Climate Change Impacts on Nigeria
Environment and Sustainable Development
- 2023
- Book
- Editors
- Johnbosco C. Egbueri
- Joshua O. Ighalo
- Chaitanya B. Pande
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This book explores the impacts of climate change on Nigeria. How climate change impacts the productivity and future development of different sectors in Nigeria was covered in this book. Various themes of the Nigerian economy, environment, and climate change were considered. Worthy of note are the impacts of climate change on the Nigerian air quality, surface and groundwater resources, watershed and natural resources’ development and planning, soil- quality, fertility, salinization, nutrients and cropping patterns. Also, the impact of climate change on land use/land cover, urbanization and strategic planning, crops and sustainable crop yield; land degradation, soil erosion, landslides and landscapes, rainfall trend patterns, drought vulnerability; ecology, vegetation/forest, carbon and biomass management of Nigeria were investigated. Finally, the problems of climate change in semi-arid and arid regions (with special emphasis on Nigeria) and possible solutions for sustainable development under the changing climate were discussed in this book. Advanced technologies, such as remote sensing, GIS, multivariate analytical tools, and machine learning techniques, were utilized in the exploration and analysis of the themes of this book. Thus, this book is a very important product for point of view researchers, scientists, NGOs, and university communities on the Nigerian climate change. This book is a useful interdisciplinary tool, cutting across various disciplines such as earth sciences, hydrology, environmental sciences, soil science, engineering, remote sensing, natural resources management, and public health management, etc.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Current Effect and Projected Implications of Climate Change on Nigeria’s Sustainable Development Plan
Steve Oshiokhai Eshiemogie, Joshua O. Ighalo, Michael Adekanbi, Titilope Banji, Stanley Aimhanesi Eshiemogie, Raymond Okoh, Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Adewale George Adeniyi, Adedapo O. Adeola, Kanika DultaThe chapter delves into the profound effects of climate change on Nigeria’s sustainable development plan, highlighting the environmental degradation, economic setbacks, social disruptions, and energy sector challenges. It underscores the need for urgent action and provides strategic recommendations to mitigate these impacts, emphasizing the importance of policy enforcement, public education, and diversification of the economy.AI Generated
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AbstractThe danger of climate change on the planet is now more glaring than it has been in the past. This emphatic evidence of the potential threat of climate change on human security has provoked serious and immediate action from relevant stakeholders—including governments of nations and concerned global organizations, to work collaboratively and see to an ultimate reduction in activities that promote global temperature rise. However, even though the rise in the earth’s temperature would be a worldwide occurrence which would be felt globally, the impact of this increase would be unevenly distributed among global geographical locations. Specifically, the impact of climate change would be largely disastrous in developing areas of the world, particularly areas of sub-Saharan Africa which have limited available facilities and infrastructures needed to combat the negative effects of climate change. In developing countries like Nigeria, the effects of climate change would lead to a disruption in environmental sustainability, economic growth, social development, as well as energy availability—all of which are collectively tagged the nexus of sustainable development. This chapter reviews the current effect and projected impact of climate change on Nigeria’s sustainable development plan. It discusses the impact of climate change on Nigeria’s environment, economy, social development, and energy sector, and also provides recommendations for mitigating these effects. -
Chapter 2. Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality: A Nigerian Perspective
Mohammad Yusuf, Huma Warsi Khan, Mukarram Beg, Bernard Chukwuemeka Ekeoma, Afreen Nishat, Amani Lutfi Al-OthmanThe chapter 'Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality: A Nigerian Perspective' delves into the intricate relationship between climate change and air quality in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the health and environmental impacts. It begins by discussing the rapid urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria, which have led to increased air pollution and climate change. The text then explores the major air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon oxides, ozone, and particulate matter, and their sources, including industrial emissions, gas flaring, and domestic cooking. The chapter also highlights the health effects of air pollution, ranging from respiratory diseases to cardiovascular problems, and how these are exacerbated by climate change. Furthermore, it discusses the environmental impacts, such as global climate change, acid rain, and deforestation. The study emphasizes the need for stringent control measures and policy interventions to mitigate the effects of air pollution and climate change in Nigeria. It concludes by suggesting various control strategies, including the adoption of clean energy sources, enforcement of regulations, and efficient waste management practices.AI Generated
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AbstractThe entirety of the ecosystem today is subject to incessant global warming and climate changes with the aftermaths and risks being a great cause for concern for both developed and developing nations. Factors leading to the exposure of the natural environment to these risks are mainly anthropogenic with the most significant factor being the high dependence on fossil fuels which increase the concentration of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs), i.e., CO2 and CH4. Consequently, the world is faced with not just a rapid rise in global temperatures, but on a wider spectrum, the bizarre behaviour of different ecosystems of the world with the quality of air not left out. This is evidenced by the several health issues emanating from the intake of polluted air by human beings. This study highlights how the air quality has impacted on the climate changes using Nigeria as a case study. Climatic changes such as prolonged dry and sunny season results in wildfires which obviously degrade the quality of air by reducing the oxygen content and introducing smoke and particulate. The population explosion and hence, the need for more fossil fuels and limited oxygen in the metropolitan cities of Nigeria such as Lagos is the major reason for the poor air quality index (AQI) relative to other suburban and rural areas. The continuous rise in global warming is characterized by increments in the presence of toxic components like sulphur and nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) levels in the atmosphere. In this study, the causes of the deterioration in air quality, current trends/scenario in Nigeria and effective solutions to remedy the situation are discussed in detail. -
Chapter 3. Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Crop Production in Nigeria
E. E. Osuji, M. O. Olaolu, A. C. Tim-AshamaThe chapter delves into the significance of agriculture in Nigeria's economy, with a focus on crop production, which accounts for a substantial portion of the country's GDP. It examines the impacts of climate change on crop production, including temperature, rainfall, and other climate variables, and their effects on various crops such as rice, cassava, and maize. The study also explores the socio-economic factors influencing crop production, such as gender, education, and farming experience, and highlights the perceived constraints faced by farmers, including inadequate capital, land fragmentation, and lack of information on climate change. The research provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for sustainable crop production in Nigeria, offering recommendations for policy and practical interventions.AI Generated
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AbstractIn recent times, climate change has exacerbated agricultural production in Nigeria causing serious economic downturns and low food production of households. The study evaluated the impacts of climate change on sustainable crop production in Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select 201 crop farmers who cultivated different crop types ranging from cassava, rice, yam, maize, etc., using structured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, frequency, and percentage and inferential statistics such as ordinary least square multiple regression technique. Results showed that 73.6% of the crop farmers were married, 50.7% females, and over 42.0% were relatively educated and experienced. A mean generated income of ₦172, 000 was estimated from the total sales of varieties of crops produced by the farmers in the state. Crops like rice, 7850.23 kg, cassava, 6492.41 kg, and maize, 6903.19 kg dominated the crop cultivation with higher mean outputs. Age, gender, household size, education, farming experience, farm size, and extension contacts were positive and significantly influenced crop production. Climate variables such as temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days were negative while sunshine hours and relative humidity were positive and both significantly influenced crop production in the state. Inadequate capital, land fragmentations, and inadequate information concerning climate change were perceived as major production and climatic constraints. Climate change should be technically mitigated to avert future negative consequences. Intensive awareness on climate change and provision of climate information and/or early warning signals to the knowledge of the crop farmers were recommended. -
