Top

Published in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Biogas Dual-Fuel Engines

Authors : Eiji Tomita, Nobuyuki Kawahara, Ulugbek Azimov

Published in: Biogas Combustion Engines for Green Energy Generation

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Biogas can be utilized in dual-fuel engines because of higher thermal efficiency. Biogas is supplied from intake port and liquid diesel fuel is injected in the cylinder directly. The combustion starts from the autoignition of a mixture of vaporized liquid fuel, further igniting biogas and air mixture. The initial combustion occurs at multi points, leading to certain and stable ignition followed by turbulent combustion. At first, visualization of the dual-fuel combustion with micro pilot injection is presented. The effects of liquid fuel injected, biogas flow rate, load, carbon dioxide (CO₂) ratio in biogas, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), compression ratio, H₂ addition, pre-heating and other parameters are reviewed based on the literatures. Next, an example of the combustion achieving higher output and thermal efficiency with micro pilot dual-fuel combustion is described, as well as exhaust emissions. After the premixed mixture is autoignited in the end-gas region in latter half of the combustion, pressure oscillation does not occur in some conditions and transition to abnormal knocking combustion is avoided. The effect of CO₂ ratio on PREMIER combustion was investigated and it was found that with higher concentrations of CO₂ it was easier to keep control of PREMIER combustion.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Biogas Spark Ignition Engines

next chapter Advanced Combustion Technologies for Higher Thermal Efficiency

G.A. Karim, A review of combustion processes in the dual fuel engine-the gas diesel engine. Progress Energy Combust. Sci. 6, 277–285 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(80)90019-2CrossRef

G.A. Karim, Combustion in gas fueled compression Ignition engines of the dual fuel type. Trans. ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 125, 827–836 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1581894

B.B. Sahoo, N. Sahoo, U.K. Saha, Effect of engine parameters and type of gaseous fuel on the performance of dual-fuel gas diesel engines—a critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13, 1151–1184 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.003CrossRef

N.N. Mustafi, R.R. Raine, P.K. Bansal, The use of biogas in internal combustion engines—a review. ASME ICES2006 1306, 225–234 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1115/ICES2006-1306

J.K. Mwangi, W.J. Lee, Y.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, L.C. Wang, An overview: Energy saving and pollution reduction by using green fuel blends in diesel engines. Appl. Energy 159, 2140236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.084CrossRef

P. Rosha, A. Dhir, S.K. Mohapatra, Influence of gaseous fuel induction on the various engine characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 3333–3349 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.055CrossRef

C. Deheri, S.K. Acharya, D.N. Thatoi, A.P. Mohanty, A review on performance of biogas and hydrogen on diesel engine in dual fuel mode. Fuel 260, 116337 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116337CrossRef

C. Jiang, T. Liu, J. Zhong, A study on compressed biogas and its application to the compression ignition dual-fuel engine. Biomass 20, 53–59 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(89)90020-6CrossRef

A. Bilcan, O. Le Corre, A. Delebarre, Thermal efficiency and environmental performances of a biogas-diesel stationary engine. Environ. Technol. 24, 1165–1173 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330309385657CrossRef

10.

D. Barik, S. Murugan, Investigation on combustion performance and emission characteristics of a DI (direct injection) diesel engine fueled with biogas-diesel in dual fuel mode. Energy 72, 760–771 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.106CrossRef

11.

D. Barik, M. Sivalingam, Performance and emission characteristics of a biogas fueled DI diesel engine. SAE Tech. Paper 2013-01-2507 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2507

12.

D. Barik, A.K. Satapathy, S. Murugan, Combustion analysis of the diesel–biogas dual fuel direct injection diesel engine– the gas diesel engine. Int. J. Ambient Energy 38, 259–266 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1086681CrossRef

13.

K. Cacua, L. Olmos-Villalba, B. Herrera, A. Gallego, Experimental evaluation of a diesel-biogas dual fuel engine operated on micro-trigeneration system for power, drying and cooling. Appl. Therm. Eng. 100, 762–767 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.02.067CrossRef

14.

