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2018 | Supplement | Chapter

2. Climate Change

Authors : Antonio A. Romano, Giuseppe Scandurra, Alfonso Carfora, Monica Ronghi

Published in: Climate Finance as an Instrument to Promote the Green Growth in Developing Countries

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter deepens the thermal balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System with respect to the balance between the incoming solar energy in the system and that the outgoing radiation heat. It introduces the concept of the greenhouse effect – analyzing the natural and the enhanced greenhouse effect – and outlines the role that the gases contained in the atmosphere have in determining the global average temperature of the Earth’s surface. It also introduces the concept of reaction and the important influence that it has in the evolution of thermal equilibrium of the Earth System. From the scientific evidence of global warming, also outline the requirements to mitigate the consequences of climate change and, given the long permanence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, to provide measures for adaptation to the effects of global heating.

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Footnotes
1
The choice of the term “greenhouse effect” is unhappy. In fact, in greenhouses, the internal temperature increase is essentially due to the fact that the glazed surfaces eliminate the convective air effect by preventing the heat exchange with the outside. At equilibrium, the interior of the greenhouse and the glass surfaces will reach a new temperature limited by the convective motion of air around the same greenhouse which will eliminate the heat. In the case of the Earth System, instead, the heating mechanism is due to the difference between the energy of the incoming wavelength and the outgoing one.
 
2
The empirical evidence presented in Fig. 2.3 were obtained through observations in the polar ice cores and ocean sediments. It is, therefore, of indirect observations of the temperature. However, the vast majority of scholars believe these very reliable projections with a confidence interval is shown with shaded color in the same figure. Using the same techniques it was possible to measure the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere trapping in the deep ice of air particles of the various geological periods.
 
Literature
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Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK (1999) Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophys Res Lett 26(6):759–762. doi:10.​1029/​1999GL900070 CrossRef
Mann ME, Zhang Z, Hughes MK, Bradley RS, Miller SK, Rutherford S, Ni F (2008) Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105(36): 13252–13257, doi:10.1073/pnas.0805721105, PMC 2527990, PMID 18765811
Trenberth K, Fasullo J, Kiehl J (2009) Earth’s global energy budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report Overview
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: fifth assessment report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report Overview
Metadata
Title
Climate Change
Authors
Antonio A. Romano
Giuseppe Scandurra
Alfonso Carfora
Monica Ronghi
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Climate Finance as an Instrument to Promote the Green Growth in Developing Countries

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60710-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-60711-5

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60711-5_2