Climate Policy Integration
A Comparative Analysis of Land Use Change and Energy Sectors in Indonesia and Mexico
- 2022
- Book
- Author
- Heiner von Lüpke
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This book analyzes climate policy integration processes by investigating cause-effect relations in cases of integrating climate policy in energy and land-use sectors of Indonesia and Mexico, taking a novel comparative case study approach. The book identifies root causes for integration outside of the public administration, discussing decisive factors in the political economy of the energy and land-use sectors. Showing how policy windows may open for the successful integration of climate policies nevertheless, the book addresses the need to identify and properly use these windows to establish the administrative and institutional arrangements for effective climate policy implementation.
This book offers two-fold insights for overcoming the challenges posed by climate policy integration: Firstly, it contributes to theory-building by amending theories of the policy process and by taking a wider perspective on the role of integration in the context of transformational change processes in emerging economies. Secondly, it sets forth a set of research-based practical policy recommendations on how to foster climate policy integration in the political decision-making processes as well as the public administration structures. Therefore, this book will appeal to scholars and researchers of public policy, public administration, political science, and environmental sciences, as well as policy-makers and practitioners interested in a better understanding of climate policy integration in energy and land-use sectors.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Climate Policy Integration: Widely Called for, But Contested in Implementation
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. The Case for Climate Policy Integration
Heiner von LüpkeThe chapter 'The Case for Climate Policy Integration' delves into the urgent need for climate policy integration (CPI) in emerging economies, driven by the robust scientific evidence of climate change and the challenges faced by governments in mitigating its impacts. It introduces the concept of CPI, emphasizing the super wicked nature of climate policy problems and the necessity of integrating climate policies with other policy domains. The chapter also presents the rationale for the book, which aims to empirically examine CPI in emerging economies and identify the factors contributing to its success or failure. The research questions guiding the book are introduced, setting the stage for a thorough exploration of CPI in the context of emerging economies.AI Generated
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AbstractA large challenge for climate policymakers is to integrate climate objectives across the range of policy sectors, which play important parts to achieve national mitigation targets. Such integration is reportedly challenged by stovepipe structures of public administrations, and institutional fragmentation, including oftentimes diverging ideas, interests, and mandates of policy actors in the climate and sectoral policy fields. Notwithstanding, there are mounting calls by the international community and concerned policy actors for more climate policy integration (CPI). However, scientific research has not provided sufficient empirical analysis of CPI and theoretical explanations with regard to the conditions under which CPI may unfold. Consequently, this book shows how Mexico and Indonesia are addressing challenges of CPI, explains the observed degrees of CPI, and provides recommendations for more effective integration. -
Chapter 2. Concepts and Theories for CPI
Heiner von LüpkeThe chapter delves into the intricacies of Climate Policy Integration (CPI), a concept aimed at bridging the gap between national climate goals and sectoral policies. It explores the historical evolution of policy integration, the challenges faced in implementing CPI, and the need for ambitious climate mitigation strategies. The text also offers a detailed definition of CPI, emphasizing the importance of policy coherence, coordination, and cross-sector collaboration. Additionally, it presents a theoretical model for CPI, discussing the role of international resources, policy processes, and public administration structures in achieving integrated climate policies. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into the practical aspects of CPI, making it a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers alike.AI Generated
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AbstractPolicy integration is an emerging scientific field, which is used to advance understanding and real-life policymaking to address recent day, complex, and urgent problems such as climate change. This book uses a definition of climate policy integration as being characterized by the increasingly ambitious incorporation of climate policy goals into all stages of policymaking and governance systems in other policy fields, and by attempts to minimize contradictions between climate policy and other policies. CPI is not an end in itself, but sectoral integration is an inherent feature of climate policy that leads to an integrated climate policy and related policy outcomes. In this book, CPI accounts for fine balances between climate policy objectives and development priorities, as they are typically defined by sectoral policy fields. -
Chapter 3. Compound Comparative Analysis: Motivations for Country and Sector Selection and Methods
Heiner von LüpkeThis chapter delves into the research design and methods employed for a comparative analysis of policy integration across different sectors and countries. The author introduces the concept of compound comparative analysis and motivates the choice of sectors for comparison, specifically Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) and the energy sector. The operationalization of independent variables such as policy discourse, policy goals and instruments, and subsystem involvement is outlined. The chapter also provides an introduction to the four cases under comparison, highlighting the rationale behind the selection of Mexico and Indonesia as the countries of focus. The methodology includes a mix of qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews, policy and media document analysis, and causal process tracing. The chapter aims to contribute to middle-range theory development and testing, making it a valuable resource for specialists in public policy and environmental studies.AI Generated
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AbstractThis book uses qualitative case study research to analyze the processes and factors related to CPI in two very different sectors—land use change and forestry (LUCF) and energy—across two emerging economies, Indonesia and Mexico. The logic of comparison follows a most different systems design across these sectors and applies a compound approach: Comparative results across sectors are then compared across countries to understand whether variations and specific concatenations still hold true or not. CPI is analyzed in each of the cases on two levels that play a role in integration, i.e., the political sphere and the public administration level. Methods include semi-structured interviews, process tracing as well as an iterative approach between data and hypotheses to identify causal mechanisms to explain CPI.