S.K. Mahla, V. Singla, S.S. Sandhu, A. Dhir, Studies on biogas-fuelled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 9722–9729 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1247-4CrossRef

15.

K.A. Rahman, A. Ramesh, Studies on the effects of methane fraction and injection strategies in a biogas diesel common rail dual fuel engine. Fuel 236, 147–165 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.091CrossRef

16.

M.S. Gaikwad, A.H. Kolekar, K.M. Jadhav, M.S. Yadav, P.R. Chitragar, Performance and emission characteristics of biomethane-diesel dual-fuelled CI engine in the presence of exhaust gas recirculation. Int. J. Ambient Energy (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1722741

17.

C. Jagadish, V. Gumtapure, Experimental studies on cyclic variations in a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with raw biogas by dual mode of operation. Fuel 266, 117062 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117062CrossRef

18.

P.M. Duc, K. Wattanavichien, Study on biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine. Energy Convers. Manage. 48, 2286–2308 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.03.020CrossRef

19.

C.C.M. Luijten, E. Kerkhof, Jatropha oil and biogas in a dual fuel CI engine for rural electrification. Energy Convers. Manage. 52, 1426–1438 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.10.005CrossRef

20.

V. Makareviciene, E. Sendzikiene, S. Pukalskas, A. Rimkus, R. Vegneris, Performance and emission characteristics of biogas used in diesel engine operation. Energy Convers. Manage. 75, 224–233 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.012CrossRef

21.

M. Feroskhan, S. Ismail, Investigation of the effects of biogas composition on the performance of a biogas-diesel dual fuel CI engine. Biofuels 7, 593–601 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1168025CrossRef

22.

H. Ambarita, Performance and emission characteristics of a small diesel engine run in dual-fuel (diesel-biogas) mode. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 10, 179–191 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2017.06.003CrossRef

23.

H. Ambarita, Effect of engine load and biogas flow rate to the performance of a compression ignition engine run in dual-fuel (diesel-biogas) mode. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 309, 012006 (2018). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/309/1/012006

24.

R. Bouguessa, L. Tarabet, K. Loubar, T. Belmrabet, M. Tazerout, Experimental investigation on biogas enrichment with hydrogen for improving the combustion in diesel engine operating under dual fuel mode. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 9052–9063 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.003CrossRef

25.

F.Z. Aklouche, K. Loubar, A. Bentebbiche, S. Awad, M. Tazerout, Experimental investigation of the equivalence ratio influence on combustion, performance and exhaust emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine operating on synthetic biogas fuel. Energy Convers. Manage. 152, 291–299 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.09.050CrossRef

26.

N.N. Mustafi, R.R. Raine, A study of the emissions of a dual fuel engine operating with alternative gaseous fuels. SAE Tech. Paper 2008-01-1394 (2008). https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1394

27.

C. Nayak, S.S. Sahoo, L.N. Rout, Emission analysis of a dual fuel diesel engine fuelled with different gaseous fuels generated from waste biomass. Int. J. Ambient Energy 42, 570–575 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1562971CrossRef

28.

S. Verma, L.M. Das, S.S. Bhatti, S.C. Kaushik, A comparative exergetic performance and emission analysis of pilot diesel dual-fuel engine with biogas, CNG and hydrogen as main fuels. Energy Convers. Manage. 151, 764–777 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.09.035CrossRef

29.

D. Barik, S. Murugan, Experimental investigation on the behavior of a DI diesel engine fueled with raw biogas-diesel dual fuel at different injection timing. J. Energy Inst. 89, 373–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2015.03.002CrossRef

30.

S. Das, D. Kashyap, B.J. Bora, P. Kalita, V. Kulkarni, Thermo-economic optimization of a biogas-diesel dual fuel engine as remote power generating unit using response surface methodology. Therm. Sci. Eng. Progr. 24, 100935 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.100935CrossRef

31.