Chapter 4. Implication of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics on Accelerated Soil Erosion in Kereke Watershed of the Lower Benue Basin, North Central Nigeria
Godwin Akaayar Songu, Salau Wahab, Nenpanmun Temwa Molwus, Joshua Ade, Stephen Tersoo Yiye, Bandi Garba MohammedThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between land use/land cover changes and accelerated soil erosion in the Kereke watershed. It discusses the significant impact of human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, and urban development on soil erosion rates. The study utilizes satellite imagery and field observations to analyze changes in built-up areas, cultivated lands, and vegetation cover over a decade. Findings indicate a substantial increase in built-up and cultivated areas, accompanied by a significant decrease in vegetation cover. These changes have exacerbated soil erosion, leading to gully formation and other environmental degradation. The chapter concludes with recommendations for sustainable land use practices and soil conservation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of accelerated soil erosion.AI Generated
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AbstractAccelerated soil erosion especially in the form of gullies is one of the serious environmental problems enhanced by human activities that has threatened lives and properties in the Kereke watershed. Increase in temperature and late onset of rainfall due to climate change over the years has negatively influenced vegetal cover and pattern of land use/land cover changes in many parts of the world including the study area. Land use/land cover changes that result from anthropogenic activities such as farming practices and urban development as observed in the study area have serious influence on accelerated soil erosion in the watershed. This chapter assessed the implication of land use/land cover change on accelerated soil erosion in the Kereke watershed, with a view to ascertain the influence of human activities on soil erosion development in the area. Therefore, satellite data which includes Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 30 m resolution images of 2007, 2012 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) 30 m resolution image of 2017 were used for land use/land cover analysis for a ten-year period (2007–2017) using ArcGIS 9.3 software. Nature of human activities in the study area was observed on the field, and well-known procedures and percentages were used to determine the rate of change in land use/land cover over the ten-year period. Findings of the study show that built-up area increased from 15.97 km2 to 30.83 km2 at the rate of 9.30% per annum over the ten-year period. While, cultivated land increased from 223.63 km2 to 294.12 km2 at annual rate of 6.30% per year. However, vegetal cover decreased from 299.28 km2 to 78.13km2 at an annual rate of −7.39% over the ten-year period. These observed land use/land cover changes in the study area influenced positive feedbacks on accelerated soil erosion in the area, by reinforcing the impact of raindrop, runoff, soil detachment and entrainment, thereby influencing soil erosion development in the Kereke watershed. Findings of the study also suggest that, land use/land cover change resulting from climate change has negatively impacted soil erosion development in the area, especially during onset of rains in areas with decreased vegetation and bare soils. It is therefore recommended that the Federal Government of Nigeria should ensure strict compliance on deforestation laws in the Kereke watershed to reduce the rate of deforestation and controlled development in the area, for improved environmental management, and reduced climate change impacts as well as accelerated soil erosion due to human activities in the Kereke watershed. -
Chapter 5. Thermal Conditions in Artisanal Mine Sites: A Case Study of Ife Area, Southwest Nigeria
Iyanuoluwa E. Fatunmbi, Oluwagbenga O. I. OrimoogunjeThe chapter delves into the thermal conditions of artisanal mine sites in the Ife area, Southwest Nigeria. It highlights the significant environmental challenges posed by illegal and artisanal mining activities, including the release of harmful gases and the generation of heat islands. The study focuses on the methodology used to assess microclimatic parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, and thermal indices. It also discusses the diurnal variations in temperature and the perceptions of local inhabitants regarding the thermal discomfort caused by mining activities. The research reveals that mining activities have a substantial impact on the microclimate, leading to increased temperatures and reduced humidity in mining areas. The chapter concludes with recommendations for mitigating the adverse effects of artisanal mining on the environment and human health.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the past few decades, mining has recently become important in the southwestern Nigeria. Existing studies on the implications of mining activities in the region have mostly overlooked the capacity of activities around the sites to impact significant changes in the microclimate of neighbouring communities. The present study is thus an attempt to evaluate daytime changes in thermal conditions (in terms of air temperature and relative humidity, heat index and dew point temperature) and perceptions of 15 key respondents at the mining communities in Atakunmosa West Local Government in Osun State, Nigeria. Data were obtained at daytime (between 0900 and 1800 Nigerian Local Standard Time). Heat index and dew point temperature were computed for selected locations and the data were analyzed using geo-statistical and qualitative techniques. Results showed higher values of temperature and increased tendency for thermal stress at the mine sites than at locations far away from the site. Majority of residents (>60%) explained that heat-related illness (including dry skin, heat rash) has increased since the mining activities began in the area. The study concluded that temperature increase, and thermal and associated stress would be compounded in communities around the mine sites. Mine sites restoration, increased awareness on coping strategies to heat stress and inclusion of propensity for heat concerns in Environmental Impact Assessment for mining activities are therefore recommended. -
Chapter 6. Modelling and Prediction of Rainfall in the North-Central Region of Nigeria Using ARIMA and NNETAR Model
E. H. Chukwueloka, A. O. NwosuThe chapter delves into the critical importance of rainfall modelling and forecasting for sustainable agricultural practices and economic growth in Nigeria's north-central region. It introduces the ARIMA and NNETAR models, detailing their application, parameter estimation, and performance metrics. The study compares the predictive accuracy of both models, highlighting the advantages of each approach. The findings offer valuable insights for decision-makers and policymakers aiming to mitigate the impacts of drought and floods. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the potential of hybrid models for improved rainfall prediction.AI Generated
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AbstractModelling and predicting rainfall in research are essential because the inferences from the study will assist decision-makers, planners, and policymakers in mitigating the effects of drought or flooding in the environment. This chapter aims to fit time series models to rainfall data from seven states in the Nigerian north-central region. The data used for this research was obtained from NIMET (Jan 1989–Dec 2019). The rainfall data set was modelled and predicted using the conventional seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Neural Network Times Series Autoregressive (NNETAR) models. The time plot sequence shows the time series data is stationary, and the Augmented Dick Fuller (ADF) test did not suggest otherwise. Furthermore, the Hegy and Canova-Hansen tests indicate seasonality in the data with order 1. When the ARIMA and NNETAR models were applied to the rainfall data set, the analysis revealed that the NNETAR model outperformed the ARIMA model in modelling and predicting the Ilorin, Jos, Lafia, Lokoja, and Minna rainfall data sets. In contrast, the ARIMA model outperformed the NNETAR model for predicting rainfall in Abuja and Makurdi. The fitted models were used to predict monthly rainfall in the north-central region for the next five years. The forecast suggests an expected increase in rainfall in Lafia, Abuja, and Minna. At the same time, an expected decrease in rainfall in Ilorin, Lokoja, Jos, and Makurdi states in the north-central region of Nigeria. -
Chapter 7. Analysis of Rainfall Trend and Variability in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria
Christian A. Njoku, Vincent N. Ojeh, Edward Naabil, Michael C. Ekwe, Maaku M. Joshua, Elizabeth Elijah, Micheal W. MalgwiThe chapter delves into the analysis of rainfall trends and variability in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria, using data from two weather stations: Ikeja and Lagos Roof. It employs the modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test and Sen’s slope estimator to examine monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall trends. The study reveals significant trends in rainfall patterns, with notable differences observed between the two stations due to their distinct geographical characteristics. Notably, the wet season shows higher uniformity in rainfall distribution compared to the dry season. The findings have crucial implications for seasonal rainfall predictions, flood forecasting, and water resource management in this coastal mega-city.AI Generated
