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Published in:
Introduction: Emerging Powers as Development Assistance Providers in International Aid Architecture Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. COBRADI: The Rise and Fall of a Southern Provider

Author : Chithra Purushothaman

Published in: Emerging Powers, Development Cooperation and South-South Relations

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Brazil’s rise as a development assistance provider has been slow and steady with substantial progress in the twenty-first century under Lula administration. The changing political and economic landscape has raised concerns on the future of Brazilian Cooperation for International Development (Cobradi) and the framework it was actually based on. The changing realities of domestic and international politics have altered the space of Cobradi, which emphasised on SSC as the most significant tenet. The current leadership under Bolsonaro is pushing for its membership in the OECD, thereby eroding the long-standing principles and tenets of Cobradi. While Brazil’s development assistance is interlinked with its global aspirations and domestic preferences, the presidential diplomacy has had a huge role to play in defining and structuring the Cobradi in its foreign policy.

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previous chapter The Evolving Bilateral Aid Architecture
next chapter Chinese Development Assistance: Leveraging Deep Pockets
Footnotes
1
CEPAL is the Spanish acronym for the Economic Commission for Latin America, established in 1948, with its headquarters in Santiago, Chile. CEPAL is one of the five regional commissions of the UN. In 1984, the commission’s work was broadened to include the Caribbean countries, and hence, it was called the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
 
2
BAPA provided the conceptual underpinnings as well as a practical guide for realising the objectives of TCDC (UNDP 1994).
 
3
MRE is also famously referred to as Itamaraty.
 
4
During this period, Brazil’s efforts were in the direction of creating a national system for coordinating its technical cooperation. It also signed its first agreements with partner countries during this phase (Inoue and Vaz 2012, 509).
 
5
This phase is marked by a considerable increase in the number of aid projects funded by Brazil in other countries of the global south (Inoue and Vaz 2012, 509).
 
6
This was a major turning point in Cobradi as the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) was set up in 1987 as an important step in the institutionalisation process of Cobradi. This phase continued till 2003 when President Lula came to power.
 
7
This phase started when President Lula took office. It was the golden period in the history of Brazilian development cooperation so far (Inoue and Vaz 2012, 509).
 
8
Major examples of Brazil’s support to other developing countries in agriculture sector have been the Mozambique Tropical Savannah Agricultural Development Project (ProSavana) and the Cotton-4 Project. ProSavana has been an attempt to replicate Brazil’s success in its Cerrado (Savannah) region, where it could achieve high agricultural productivity using appropriate technologies, in Mozambique’s Savannah region. This project has been a triangular cooperation project between Brazil, Mozambique and Japan. Cotton-4 project has been executed in four African partner countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali. This project focusses on improving the production of cotton as well as improving its quality thereby giving the economies of these countries a boost.
 
9
Bolsa Familia has been Brazil’s flagship social programme, based on conditional cash transfer, started during the Cardoso regime that got tremendous boost from the subsequent Lula administration. Initiated to stimulate growth and social development, it has been considered as one of the success stories with a large number of people coming out of extreme poverty in Brazil.
 
10
This mainly constitutes investments with varying rates of returns. If financing was to be considered as a part of Cobradi, the actual figures would have been much higher than what was given in the IPEA report as Brazil’s development cooperation.
 
11
Brazil has several trilateral cooperation projects running, in Latin America and Africa, with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the US Agency for International Development (USAID), German Federal Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) and French Development Agency (AFD).
 
12
Like the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), which is linked to the Ministry of Agriculture or the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), related to the Ministry of Health.
 
13
This includes federated states and municipalities.
 
14
Prof. Carlos Milani, during an interview with him on 3 April 2015 at Rio de Janeiro, explained this issue in detail. Similar views were expressed by the interviewees in the MRE, ABC and IPEA. However, the IPEA officials said that they are trying to get this data for incorporating it into the next report that they are planning to come up with. But this is a very time-taking process and data is not shared publicly and there are not any options to access it unless it is provided by the authorities on request of the Federal government.
 
15
The main objective of this programme was to encourage Brazilian states and municipalities to develop international technical cooperation projects with their counterparts in other developing countries (Planalto 2016).
 
16
However, the exact details on the projects are unavailable as the website has these relevant sections password-protected, leading to much speculation on the lack of transparency. The annual reports issued by IBSA Fund are another link to look into the projects running or already completed (IBSA Fund 2016).
 
17
(ABC 2016b).
 
18
The OECD has given Cobradi figures based on the IPEA report and has not be able to come up with independent data on Cobradi. Hence, Cobradi figures from 2010 to present are not available as it has not yet been published by IPEA, the only agency that disseminates the official data on Cobradi.
 
19
See Fig. 3.2.
 
20
In Cape Verde, this programme was called “Casa para Todos (Homes for All)” (IPEA 2014).
 
21
SENAI is a non-profit organization that provides formal training and education for workers in the industrial sector.
 
22
Conare is an agency affiliated to the Ministry of Justice.
 
23
These values have been calculated on the basis of the figures given in the IPEA report 2014.
 
24
Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness is a roadmap for improving the effectiveness of aid. It was signed in 2005 by the OECD countries. Brazil voiced its opinion against this declaration stating that it is harsh and unfair on the recipients and does not take into consideration the voice of emerging powers who are development assistance providers. The major tenets outlined in this declaration are “ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing results and mutual accountability” (OECD 2016b).
 
Literature
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Metadata
Title
COBRADI: The Rise and Fall of a Southern Provider
Author
Chithra Purushothaman
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Emerging Powers, Development Cooperation and South-South Relations

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51536-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-51537-9

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51537-9_3