M. Feroskhan, S. Ismail, Evaluating the effect of intake parameters on the performance of a biogas–diesel dual-fuel engine using the Taguchi method. Biofuels 11, 441–449 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1370885CrossRef

32.

A. Sharma, N.A. Ansari, A. Pal, Y. Singh, S. Lalhriatpuia, Effect of biogas on the performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel-ethanol blends through response surface methodology approach. Renew. Energy 14, 657–668 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.031CrossRef

33.

S.K. Mahla, S.M. Safieddin Ardebili, H. Sharma, A. Dhir, G. Goga, H. Solmaz, Determination and utilization of optimal diesel/n-butanol/biogas derivation for small utility dual fuel diesel engine. Fuel 289, 119913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119913

34.

S.S. Kalsi, K.A. Subramanian, Effect of simulated biogas on performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of a bio-diesel fueled diesel engine. Renew. Energy 106, 78–90 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.006CrossRef

35.

M.S. Lounici, K. Loubar, M. Tazerout, M. Balistrou, L. Tarabet, Experimental investigation on the performance and exhaust emission of biogas-diesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine. SAE Tech. Paper 2014-01-2689 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2689

36.

S. Verma, L.M. Das, S.C. Kaushik, Effects of varying composition of biogas on performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine using exergy analysis. Energy Convers. Manage. 138, 346–359 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.066CrossRef

37.

A. Henham, M.K. Makkar, Combustion of simulated biogas in a dual-fuel diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manage. 39, 2001–2009 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00071-5CrossRef

38.

N.N. Mustafi, R.R. Raine, S. Verhelst, Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels. Fuel 109, 669–678 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.007CrossRef

39.

S. Bari, Effect of carbon dioxide on the performance of biogas/diesel dual-fuel engine. Renew. Energy 9, 1007–1010 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(96)88450-3CrossRef

40.

S. Verma, L.M. Das, S.C. Kaushik, S.S. Bhatti, The effects of compression ratio and EGR on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel-biogas dual fuel engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 150, 1090–1103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.080CrossRef

41.

M.S. Gaikwad, K.M. Jadhav, A.H. Kolekar, P.R. Chitragar, Combustion characteristics of biomethane–diesel dual-fueled CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Biofuels 12, 369–379 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1479136CrossRef

42.

F. Königsson, P. Stalhammar, H-E. Angstrom, Characterization and potential of dual fuel combustion in a modern diesel engine. SAE Tech. Paper 2011-01-2223 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2223

43.

C.W. Oo, M. Shioji, S. Nakao, N.N. Dung, I. Reksowardojo, S.A. Roces, N.P. Dugos, Ignition and combustion characteristics of various biodiesel fuels (BDFs). Fuel 158, 279–287 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.049CrossRef

44.

J.J. Hernández, M. Lapuerta, J. Barba, Effect of partial replacement of diesel or biodiesel with gas from biomass gasification in a diesel engine. Energy 89, 148–157 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.050CrossRef

45.

S.H. Yoon, C.S. Lee, Effect of biofuels combustion on the nanoparticle and emission characteristics of a common-rail DI diesel engine. Fuel 90, 3071–3077 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.007CrossRef

46.

S.H. Yoon, C.S. Lee, Experimental investigation on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas–biodiesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine. Fuel Proces. Technol. 92, 992–1000 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.021CrossRef

47.

D. Barik, M. Sivalingam, Investigation on performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with Karanja methyl ester and biogas in dual fuel mode. SAE Tech. Paper 2014-01-1311 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1311

48.

D. Barik, S. Murugan, Simultaneous reduction of NO_x and smoke in a dual fuel DI diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manage. 84, 217–226 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.042CrossRef

49.

D. Barik, S. Murugan, Effects of diethyl ether (DEE) injection on combustion performance and emission characteristics of Karanja methyl ester (KME)–biogas fueled dual fuel diesel engine. Fuel 164, 286–296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.094CrossRef

50.