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AbstractThe rainy season in the littoral city of Lagos has offered a lingering problem to water resource managers and the region's socioeconomic activities over the years. In a changing climate, it is critical to understand how seasonal wet regimes vary in order to predict floods and manage water resources. The aim of this research is to assess rainfall changes using the trend and variability of two independent meteorological stations located inside Lagos’ coastal city. Monthly cumulative rainfall data was acquired and examined on monthly, seasonal, and annual scales for a 30-year period (1984–2013). Modified Mann–Kendall (MM-K) and Sen's slope estimator (Q) were used to estimate rainfall trends and statistical significance tests, while the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and Rainfall Variability Index (RVI) were used to quantify rainfall variability (RVI). Rainfall increased from January to May and November to December, but declined from July to August at both stations. In June, August, and October, however, both stations showed a distinct mix of upward and downward trends: dry season rainfall increased across stations, whereas wet season and yearly rainfall increased in the Ikeja station and fell in the Lagos Roof station, respectively. For Ikeja and Lagos Roof stations, PCI wet and dry seasons range from 9 to 20 and 9 to 42, respectively, while annual PCI ranges from 11 to 28 for both stations. In the wet and dry seasons, the Lagos Roof station had higher positive RVI tendencies than the Ikeja station depicting a high variability of rainfall within Lagos. -
Chapter 8. Effect of Climate Change on Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Four Land Use Types in Abakaliki, South Eastern Nigeria
J. E. Orji, C. A. Igwe, P. I. EzeakuThe chapter delves into the critical role of soil organic carbon (SOC) in climate change mitigation, emphasizing its importance in soil health and plant nutrition. It compares SOC levels across four distinct land use types in Abakaliki, South Eastern Nigeria: managed forest plantation, fallow land, grassland, and continuously cultivated soil. The study reveals that managed forest plantations store the highest amount of carbon, while continuously cultivated soils have the lowest. The findings underscore the significance of sustainable land use practices in capturing atmospheric carbon, highlighting the need to encourage managed forests, fallow lands, and grasslands to combat climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) has been found to negatively impact the environment due to its emission of carbon (iv) oxide (CO2) a greenhouse gas with a serious effect on global climate change. A study was conducted to determine the effect of climate change on soil organic carbon storage in four land use types in the Abakaliki, south eastern Nigeria. The four land use types selected include managed forest plantation (MF), fallow land, grass land and continuously cultivated soil (CCS). Undisturbed and core samples were collected at three soil depths (0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) and replicated five times for bulk density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, particle size distribution, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen available phosphorus and exchangeable acidity. The results showed that the soils in the area were predominantly sandy loam and sandy clay loam in texture. Bulk density values were lowest in the fallow land and highest in the continuously cultivated soil across the three depths. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values were highest in MF and lowest in CCS soil across the three depths. The pH of the soils was slightly acidic. Fallow land recorded the highest soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen and available phosphorus while continuously cultivated soil had the lowest values for the soil nutrients at 0–20 cm. The result on total organic C storage showed that MF recorded the highest value (340.67 Mg C ha−1), while CCS recorded the lowest value (151.49 Mg C ha−1) across the three soil depths. -
Chapter 9. The Impact of Climate Change on the State of Carbon Footprint in Nigeria
Sodiq Solagbade Oguntade, Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Oluwatoni Honour Afinjuomo, Victor Akolade Kayode, Toyeeb Abidemi Atanda, Oluwayomi Dapo Amupitan, Olatomide Blessing Ojajune, Abeeb Babajide Ajagbe, Michael Olamilekan OmonitanThe chapter delves into the significant impact of climate change on Nigeria's carbon footprint, emphasizing the role of human activities and overpopulation in exacerbating emissions. It discusses the various sectors affected, including agriculture, health, and energy, and highlights the dire consequences such as increased temperatures, variability in rainfall, and reduced agricultural productivity. The chapter also explores the implications of not reducing carbon footprints, such as increased flooding, desertification, and health issues. It concludes by proposing measures to mitigate these effects, including tree planting, renewable energy investment, and sustainable farming practices, aiming for a net-zero economy by 2050.AI Generated
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AbstractCarbon emission in Nigeria is among the highest globally, and the country suffers from the impacts of climate change. The Nigerian government, international, and national non-governmental organisations have made efforts to curtail this scourge through laws, policies, programmes and projects. However, the country’s carbon footprint continues to increase, with over 82 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and CO2 emissions per capita of 0.44 tonnes per person in 2016. These carbon emissions adversely affect essential sectors in Nigeria, such as agriculture, health, power generation and security. The rainfall and temperature patterns have changed geographically in Nigeria due to climate change induced by carbon emissions, with some areas receiving excess rainfall and heat and vice versa. Therefore, all stakeholders must take holistic measures to reduce the carbon footprint, especially the government. A major challenge for this research is the non-availability of an up-to-date carbon profile of Nigeria to validate the progress made so far in reducing the carbon footprint, which should be the focus of subsequent research. Nevertheless, this chapter discusses the impact of climate change on the state of carbon footprint in Nigeria, the challenges, the implications, the current interventions, and sustainable recommendations. -
Chapter 10. Coppicing Capacity of Pycnanthus angolensis for Sustainable Forestry Techniques in the Climate Change
Olunike Adedoyin BelloThis chapter delves into the coppicing capacity of Pycnanthus angolensis, a crucial tree species for sustainable forestry techniques in the face of climate change. The study evaluates the effects of decapitation on the growth and regeneration of this tree species in different locations across Nigeria. By investigating the coppicing potential of Pycnanthus angolensis, the chapter offers valuable insights into the development of sustainable forestry practices that can mitigate the impacts of climate change. The research highlights the genetic factors influencing the coppicing process and the importance of understanding these factors for effective forest management. Additionally, the chapter underscores the significance of Pycnanthus angolensis in medicinal applications and its role in environmental conservation. The findings contribute to the broader goal of preserving biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable use of forest resources in a changing climate.AI Generated
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AbstractDemographic pressure and climate change are two of the major challenges of the twenty-first century in which climate change is possibly the greatest threat, as it is leading to extreme weather conditions, increasing areas of drought, and species extinction. Pycnanthus angolensis is one of the overexploited indigenous tree species used in phytomedicine that is threatened by environmental factors such as climate change. Therefore, for sustainable utilisation of this species, coppicing capacity of decapitated seedlings of Pycnanthus angolensis (False African Nutmeg) was investigated to determine the effects of location and climate change. Five seedlings each from Osun (Gbongan, Ajaba), Ekiti (Otun, Ayetoro), and Oyo (Idito, Adewumi) at 12 weeks after transplanting were decapitated from diameter (0.9 to 2.1 cm) and heights (4.50 to 20.50 cm) (from the first four nodes of the plant) and laid out in an open nursery in two replicates in a complete randomised design (CRD) to evaluate new shoot height (SH), plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), and number of nodes (NN) fortnightly for 14 weeks. The data were analysed with observed means subjected to Tukey Post Hoc. The SH ranged from 1.55 ± 1.01 to13.40 ± 1.01 cm, NN ranged from 2.30 ± 1.00 to 18.00 ± 1.00, and NL ranged from 1.35 ± 0.81 to 11.10 ± 0.81 cm. The NB ranged from 0.10 ± 0.62 to 3.40 ± 0.62 while the PH ranged from 8.90 ± 1.05 cm to 25.20 ± 1.05 cm. It was observed that Pycnanthus angolensis sourced from Gbongan responded positively to coppicing in a strategic way of conservation. The present study confirmed that Pycnanthus angolensis could be coppiced well at plant height from 4.50 to 20.50 cm. There was steady increment in coppicing capacity of Pycnanthus angolensis and proved to be site-dependent. Coppicing today remains a common forest management system for sustainable livelihood in climate change scenario. -