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Pathways for Climate Policy Integration
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 4. Introduction to Countries and Sectors: Energy and LUCF Sectors of Mexico and Indonesia
Heiner von LüpkeThis chapter delves into the energy and LUCF sectors of Mexico and Indonesia, focusing on sectoral trends, GHG emissions, and institutional arrangements for climate policy. It highlights the significant rise in GHG emissions from the energy sector in both countries, driven by the predominant use of fossil fuels. The chapter also discusses the historical developments and challenges in policy coordination and implementation, as well as the role of international support in shaping these sectors. Additionally, it examines the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia and the complexities of integrating climate policy across different sectors. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the institutional frameworks and policies aimed at reducing GHG emissions, emphasizing the importance of cross-sectoral coordination and effective policy implementation.AI Generated
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AbstractFour cases of CPI in Mexico’s and Indonesia’s energy and LUCF sectors are introduced. Up until 2020, Indonesia has a low degree of renewable energy deployment, despite moderately ambitious policy targets for energy and climate. The reliance and dependency on fossil fuels are high, in particular on coal for domestic use and revenue generation through export. At the same time, Mexico’s energy and climate policy fields are characterized by political attempts to boost renewable energy: initially through top-down target setting, and later through the successful promulgation of the energy transition law. Both Mexico and Indonesia show high rates of deforestation and GHG emissions, driven mostly by expansion of agricultural crops, but institutional arrangements differ and so does the use of international support. -
Chapter 5. Four Cases of Climate Policy Integration: Energy and LUCF Sectors of Mexico and Indonesia
Heiner von LüpkeThe chapter examines the integration of climate policy in the energy and LUCF sectors of Mexico and Indonesia, focusing on the political discourse, policy goals, instruments, and subsystem involvement. It begins with the Indonesian energy sector, analyzing the low degree of renewable energy deployment despite ambitious policy targets. The discourse around renewable energy was framed as beneficial for economic growth rather than climate change mitigation, with political arguments favoring fossil fuels. The analysis then shifts to the Indonesian LUCF sector, highlighting the challenges in reducing deforestation rates and the lack of coordination between climate and forestry policies. The chapter also explores the role of NGOs and civil society in pushing for renewable energy and opposing mining malpractices. In Mexico, the chapter delves into the energy sector during the presidencies of Felipe Calderón and Enrique Peña Nieto, noting the evolution of climate policy integration from top-down approaches to more integrated legislative frameworks. The analysis covers the political discourse, policy goals, and instruments, highlighting the challenges and successes in achieving climate policy integration. The chapter concludes by evaluating the overall degree of climate policy integration in both countries, emphasizing the importance of political will, institutional structures, and external factors such as foreign aid in driving climate policy integration.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Indonesian energy sector shows a low degree of CPI, strikingly not only at the political but also at the administrative level. Reasons include that the political economy of coal precludes policy windows from opening, and in its course, international support and public administration cannot find integration pathways into the sector. Mexico’s energy sector shows medium degrees of CPI, mainly due to the promulgation success of the energy transition law. However, the vertical public administration structure does not facilitate integration. Indonesia’s LUCF sector features low to medium degrees of CPI with an opening policy window for improving land use governance, albeit insufficiently used by climate policy actors. Mexico’s LUCF CPI degree is low, mostly due to lack of political attention to the sector, while international support does not contribute to sufficient integration.