D. Barik, S. Murugan, N.M. Sivaram, E. Baburaj, P. Shanmuga Sundaram, Experimental investigation on the behavior of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with Karanja methyl ester-biogas dual fuel at different injection timings. Energy 118, 127–138 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.025

51.

D. Barik, A. Kumar, S. Murugan, Effect of compression ratio on combustion performance and emission characteristic of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with upgraded biogas-Karanja methyl ester-diethyl ether port injection. Energy Fuels 32, 5081–5089 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01977CrossRef

52.

N. Khayum, S. Anbarasu, S. Murugan, Optimization of fuel injection parameters and compression ratio of a biogas fueled diesel engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil as a pilot fuel. Energy 221, 119865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119865CrossRef

53.

D.K. Ramesha, A.S. Bangari, C.P. Rathod, R.S. Chaitanya, Combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a biogas fuelled diesel engine with fish biodiesel as pilot fuel. Biofuels 6, 9–19 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2015.1036960CrossRef

54.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Comparative assessment of a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine with rice bran oil methyl ester, pongamia oil methyl ester and palm oil methyl ester as pilot fuels. Renew. Energy 81, 490–498 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.019CrossRef

55.

A. Sharma, Y. Singh, N.A. Ansari, A. Pal, S. Lalhriatpuia, Experimental investigation of the behaviour of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel blends having effect of raw biogas at different operating responses. Fuel 279, 118460 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118460CrossRef

56.

S.H. Park, S.H. Yoon, J. Cha, C.S. Lee, Mixing effects of biogas and dimethyl ether (DME) on combustion and emission characteristics of DME fueled high-speed diesel engine. Energy 66, 413–422 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.007CrossRef

57.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Improving the performance of a biogas powered dual fuel diesel engine using emulsified rice bran biodiesel as pilot fuel through adjustment of compression ratio and injection timing. Trans. ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 137, 091505 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029708

58.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Estimating the theoretical performance limits of a biogas powered dual fuel diesel engine using emulsified rice bran biodiesel as pilot fuel. Trans. ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol. 138, 021801 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031836CrossRef

59.

B.K. Debnath, B.J. Bora, N. Sahoo, J.K. Saha, Influence of emulsified palm biodiesel as pilot fuel in a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000163

60.

M. Feroskhan, S. Ismail, A. Kumar, V. Kumar, S.K. Aftab, Investigation of the effects of biogas flow rate and cerium oxide addition on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine. Biofuels 8, 197–205 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1215072CrossRef

61.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, S. Chatterjee, V. Veer, Effect of compression ratio on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine run on raw biogas. Energy Convers. Manage. 87, 1000–1009 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.080CrossRef

62.

H.N. Singh, A. Layek, Experimental exploration of the impact of compression ratio on the characteristics of a biogas fueled dual fuel compression ignition engine. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 8, 2075–2084 (2018). https://www.ijrer.org/ijrer/index.php/ijrer/article/view/8377

63.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Experimental evaluation of a rice bran biodiesel-biogas run dual fuel diesel engine at varying compression ratios. Renew. Energy 87, 782–790 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.002CrossRef

64.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Optimisation of injection timing and compression ratio of a raw biogas powered dual fuel diesel engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 92, 111–121 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.111CrossRef

65.

B.J. Bora, U.K. Saha, Theoretical performance limits of a biogas–diesel powered dual fuel diesel engine for different combinations of compression ratio and injection timing. ASCE J. Energy Eng. 142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000293

66.

M. Talibi, P. Hellier, N. Ladommatos, Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics, and in-cylinder gas composition, of hydrogen enriched biogas mixtures in a diesel engine. Energy 124, 397–412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.070CrossRef

67.

S. Verma, L.M. Das, S.C. Kaushik, S.K. Tyagi, An experimental investigation of exergetic performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen supplemented biogas-diesel dual fuel engine. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 2452–2468 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.032CrossRef

68.