Chapter 11. Assessment of Tree Growth Competition Indices for Biodiversity Conservation in IITA Forest Ibadan, Nigeria
P. O. Ige, O. O. KomolafeThe chapter focuses on the assessment of tree growth competition indices in the IITA Forest, Ibadan, Nigeria. It delves into the dynamics of tree growth and competition within a tropical forest, emphasizing the role of competition in shaping forest structure and species composition. The study utilizes both distance-dependent and distance-independent indices to predict tree growth, with a particular focus on basal area growth models. The research highlights the significance of inter-tree competition in forest dynamics and underscores the importance of incorporating spatial and non-spatial indices in predictive models. The chapter concludes with recommendations for enhancing tree growth predictability, emphasizing the need for detailed data collection and the use of distance-dependent indices for more accurate predictions.AI Generated
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AbstractForest growth assessment is a key tool for sustainable forest management. Understanding relative contributions of competition in the growth of the forest is of great important which determines the forest structure and also gives an insight to various influences of tree response to climate. There is dearth of information on forest growth using Competition Indices (CI). Hence, this study assessed CI effects on stand growth in International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Forest, Ibadan, Nigeria, towards improving the forest health status and biodiversity conservation. Data were collected from the forest using four systematic line transect (270 m each) at 200 m apart for plot demarcation. Sixteen sample plots of 25 m × 25 m were alternately laid to collect data. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were estimated. Characterizing the joint influence of tree size, climate and competition in each plot, overtopped trees were considered subject trees and 10 m search radius was used in identification of competitor’s tree for distance dependent (DD). Measurement of influence of neighbouring trees for distance independent (DI) was based on plot-centred. Eight Competition Indices were assessed (CI1-CI8). Best DD and DI were adapted each into Basal Area Increment model (BAI) before and after adding competition measures. Best model was selected using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistic and regression at α0.05. The stand comprises 389 stem ha−1. The diameter at breast height (DBH), tree total height (THt), numbers of tree per hectares (N/ha) and volume (V) ranged from 25.12 ± 1.023 cm, 18.548 ± 0.324 m, 442 and 1.035 ± 0.136m3, respectively. The computational analysis shows that basal area increment (BAI) model is a function of neighbourhood interactions and the best spatial indices were better growth predictors than the best non-spatial indices. The best CI growth model was: BAI = exp (−3.769 + 0.026DBH + 0.012C6) (RMSE = 0.064, AIC = −774.031, BIC = −759.324 and R2 = 0.912). This implied that DD CI predicted the growth predictability well compared to DI indices. -
Chapter 12. Review on Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality in Nigeria
Nwanneka N. OnwudiweThe chapter reviews the impacts of climate change on air quality in Nigeria, focusing on the interconnectedness of climate change and air pollution. It discusses the environmental and health effects of climate change, including increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The text also highlights the vulnerability of Nigeria to climate change, particularly in regions with fragile ecosystems and economies. It emphasizes the need for integrated policy responses to mitigate the impacts of climate change on air quality, such as assessing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants together, and implementing measures to improve air quality and public health. The chapter also provides recommendations for policy improvements and public awareness initiatives to combat air pollution and climate change in Nigeria.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change and air pollution pose the greatest environmental challenges that are affecting the whole nations in the world. These environmental challenges have not been effectively managed or controlled by environmental policies in Nigeria because of poor coping capacity. There is an ample evidence that climate change impacts in Nigeria result from climate related factors such as increased temperatures, increased rainfall, sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and, especially, increased health risk. Climate change has an impact on air quality because it is highly dependent on weather. Human activities have added more and more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The air quality we breathe in Nigeria is mainly affected by the release of air contaminants via production of petroleum products and bush burning, which has affected lives and health condition of many people in environment and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere is confirmed to deplete the activities of the ozone layer which protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The impact of the change will be difficult to handle and it will be potentially very long lasting. However, this study reviews causes of climate change in Nigeria, its impact on air quality in the environments and useful policies to enforce to achieve sustainability of lives. -
Chapter 13. Sustaining Livestock Production Under the Changing Climate: Africa Scenario for Nigeria Resilience and Adaptation Actions
Akeem Babatunde Sikiru, Silpa Mullakkalparambil Velayyudhan, Mini R. Reshma Nair, Sejian Veerasamy, John Olayinka MakindeThe chapter delves into the critical issue of sustaining livestock production under the changing climate, with a specific focus on Africa and Nigeria. It begins by highlighting the increasing global demand for livestock products and the threats posed by erratic climatic conditions, particularly in Africa. The chapter then examines the significant role of livestock production in Africa's economy and food security, emphasizing the need for sustainable development and socio-economic transformation. The analysis covers climate data from 1980 to 2019, revealing a substantial increase in surface temperature and its inverse relationship with livestock population and productivity. The chapter also suggests various mitigation strategies and presents a framework for enhancing resilience and adaptation in Nigeria's livestock sector, crucial for meeting the rising demand for protein and promoting economic growth despite the challenges posed by climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is a global millennial challenge affecting humans in all facets of life. In Africa, livestock production is one of the sectors most affected by climate change because livestock production is extensive, smallholders operated, and low external input operation. The paper gives an insight for sustaining Africa’s livestock production in resilience to climate change. The study obtained secondary meteorological and livestock production data for the continent over forty years, and the data were analysed for the understanding of changes over the years and prediction of future scenario. The result revealed that by the year 2050, the average surface temperature in Africa will rise by 2.2 °C, while the livestock population will continue to grow. The result also indicated that the scenario revealed in the study is an Africa-wide condition, but the West Africa subregion of Africa could be the most vulnerable to the climate change impact of temperature rise. The study also indicated that small ruminant animals including sheep and goats could be more tolerant to the future changing climate scenarios in Africa compared with other livestock because their population keeps increasing over the years despite the climate change threats. Finally, future projections of climate conditions indicated that Africa could be a hub of future livestock production, but climate conditions would affect optimal animal performances and production. Therefore, several strategies to sustain livestock production were suggested as resilient means for adapting to the changing climate conditions. -
Chapter 14. Mapping and Assessing the Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Urban Heat Intensity Using LandSAT-8 OLI/TIRS Images
