Bouchra El Amiri, Reda Azmi, Said Laaribya, Brahim Dani, Mounia Sibaoueih, Berkat OmarThe chapter delves into the drought resilience of livestock in Morocco, focusing on agropastoral and sylvo-agropastoral systems. It examines how these systems fare under different climate scenarios, highlighting the significant impact of drought on livestock feeding requirements. The study compares the forage production and carrying capacity of rangelands and forest grazed lands in Settat and Benslimane, revealing that the sylvo-agropastoral system generally performs better. Additionally, it explores the strategies farmers employ to cope with drought, such as maintaining feed stocks, purchasing feed, and selling livestock. The chapter underscores the urgent need to address the degradation of rangelands and the increasing demand for livestock feed, particularly in the face of climate change. By offering a comprehensive analysis of these systems and farmer adaptations, the chapter provides valuable insights for sustainable livestock management in drought-prone regions.AI Generated
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AbstractThe present sudy discusses the main climate impacts on rangelands and forest lands and their consequence on the animal feed in two contratsed areas. More precisely, it aims to investigate to what extent the feeding requirements of animals raised extensively are covered in agro-pastoral (Settat region) and sylvo-pastoral systems (Benslimane region)? What are the impacts on livestock under different raifall situations (normal, wet and dry) and what are the most common drought-coping techniques used by farmers in these two systems?. The data collection and surveys were carried out from March 2020 to December 2021. The results showed that for the agro-pastoral system, the forage production was estimated to be 46.8 kg DM, 500 kg DM and 800 kg DM, for wet, normal, and dry years, respectively. In sylvo-pastoral system, the production is higher, ranging between 350 kg DM and 1591 kg DM in both dry and wet years. The field visits showed a decline of rangeland’s biodiversity due to the overgrazing combined with the drought impact. In addition, the areas of rangelands and pastures were getting smaller as a result of increased conversion of these areas into cropland and intensive irrigation systems being put in place. From this study, it is to be highlighted that both range and forest lands can no longer meet the needs of the existing flocks. -
Chapter 8. Moroccan Durum Wheat Breeding to Keep Pace with Climate Change
Abdelali Boussakouran, Yahia Rharrabti, Kholoud Kahime, Mohamed El YamaniThe chapter delves into the critical role of durum wheat in Morocco's agriculture, emphasizing its importance in local diets and the challenges posed by climate change. It reviews the historical evolution of durum wheat breeding in Morocco, from the early 20th century to the present, highlighting key advancements and partnerships with international research institutions. The chapter also explores the impact of drought on durum wheat yields and the genetic progress made in developing drought-tolerant varieties. It concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to ensure the long-term sustainability of durum wheat cultivation in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractMorocco is considered one of the most threatened countries by climate variation. Over the last decades, Arable land in this country showed a vulnerability to climate change, which has led to a water deficit, a rise in land salinity, and therefore, a decrease in crop production. In Morocco, the majority of durum wheat areas are located in the rainfed zones, with 50% in the arid and semi-arid regions. It is cultivated in an area of more than one million hectares ranking third after bread wheat and barley. Consequently, extended and severe droughts occurring in the rainy season can lead to significant impacts on both crop yields and agricultural income. Durum wheat yields in Morocco remained low at about 0.9 tons ha−1 until the 1970s. With the introduction of improved genotypes, significant increases in yields were observed. However, these grain yield levels are far below both the global world African average. Research findings indicated that, in optimal conditions, the production of durum wheat in Morocco exhibited a positive correlation with the release year of the variety. However, no notable trend was observed in water-limited environments. Hence, when breeders conduct comparable experiments, it is crucial to carefully consider the environmental conditions. -
Chapter 9. Symbiotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as a Soil Essential Component Contributing to Soil Fertility for Sustainable Agriculture in Arid Environment
Lahcen Ouahmane, Hanane Dounas, Mohamed El Yamani, Kholoud KahimeThis chapter delves into the symbiotic relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are essential components of soil fertility. AMF, belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota, form a network of filaments that greatly amplify the surface area of contact between roots and soil, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and water. The fungi receive sugars and amino acids from the host plant in exchange for mineral nutrients and water. This symbiosis is believed to have originated over 400 million years ago and has evolved to benefit both the plant and the fungus. The chapter highlights the various types of mycorrhizae, with a focus on arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. It also discusses the life cycle of AMF, their establishment in the host plant, and their role in improving plant growth, nutrient uptake, and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of AMF in soil fertility and their potential in sustainable agriculture, particularly in arid environments.AI Generated
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AbstractArid zones are deeply affected by desertification, global warming, and anthropic pressure. Water deficiency and salinity are very worrying problems that negatively affect the growth and the physiological and biochemical activities in crops. In these arid zones, the main challenge is to develop new eco-friendly technologies that improve crop tolerance to abiotic constraints such as drouth and salinity. In this sense, mycorrhizal fungi (MF) have received much attention due to their capability in promoting plant growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. It is thus fitting that the current review was undertaken to underline the effects of MF on the growth, the nutrition, the development and the crop tolerance to drouth, salt stress, and their use as biofertilizers. Furthermore, their improvement of the tolerance of crop to pests and diseases by activating the different processes of enzymatic defense and nutritional competition.