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The Bigger Picture: Climate Policy Integration Approaches in the Context of Transformational Change
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 6. Toward a CPI Typology
Heiner von LüpkeThis chapter develops a typology of Climate Policy Integration (CPI) policy types, drawing on case studies and related literature. It first examines varying degrees of CPI across analytical levels and cases, leading to different configurations of policy means and ends. The author then presents four types of CPI policy outputs, including climate-relevant sectoral policies, symbolic meta-policies, joint new policymaking, and paradigmatic policy change. Each type is assessed based on its potential for incremental or paradigmatic policy change, with a focus on raising the ambition of climate action. The chapter also provides recommendations for measuring CPI occurrences using specific indicators. The unique contribution of this work lies in its systematic approach to categorizing CPI policies and evaluating their impacts on sectoral transformation, offering valuable insights for policymakers and researchers alike.AI Generated
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AbstractFour generic types of integrated climate policies are presented, which are developed on basis of different degrees of CPI, the principal mechanism of integration, combinations of policy goals and instruments, and estimates of combined climate-sectoral outcomes. In rising order of outcomes, these are the climate-relevant sectoral policies (climate-relevant, but developed without explicit climate objectives), the symbolic meta-policy type (compilation of existing climate-relevant sector policies), joint new policy type (developed by a combination of climate and sectoral motives), and the paradigmatic policy change type (as former type, but involving radical new calibrations). While the first three types are identified empirically in the case studies, the fourth type is proposed on basis of the available information and deemed as fit to achieve the Paris Agreement goals. -
Chapter 7. Building Theories: CPI in the Context of Transformational Change
Heiner von LüpkeThis chapter delves into the intricate dynamics of integrating climate and sectoral policies, focusing on the political economy of individual cases. It compares cases from Mexico and Indonesia to reveal that the main drivers for integration are rooted in the political economy of each case. For instance, the fossil fuel economy favored integration in Mexico’s energy sector but hindered it in Indonesia’s. The public administration, despite cross-sectoral coordination structures, presents a barrier to integration in all cases. The chapter also examines the role of international resources and support, showing that incentive-based mechanisms like REDD+ can open policy windows but may also divert attention from domestic integration. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the connections between political and public administration levels, highlighting the importance of a fit public administration for integrated approaches. It concludes by proposing an overall pathway for integrated governance of transformational change processes, emphasizing the need for a cross-sectoral approach and effective policy design.AI Generated
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AbstractThe results of the case overarching comparison of causal mechanisms show that the main drivers for the integration of climate and sectoral policies are found in the political economy of the cases. For instance, while the fossil fuel economy favored integration in Mexico’s energy sector, it prevented the integration of climate policy in Indonesia’s energy sector. In contrast, the public administration presents a barrier to the integration of policies in all cases, despite the existence of cross-sectoral coordination structures. Hence, the sectoral features of land use change and energy as such do not make a difference, but rather the way in which political economy issues are addressed in these sectors that matters. These findings lead to modifications of existing policy process theories, including that CPI is inseparable from wider concepts of transformational change. -
Chapter 8. Policy Recommendations and Outlook
Heiner von LüpkeThe chapter 'Policy Recommendations and Outlook' delves into the intricacies of climate policy integration (CPI) with land-use change and forestry (LUCF) and energy sectors in Mexico and Indonesia. It begins by outlining the contributions and limitations of the research, which employed a qualitative case study approach to identify factor constellations influencing CPI. The study found that low to medium degrees of CPI are concerning, as they hinder the anchoring of climate policy objectives in sectoral policymaking. The main drivers for integration were found to stem from the political economy environment rather than public administration structures. The research highlights the need for a more holistic view on reforms, synchronizing political and public administration levels to deliver integrated policy outcomes. It also explores the connections between CPI and transformational change processes, emphasizing the role of public steering in fostering ongoing societal and corporate trends. The chapter concludes with specific policy recommendations, including the need for integrated decision-making, proper synchronization between political and administrative levels, and the reform of public administration systems for more integrated approaches. For the LUCF sector, it suggests integrating agriculture into climate policy discourse and further developing REDD+ mechanisms. The chapter offers valuable insights and practical guidance for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve CPI effectiveness in emerging economies.AI Generated
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AbstractThe case studies allow to draw overall conclusions of relevance to the international climate policy community. Firstly, low to medium degrees of CPI are alarming, as it bears the risk that an important instrument to transport climate ambition into sectors is underdeveloped. Policymakers should dedicate more attention to understanding and developing CPI approaches to ensure that Paris Agreement objectives can be achieved. Secondly, problems of “policy coordination” have often drawn attention to the public administration but have root causes in an adverse political economy environment. Hence, policymakers are advised to work on solutions on both levels. Thirdly, CPI is closely linked to transformational change, which implies that policy actors need to consider non-state drivers which are outside the public sector, and not resort to public spheres only.
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Backmatter
- Title
- Climate Policy Integration
- Author
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Heiner von Lüpke
- Copyright Year
- 2022
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-18927-2
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-18926-5
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18927-2
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