Oluibukun Gbenga Ajayi, Tosin Sandra Kolade, Mahmud BabaThe chapter delves into the complex relationship between urbanization and surface urban heat intensity, utilizing LandSAT-8 OLI/TIRS images to map and assess seasonal dynamics. It highlights the critical role of vegetation and built-up areas in mitigating urban heat island effects, offering valuable insights into environmental management and urban planning. By examining the interdependence of vegetation, built-up density, surface emissivity, and land surface temperature, the study underscores the importance of integrating seasonal variations into urban heat management strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractIncreased heat intensity in urban climate has serious implications on human health, contributing to urban liveability and vitality. As a way of mitigating the effect of excessive heat temperature in the urban area, it is imperative to examine the level of surface temperature in urban areas over time so that the urban heat intensity and its attendant consequences can be put into consideration when undertaking sustainable urban planning. This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface urban heat intensity in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State using remotely sensed images. Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS images of the year 2015, 2017, 2019, and 2021 for both dry and wet seasons were used to determine the study area’s Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), surface emissivity, land surface temperature (LST), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The result showed that a rise in built-up density, surface emissivity, and a decrease in vegetation density yields an increase in LST, while vegetation density proved to be of little effect in dry season when compared to the rainy season because most vegetation experiences draught at this time of the year. The result also showed that LST is higher in rainy season than it was in dry season because the wind, which decreases the effect of LST, is weak at this season of the year. The least value for surface emissivity in dry season was recorded to be 0.98605 while that of rainy is 0.98698, which implies that the emissivity of materials in the study area was observed to be higher in the rainy season than dry season. Furthermore, the result affirmed that a rise in urbanization gives rise to LST, likewise an increase in vegetation density of an area will lead to a decrease in the area’s urban heat intensity. The results also proved that wet periods can be hotter than dry periods of the year due to the presence of weak winds. -
Chapter 15. Agroecology as a Response to Sustainable Development Under Climate Change in Southeast Nigeria
Chukwuma Otum Ume, Tochukwu Linda Onah, Adaku Bridget Ezeibe, Ogochukwu Gabriella Onah, Patience Ifeyinwa Opata, Ezinne Orie Idika, Kalu Uche FelixThe chapter delves into the impact of climate change on crop productivity in Nigeria, highlighting the need for climate change adaptation and resilience in the agricultural sector. It introduces agroecology as a sustainable farming practice that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. The study focuses on the Southeast region of Nigeria, employing quantitative methods such as agronomic models and bio-economic farm models to simulate the impact of climate change on major crops like maize, rice, and cassava. The research identifies various agroecological practices adopted by smallholder farmers, such as organic fertilization, biological insect control, and zero tillage, and evaluates their effectiveness in counteracting climate change impacts. The findings suggest that agroecological practices can lead to increased crop yields and better adaptation to climate variability, making them a viable alternative to conventional farming methods. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for policy support and investment in agroecological practices to enhance food security and environmental sustainability in Nigeria.AI Generated
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AbstractNations of the world have seen unprecedented changes in climate variables in recent decades. But it is unclear to what extent climate change has impacted and will impact food systems in some developing regions, and how policymakers can frame an approach to encouraging adaptation and advancing climate-smart agriculture. Many studies attempting to link agroecology to climate change adaptation do so without understanding the potential of Agroecology not only to mitigate climate change—which is the weak response—but also to reverse its impact and “climate proof” our food systems. By modeling the near and far future impacts of climate change on crop production, we showed how climate will impact crop production under two crop production systems (agroecology and non-agroecology production systems). The overarching aim is to derive sustainable development strategies and lessons for policymakers and climate researchers—essential components of environment and Agricultural development. Using case studies from Nigeria, we observed that transitioning to agroecology, even at the farm level also transforms farm designs, thereby affecting their overall food and nutrition status. The result showed that the use of agroecology management practices not only reduces the impact of climate change in the near future but will also lead to increased crop yield in the future. The finding suggests that to feed over 400 million projected population of Nigeria by 2050, the use of agroecological practices will be a better alternative to conventional farming methods. To advance the use of agroecological farming methods, governments at every level in Nigeria need to mainstream organic agriculture in national government policies. This is important as it will not only address climate change impacts, but also hunger and poverty. -
Chapter 16. Climate Change Impact on Nigerian Ecology, Vegetation/Forest, Carbon and Biomass Management
R. E. Ita, F. O. OgbemudiaThe chapter delves into the profound effects of climate change on Nigeria's ecological regions, including rainforests, mangrove swamps, and various savannas. It examines how temperature and rainfall variabilities have led to severe environmental alterations, such as increased flooding, drought, and coastal submersion. The impact on vegetation ecology and ecosystem functioning is highlighted, with a focus on the long-term modifications in vegetation composition and structure. The chapter also discusses the implications of climate change on carbon and biomass management, emphasizing the need for better ecosystem management in the face of ongoing climate variability.AI Generated
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AbstractNigeria is currently facing diverse environmental glitches from climate change which are detrimental to the vegetation ecology and ecosystem functioning. Hence, exploring the responses of vegetation to climate change is a necessity to promote management techniques towards their protection and sustenance. This study assessed the impacts of climate change on Nigerian ecology, vegetation as well as carbon and biomass management. Climate change in different Nigerian zones results in variabilities in temperature and rainfall, thereby affecting Nigerian ecology/vegetation. High rainfall in the southern parts of Nigeria causes flooding of vegetation and forests, while high temperature and heat in the Northern parts of Nigeria result in wildfires, especially in savanna vegetation. Flooding issues from sea level rise in the south-south regions, lead to poor regeneration of vegetation, decline in vegetation cover, extinction of plant species and low forest productivity. Fire outbreaks in vegetation due to high temperature, especially in the northern zones, result in land exposure to extreme winds, erosion and nutrient loss. Due to desertification, large area of cropland and vegetation, especially in the Sahel region are lost. Fluctuations in rainfall patterns cause changes in soil moisture regimes which directly hamper vegetation growth. In northern regions of Nigeria, extreme temperature limits soil moisture thereby reducing carbon fixation and inputs in biomass. Drought in northern states of Nigeria causes a decline in vegetation and soil carbon stocks. From the foregoing, there is a need for the adoption of appropriate management techniques towards the management, protection and sustenance of vegetation amidst this environmental crisis. -
Chapter 17. Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Ifeyinwa Ijeoma Obianyo, Sylvia Echezona Kelechi, Azikiwe Peter OnwualuThe chapter 'Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development in Nigeria' delves into the profound effects of climate change on Nigeria's developmental trajectory. It highlights the interconnectedness of climate change with industrialization, resource management, and political will. The text explores the impacts of climate change on various sectors such as health, agriculture, and economic growth, emphasizing the disparities between rural and urban areas. Notably, it offers practical strategies for adaptation and mitigation, including tree planting campaigns, infrastructure development, and policy enforcement. The chapter also underscores the importance of public awareness and education in combating climate change, making it a crucial resource for policymakers, environmental scientists, and sustainability advocates.AI Generated
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AbstractEconomic, social, and environmental issues associated with climate change pose a serious threat to sustainable development globally. In Nigeria and indeed other developing countries, the devastating effects of climate change are felt on the livelihood and health of the people more than the developed economies where there is advanced knowledge and understanding of the issues and where efforts have been made toward mitigation of the impacts and adaptation of systems to cope with the impacts. This chapter presents a deeper understanding and knowledge of the concepts of sustainable development and climate change and the nexus between the two. The status of sustainable development and challenges is discussed. The causes of climate change in Nigeria are presented, followed by the impact of climate change on sustainable development with emphasis on how the impact affects urban and rural dwellers as well as gender and socio-economic dimensions of the impact. The chapter ends with suggestions on sustainable strategies for mitigating the impacts, strengthening the relevant institutions and thus fostering the achievement of the SDGs in Nigeria. Data used for the development of the chapter were obtained through structured questionnaires as well as desk study using a comprehensive literature review approach. Samples and case studies were drawn from rural and urban dwellers. Recommendations were provided on a sustainable strategy for mitigating the impacts based on building sustainable resilient and adaptation initiatives, strong institutions, and investments that will minimize the impacts of climate change on sustainable development in Nigeria. -