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Urbanism, Green Building and Land Use: What can We Do in the Face of Climate Change
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 10. Life Cycle Assessment for Green Buildings: A Mini Literature Review
Redouan Assadiki, Gérard Merlin, Hervé Boileau, Catherine Buhé, Fouzi BelmirThis chapter explores the significance of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the green building sector, particularly in Morocco. It delves into the rapid development of Morocco’s construction sector and the government’s ambitious building programs, highlighting the sector’s substantial energy consumption. The chapter reviews key LCA standards and their application in sustainability certification systems like BREEAM, LEED, and DGNB. It also provides a systematic literature review of LCA studies in buildings from 2000 to 2021, identifying trends, methodologies, and environmental indicators used. The chapter discusses the challenges and criticisms of LCA, including data requirements and complexity, and proposes suggestions for improving LCA practices in Morocco. Overall, the chapter offers a thorough examination of LCA’s role in enhancing the environmental performance of green buildings and provides valuable insights for future research and policy decisions.AI Generated
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AbstractThe environmental impacts of buildings have become a major challenger during the recent years, as they produce 30% of the world’s landfill waste, utilize more than 40% of the energy produced worldwide, and emit one third of all greenhouse gas emissions. This study uses systematic literature review based on the Social Science Citation Index databases to identify the publication of the building life cycle assessment (LCA) literature produced between 2000 and 2021. The significant rise in the number of global research, the United States is in the lead. When it comes to building life cycle assessments, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology is regarded as the pioneer in the field of research. In addition, the United Kingdom has contributed over 161 publications and Switzerland has contributed 84 studies. However, over the last 20 years, the United States has contributed 449 valuable papers on the LCA of buildings. The review of 53 articles reveals that the CML2002 and eco indicator 99 methods are frequently used, along with the four indicators global warming potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, and acidification potential. However, the number of LCA studies conducted in Africa is limited. Suggestions for future research are proposed to address these gaps and expand the scope of green building research in Morocco. -
Chapter 11. The Impact of Industrial Activities on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the Urban Environment of the City of Kenitra (Morocco)
Rhita Nasraoui, Khalid BenzidiyaThe chapter investigates the impact of industrial activities on the land surface temperature (LST) in Kenitra, Morocco, using satellite data from Landsat and MODIS. The study reveals significant increases in LST due to urban expansion and industrial activities, leading to the formation of urban heat islands. Key findings include a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in built-up areas, contributing to higher surface temperatures. The research emphasizes the importance of urban planning strategies to mitigate these effects, highlighting the use of remote sensing data for informed decision-making. The chapter also explores the relationship between spectral indices and surface temperature, demonstrating the negative correlation between LST and vegetation and water cover, and the positive correlation with built-up areas. The study provides valuable insights into the environmental impacts of urbanization and industrial growth, making it a crucial resource for urban planners and environmental scientists.AI Generated
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AbstractThis work presents a diagnosis of the impact of industrial activities on the land surface temperature (LST) in the industrial area of the city of Kenitra. This study is based on the determination of the variables of surface temperature and humidity within the industrial area of the city of Kenitra based on statistical and analytical methods. The aim of this study is to develop solutions to avoid negative impacts of LST on the economy and the environment. Moreover, most recent studies deal mainly with only a few of the most significant impacts, and thus future research should be redirected towards neglected indicators and relationships, which are fundamental to design effective climate policies in industrial destinations. In this paper, remote sensing technology was used to analyze changes in LST and spectral indices. -
Chapter 12. The Effect of Incorporating Alfa Fibers on Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks
Reda Sadouri, Youssef Cherradi, Mustafa BenyoucefThe chapter delves into the potential of stabilized soil as a sustainable building material, focusing on compressed earth blocks (CEBs). It highlights the challenges posed by the building industry to climate change and the need for affordable, eco-friendly housing. The study investigates the effects of incorporating Alfa fibers and Portland cement as stabilizers on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of CEBs. The research shows that Alfa fibers reduce the apparent density of CEBs, improve sound insulation, and enhance vibration dampening. However, they slightly decrease compressive strength. The study concludes that Alfa fibers can produce lightweight, durable, and sustainable blocks, making them a promising material for green construction.AI Generated
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AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of integrating Alfa fibers into compressed earth blocks (CEBs) stabilized with varying Portland cement contents. CEB composites were manufactured with earth stabilized using different cement contents (5 and 10% by weight) and Alfa fibers reinforcement (0–0.4% by weight), compressed at 10 MPa with a compaction loading press. After 28 days of drying, the CEBs underwent diverse experimental tests to evaluate their physical, mechanical, and durability properties. The findings indicated that incorporating fibers led to a diminution in unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and dry compressive strength. Despite the drop in mechanical strength, CEBs with lower cement (5%) and higher fiber content (0.4%) demonstrated satisfactory erosion resistance, which could play a crucial role in areas prone to extreme weather events (floods and storms). According to this study, this material has the potential as a promising composite for building materials and reducing the need for cement, which is deemed a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the construction industry. The results have implications for affordable housing solutions and offer insightful information about sustainable building materials.
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13. Correction to: Exploring Climate Change: Morocco in Focus
Kholoud Kahime, Abdelali Boussakouran, Moulay Abdelmonaim El Hidan, Mohamed El YamaniThis chapter addresses a crucial correction to the original publication of 'Exploring Climate Change: Morocco in Focus'. The primary focus is on rectifying the inadvertent errors in author identification and sequence, which were initially published incorrectly. The update ensures that the correct corresponding author is identified and that the authors are listed in the proper order. This correction is vital for maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly work, making it a necessary read for those interested in the original publication and the broader topic of climate change effects and sustainability needs in Morocco.AI Generated
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Backmatter
- Title
- Climate Change Effects and Sustainability Needs
- Editors
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Kholoud Kahime
Mohamed El Yamani
Stéphane Pouffary
- Copyright Year
- 2024
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-59603-2
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-59602-5
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59603-2
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