Chapter 18. Landslide Occurrences in Southeastern Nigeria: A Literature Analysis on the Impact of Rainfall
Chinanu O. Unigwe, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Michael E. Omeka, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi, Vincent E. NwazelibeThe chapter 'Landslide Occurrences in Southeastern Nigeria: A Literature Analysis on the Impact of Rainfall' delves into the critical issue of landslides, a prevalent geoenvironmental disaster worldwide. Focusing on southeastern Nigeria, the study examines the significant role rainfall plays in slope instability and landslide occurrences. It underscores the impact of climate change on weather patterns, which exacerbates the frequency and severity of landslides. The research highlights the geological and geomorphological factors that contribute to landslide vulnerability in the region, emphasizing the need for further study and mitigation strategies. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of the impact of rainfall variability and temperature changes on landslide occurrences, providing valuable insights into the environmental implications and the need for effective disaster management plans.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate changes have been noted as a factor impacting slope instability and triggering landslides all around the world. The type, extent, degree, and direction of changes in the stability conditions in response to anticipated climatic changes, however, are unclear due to the dynamic character of the system. Landslides have one of the worst effects on people and the environment, leading to economic downturns, population displacement, and the loss of life, among other things, in southeastern Nigeria, which has experienced several environmental disasters. It is believed that the recent climate changes that have occurred all over the world have had an impact on the occurrence of landslides in the study location. Over the last decade, the earth's temperature has risen by 0.08 °C, and the rate of warming has doubled in the last two decades. This study also found that rainfall in southeast Nigeria has increased in intensity while decreasing in total yearly precipitation when opposed to past decades. Nevertheless, a greater amount of rain falling on fewer wet days is a definite indication that weather-related problems would most likely arise (like flooding, landslides, and erosion). Along with climate change (increase in temperature and precipitation), landslides in this region are also significantly facilitated by several other factors, including geology, slope features, groundwater conditions, vegetation, and human development activities. Although landslides are a natural occurrence that cannot be completely halted, they can be controlled and reduced. As a result, effective management techniques are strongly advised. -
Chapter 19. Climate Change and Drought in the Dryland Areas of Nigeria
S. U. Usman, Nura Umar, A. I. AbdulhamidThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between climate change and drought in Nigeria's dryland areas, focusing on the West African Sahel region. It discusses the complex monsoon systems that influence rainfall patterns and how global warming alters these systems, leading to changes in drought frequency and intensity. Historical drought events, such as those in 1913/1914 and 1972/1973, have had significant socio-economic impacts, including migration, urban growth, and increased criminal activities. The study uses the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) to characterize rainfall conditions and predict future drought scenarios under different climate change scenarios. The findings indicate a potential increase in extreme drought events in the near future, particularly in states like Yobe and Borno, with varying outcomes in the distant future. The chapter also highlights the vulnerability of the population to drought, given the region's environmental and socio-economic characteristics. It underscores the need for effective drought monitoring, prediction, and adaptation strategies to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change on the region.AI Generated
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AbstractCurrent rapid changes in global, regional and local weather and climate, which are believed to have been caused by human-induced changes in atmospheric chemistry, are impacting different parts of the world differently. Some dry areas are becoming drier while some humid areas are becoming wetter. This study assesses the impact of climate change on drought events and vulnerability to drought in the dryland areas of Nigeria (Borno, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe and Zamfara States). Objectives of the study include determining; (i) past and future drought intensity, (ii) past and future drought frequency, and (iii) people’s vulnerability to drought in the study area. Historical (1901–2020) and projected (2021–2100) rainfall data (CMIP6–SSP1, 3 and 5) for the study area were downloaded from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal and Standardised Precipitation Index was used in analysing the data. The results indicate alternating drought and non-drought conditions with higher drought occurrences in the 1970s and 1980s and low occurrences in the last two decades. On one hand, SSP1 indicates an increase in drought in the near future (2021–2050) and a decrease in the distant future. On the other hand, SSP3 and 5 indicate the opposite. Inhabitants of the area are found to be one of the most vulnerable to drought in the country. A holistic approach to drought adaptation, especially addressing factors influencing drought vulnerability, should be vigorously pursued in the area. Flood monitoring should be part of the environmental plan for the area. -
Chapter 20. GIS-Based Vulnerability Evaluation of Climate Change Hazards of Flood and Erosion Using an Integrated IVFRN-DEMATEL-ANP Decision Model
E. C. Chukwuma, C. C. Okonkwo, L. C. Orakwe, Michael O. DiohaThe chapter 'GIS-Based Vulnerability Evaluation of Climate Change Hazards of Flood and Erosion Using an Integrated IVFRN-DEMATEL-ANP Decision Model' explores the significant environmental challenges posed by climate change, particularly flood and erosion, in Anambra State, Nigeria. It delves into the complexities of these hazards, their impacts on local communities, and the urgent need for sustainable adaptation strategies. The study employs advanced GIS techniques and an integrated decision model combining IVFRN, DEMATEL, and ANP to assess vulnerability accurately. This methodology offers a robust framework for identifying high-risk areas and informing policy decisions aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change. The chapter also discusses the validation of the vulnerability maps and the implications of the findings for local planning and disaster management. By presenting a comprehensive approach to vulnerability assessment, this chapter provides valuable insights for professionals and researchers in environmental science, geography, and urban planning.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is an evident environmental problem today, with the rise in the incidence rate and intensity of hazards such as flooding, heatwaves, drought, tornadoes, erosions, etc., affecting every part of the world. In Anambra State, climate change effects are a threat to food security as flood and erosion hazards destroy arable lands and crops. As such, hazard vulnerability maps of the state are required to assist hazard risk management and to address the issue of climate change across the state. Studies on the weakness of applying GIS as stand-alone technique in evaluating vulnerability by researchers are established. As such, this study applied a geospatial technology based ensemble model of the Interval Value Fuzzy Rough Number (IVFRN), Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods in vulnerability assessment of climate change hazards of flood and erosion. The IVFRN eliminated uncertainty in the decision making process. The DEMATEL assessed and determined the relative significance of our risk factors. The ANP determined the final weights of the factors based on their significance. The overall climatic vulnerability index map of the study area was produced by overlaying the flood vulnerability map and the erosion vulnerability map. The study results indicate that the state is very vulnerable to climate change effects, with about 71% classified as having medium and very high vulnerability zones. Anambra West was identified as been the Local Government Area (LGA) most vulnerable with about 85% of the entire area categorized as having very high and medium vulnerable zones. It is suggested that adequate drainage systems, good soil conservation practices and structural and non-structural approaches should be integrated to mitigate the hazards. -
Chapter 21. Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Agricultural Drought in North Central Nigeria
N. M. Ekpeni, A. O. Ayeni, F. Oni, O. Adeaga, E. O. OladipoThe chapter delves into the complex nature of agricultural drought in North Central Nigeria, emphasizing the critical role of precipitation and temperature in drought severity. By employing the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), the study offers a detailed examination of drought events over a 50-year period. The analysis reveals that drought conditions have worsened in recent years due to rising temperatures, with RDI proving more effective in capturing the impact of climate change. The study underscores the necessity of using multiple drought indices to better prepare for and mitigate the effects of drought on agriculture and the environment.AI Generated
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AbstractAgricultural drought involves a decrease in soil moisture available below the optimal level as required by crops resulting in impaired growth and reduced yields. This study examines the spatio-temporal characteristics of agricultural droughts from 1968–2018 over North Central (Niger, Benue, Kwara, Plateau, Abuja and Kogi states). Data used include monthly rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and evapotranspiration (Minna, Makurdi, Jos, FCT and Lokoja) that were used in the study and the data gotten covered a period of 50 years (1968–2018) from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) were chosen considering the advantages to characterize occurrences of drought into mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought conditions. This also characterizes specific temporal drought events with the spatial interpolation being carried out by the Inverse distance weighting interpolation method. Trend analysis shows that 80% of the states, such as Niger, Benue, Kwara, Plateau, Kogi states and Abuja showed an increasing trend for the period 1968–2018. Major changes from drought analysis in North Central Nigeria during the major wet and dry episodes for the period of study were shown in the analysis. This study shows that the different events of drought in the stations looked into were mostly “Near Normal” droughts (0.00–0.99) and mild droughts (0 to–0.99). The most common years that experienced a deficit in rainfall are 1970, 1971, 1973, 1982, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, while the years with an increase in rainfall are 1996, 1997, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) recorded higher drought events compared to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). More so, the first growing season (APR–JUN) for both SPI and RDI recorded more drought events than the second growing season (JUL–SEPT). Farmers and other stakeholders in the study region need to be proactive, especially during the first growing season (APR–JUN) in drought adaptation and mitigation planning. -
Chapter 22. Influence of Seasonal Changes on the Quality of Water Resources in Southwestern Nigeria: A Review
Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Johnson C. Agbasi, Michael E. Omeka, Chinanu O. Unigwe, Vincent E. Nwazelibe, Joshua O. Ighalo, Chaitanya B. PandeThe chapter delves into the significant impact of seasonal changes on water quality in Southwestern Nigeria, focusing on how variations in temperature and rainfall affect both surface and groundwater resources. It discusses the ecological and public health implications of water contamination due to anthropogenic activities and natural phenomena. The study area, characterized by a tropical humid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, is particularly vulnerable to these changes. The chapter provides a thorough review of existing literature, highlighting the need for integrated water resource management to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the seasonal dynamics of water resources to ensure sustainable water management practices in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractWater demand has risen dramatically in southwestern Nigeria over the last decades as a result of urbanization, agricultural activities, increasing populations, rapid industrialization, and economic growth. Increasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the air are causing weather patterns that have profound consequences for the water resources. These greenhouse gases are projected to modify the atmosphere’s thermal balance, producing temperature rises and alterations in a variety of other climatic factors, which would impair water quality. In various climate areas and major rivers across Nigeria, changes in agricultural and land-use patterns, and over-exploitation of water resources are now changing the hydrological cycle. For applicable regional long-term development initiatives, an assessment of available water resources in terms of the quality and predicted impacts of climate change and variation is crucial. This study summarizes current research into the effects of seasonal change on water resources and analyzes the significance of these effects for future water development. It is based on an analysis of estimates of seasonal fluctuations and water quality. According to these estimates, yearly runoff in southwestern Nigeria will continue to be on the increase if prompt action is not taken, groundwater recharge will rise, and water quality—as measured by greenhouse gas concentrations—will suffer under plausible climatic variability. The prospects for sustainability of surface and groundwater resources in Nigeria are also discussed, taking into account the limitations placed by climate change as well as future research directions. -
Chapter 23. A Consideration of the Climatic Drivers, Focal Points and Challenges of Soil Erosion, Land Degradation, Landslides and Landscapes in Nigeria
Felicitas U. Iwuchukwu, Ugochukwu Ewuzie, Oluwaseun J. Ajala, Victor E. Ojukwu, Innocent C. Nnorom, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Chaitanya B. Pande, Joshua O. IghaloThis chapter delves into the intricate relationship between climate change and environmental issues such as soil erosion, land degradation, landslides, and landscapes in Nigeria. It highlights the increasing demand for demographic pressures and ecological instability, which have led to significant land use and land cover changes. The text discusses the impact of these changes on specific regions, particularly the southeastern states, and the role of climate change in exacerbating these environmental problems. The chapter also explores the various drivers of land degradation, including natural and anthropogenic factors, and the measures taken to address these issues. Notably, it emphasizes the importance of research, community involvement, and government initiatives in mitigating these environmental challenges. The chapter concludes by discussing the opportunities and challenges in addressing climate change-related environmental hazards in Nigeria, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of environmental conservation in the country.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change being the anomaly in the climate system is a major concern in Nigeria. Landslides, landscapes, soil erosion, temperature increment, flooding and drought are proofs of climate change in Nigeria. The climate and environmental impact of its degradation is a popular and significant issue amongst local and international stakeholders. The degradation can be from natural, physical or human factors. Climate change impact differs across various locations in the country such as visible landslides in Niger Delta and erosion gullies in some southern eastern parts of the country like Abia, Anambra and Imo states. These impacts can be grouped under sectoral (agriculture, fisheries, food and water security, forestry, health, economy, energy), demographic (gender, age groups, income groups and occupation), geographic (high precipitation in southwest and southeast regime and low precipitation in the north) and security (communal clashes and conflicts over resources) impacts. When these issues are not addressed, the anomalies can possibly lead to global warming, alternation in rainfall patterns and regimes, devastated farmlands resulting from floods and landscapes which will not stop at creating havoc to Nigerians’ livelihood but also affect properties and lives. This research review focuses on the drivers, focal points and challenges of soil erosion, land degradation, landslides and landscapes in Nigeria and how they are affected by the climate change. The challenges encountered in the course of land preservation such as non-implementation of findings, poor funding of research and projects, and poor attitude to environmental degradation issues were also highlighted. Contributions on measures and opportunities for curbing these environmental issues were also reviewed with practical reports of specific occurrences in different regions in Nigeria. -
Chapter 24. A Review on the Influence of Rainfall in the Formation and Expansion of Gullies in Southeastern Nigeria
Michael E. Omeka, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Chinanu O. Unigwe, Johnson C. Agbasi, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Vincent E. NwazelibeThe chapter delves into the significant role of rainfall in triggering gully erosion in Southeastern Nigeria, with a focus on the region's unique geological and topographical features. It explores how variations in rainfall patterns, intensity, and duration contribute to the formation and expansion of gullies, exacerbated by factors such as urbanization, deforestation, and poor land use practices. The chapter also discusses the historical and empirical data on rainfall patterns, emphasizing the need for advanced modeling and quantification methods to predict and manage future gully erosion. Additionally, it highlights the potential impacts of climate change on the region's vulnerability to gully erosion, underscoring the importance of comprehensive environmental management strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractThe occurrence and expansion of gullies in southeastern Nigeria has remained an environmental impediment, despite several successive attempts by policymakers and environmental stakeholders in curbing the menace. Climatic variability (variability in temperature and rainfall patterns), soil type and geomorphology are peculiar drivers of gully expansion in southeastern Nigeria. Research findings on gully erosion triggers, quantification, modeling and management have been highlighted. Key triggering mechanisms have been based on the hydrological framework, geomorphology and human factors, while modeling and management approaches have been based on conventional and non-conventional monitoring techniques and crisis management approaches. Based on a review of previous and recent literature, and available statistics, this chapter provides a detailed assessment of climatic variation on the impact of rainfall distribution patterns and intensity on the formation and expansion of gullies in southeastern Nigeria using time series data on rainfall patterns (e.g. trends in annual rainfall, trend of variability and change in seasonal monthly rainfall, variability in the number of rain days, onset and cessation, and trends of the number of rain days and the anomalies) for various periods. A detailed analysis of progress from recently well-observed trends to more hypothetical model simulations and explanations for gully erosion prediction, mitigation, and management with respect to climatic variability are also discussed. -
Chapter 25. The Impact of Seasonal Changes on the Trends of Physicochemical, Heavy Metal and Microbial Loads in Water Resources of Southeastern Nigeria: A Critical Review
Johnson C. Agbasi, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Chinanu O. Unigwe, Michael E. Omeka, Vincent E. Nwazelibe, Joshua O. Ighalo, Chaitanya B. Pande, Abdulamid A. FakoyaThe chapter delves into the critical issue of seasonal changes affecting water quality in Southeastern Nigeria, focusing on trends in physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and microbial loads. It discusses the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources, highlighting the significance of understanding these factors for effective water management. The study also emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and assessment of water quality to address the detrimental effects on public health and the environment.AI Generated
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AbstractThe quality of water consumed by humans has a direct impact on their health and life span. Globally, seasonal changes have been identified as one of the major factors influencing water quality. Southeastern Nigeria is a rapidly developing region, experiencing an increase in human activities. The current review article analysed works that studied surface and groundwater resources in Southeastern Nigeria during the rainy and dry seasons. An in-depth literature analysis was employed to achieve the objectives of this study. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first article to review the impacts of seasonal changes on the quality of water resources in Southeastern Nigeria. The findings of the literature review revealed that seasonal variations have a significant impact on water resources in the region. Variations in rainfall and temperature influenced the levels of physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and microbial loads in surface and groundwater resources of the study region. Moreover, seasonal changes also influenced anthropogenic activities (particularly mining and farming) in the region, which in turn altered the water quality. Studies in the region revealed that the wet season is usually the peak of farming activities. Prolonged rainfall and an increase in rainy days during the wet season led to runoff from farms and a decline in mining activities. Seasonal variations in natural processes and anthropogenic activities resulted in different water quality patterns in the region. The findings of this review study is significant to policymakers, water managers and academics interested in public health, water quality, climate change and risk assessment. -
Chapter 26. Impact of Climate Change on Soil Salinity Along Irrigated Farmlands of Jakara River Downstream Minjibir Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria
Karimatu Umar Adamu, Binta Lawan YusufThe chapter delves into the significant impact of climate change on soil salinity in the irrigated farmlands of the Jakara River downstream in Minjibir Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. It discusses the factors contributing to soil salinity, such as excessive groundwater usage, synthetic fertilizers, and climate-related phenomena like increased temperatures and heavy rains. The study area is characterized by a tropical wet and dry climate, with annual rainfall ranging from 884 to 1200 mm and temperatures varying between 21°C and 31°C. The research focuses on the spatial distribution of soil salinity, using geostatistical techniques to create distribution maps and identify areas with high salinity levels. The analysis reveals that the soils in the study area are predominantly sandy clay loam, with high electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage, indicating a significant salinity problem. The chapter highlights the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable management practices to mitigate the adverse effects of soil salinity on agricultural productivity.AI Generated
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AbstractSoil salinization has always been an issue in many places around the world, especially in arid regions where evapotranspiration surpasses rainfall. This study analysed the soil salinity level and variation both laterally and vertically along the irrigated farmlands of the Jakara River downstream. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–15 cm along 10 traverse lines from both sides of the river. A total of 40 soil samples were collected from both sides of the stream at an interval of 100, 200, 300 and 400 merers away. Conventional laboratory techniques for determining soil salinity were adopted for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) soil pH and particle size distribution (PSD). Semivariogram analysis was used to identify the spatial variability of soil salinity causes by either stochastic or structural factors, while an ordinary kriging interpolation technique was used to map the spatial distribution of soil salinity. To avoid detrimental effect of salinity on crops, soil parameters that are major indicators should be assessed periodically for better management. -
Chapter 27. Relationship Between Agricultural Production, Energy Consumption, and Climate Change in Nigeria
Zhou Jun, Udokwu Adaobi Franca, Kingsley O. IwuozorThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between agricultural production, energy consumption, and climate change in Nigeria. It begins by contextualizing global concerns about climate change and its impacts, particularly the role of greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors. The study focuses on Nigeria, a country heavily dependent on fossil fuels for energy, which has significant implications for its environmental sustainability. Using the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality tests, the chapter analyzes the long-term and short-term effects of energy consumption and agricultural production on greenhouse gas emissions. The findings reveal a bidirectional causality between energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, indicating that increased energy consumption leads to higher emissions. Notably, the chapter highlights the potential of agricultural production to mitigate climate change, suggesting that enhancing agricultural activities could reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This insightful analysis provides policymakers with a foundation for developing strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability in Nigeria.AI Generated
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AbstractEnergy consumption and agricultural production are major emitters of greenhouse gases that cause climate change. This climate change in turn affects energy sustainability and food security for both present and future generations. In this chapter, the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag model (ARDL) and the Granger Causality test were used to examine the connection between climate change, energy consumption, and agricultural output in Nigeria for a duration of 28 years (1990–2017), using carbon dioxide gas as a proxy for climate change. According to the short-run ARDL calculation, increasing energy consumption increases carbon dioxide gas emissions, whereas increasing agricultural output decreases carbon dioxide gas emissions. The long-run estimate, on the other hand, demonstrates that increasing energy usage reduces carbon dioxide emissions while increasing agricultural production does not catalyze any significant change in carbon dioxide emissions. The Granger Causality test results revealed that there is a bidirectional relationship between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but there is a unidirectional relationship between agricultural output and energy consumption. This implies that in order to reduce greenhouse gases, agricultural production and energy consumption should be increased and decreased, respectively. The results of this study show that Nigeria consumes large amounts of energy, which is mainly dominated by non-renewable energy sources, which consequently results in high emissions of greenhouse gases as a result of emissions from the energy sector. In accordance with the research results, this paper puts forward a series of policy recommendations to help promote sustainable development. -
Backmatter
- Title
- Climate Change Impacts on Nigeria
- Editors
-
Johnbosco C. Egbueri
Joshua O. Ighalo
Chaitanya B. Pande
- Copyright Year
- 2023
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-21007-5
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-21006-8
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21007-5
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