N. Khatri, K.K. Khatri, Hydrogen enrichment on diesel engine with biogas in dual fuel mode. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 7128–7140 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.167CrossRef

69.

K. Cacua, A. Amell, F. Cadavid, Effects of oxygen enriched air on the operation and performance of a diesel-biogas dual fuel engine. Biomass Bioenergy 45, 159–167 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.003CrossRef

70.

M. Feroskhan, S. Ismail, M.G. Reddy, A. Sai Teja, Effects of charge preheating on the performance of a biogas-diesel dual fuel CI engine. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 21, 330–337 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.04.001

71.

A. Sarkar, U.K. Saha, Role of global fuel-air equivalence ratio and preheating on the behaviour of a biogas driven dual fuel diesel engine. Fuel 232, 743–754 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.016CrossRef

72.

A.V. Prabhu, A. Avinash, K. Brindhadevi, A. Pugazhendhi, Performance and emission evaluation of dual fuel CI engine using preheated biogas-air mixture. Sci. Total Environ. 754, 142389 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142389CrossRef

73.

M. Maizonnasse, J.S. Plante, D. Oh, C.B. Laflamme, Investigation of the degradation of a low-cost untreated biogas engine using preheated biogas with phase separation for electric power generation. Renew. Energy 55, 501–513 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.006CrossRef

74.

I.D. Bedoya, A.A. Arrieta, F.J. Cadavid, Effects of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel–biogas dual fuel engine performance. Biosour. Technol. 100, 6624–6629 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.052CrossRef

75.

N. Khayum, S. Anbarasu, S. Murugan, Combined effect of fuel injecting timing and nozzle opening pressure of a biogas-biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. Fuel 262, 116505 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116505CrossRef

76.

I.T. Yilmaz, M. Gumus, Investigation of the effect of biogas on combustion and emissions of TBC diesel engine. Fuel 188, 69–78 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.034CrossRef

77.

F.Z. Aklouchea, K. Loubara, A. Bentebbiche, S. Awad, M. Tazerout, Predictive model of the diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode fuelled with different gaseous fuels. Fuel 220, 599–606 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.053CrossRef

78.

R.G. Papagiannakis, D.T. Hountalas, C.D. Rakopoulos, Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine. Energy Convers. Manage. 48, 2951–2961 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.003CrossRef

79.

X. Liu, H. Wang, Z. Zheng, M. Yao, Numerical investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of a heavy-duty natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine. Fuel 300, 120098 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120998CrossRef

80.

U. Azimov, E. Tomita, N. Kawahara, Y. Harada, Premixed mixture ignition in the end-gas region (PREMIER) combustion in a natural gas dual-fuel engine: operating range and exhaust emissions. Int. J. Engine Res. 12, 484–497 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087411409664CrossRef

81.

U. Azimov, E. Tomita, N. Kawahara, Y. Harada, Effect of syngas composition on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine operated in PREMIER combustion mode. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36, 11985–11996 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.192CrossRef

82.

U. Azimov, E. Tomita, N. Kawahara, Ignition, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of micro-pilot ignited dual-fuel engine operated under PREMIER combustion mode. SAE Tech. Paper 2011-01-1764 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1764

83.

C. Aksu, N. Kawahara, K. Tsuboi, S. Nanba, E. Tomita, M. Kondo, Effect of hydrogen concentration on engine performance, exhaust emissions and operation range of PREMIER combustion in a dual fuel gas engine using methane-hydrogen mixtures. SAE Tech. Paper 2015-01-1792 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1792

84.

C. Aksu, N. Kawahara, K. Tsuboi, M. Kondo, E. Tomita, Extension of PREMIER combustion operation range using split micro pilot fuel injection in a dual fuel natural gas compression ignition engine: a performance-based and visual investigation. Fuel 185, 243–253 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.120CrossRef

85.

N. Kawahara, Y. Kim, H. Wadahama, K. Tsuboi, E. Tomita, Differences between PREMIER combustion in a natural gas spark-ignition engine and knocking with pressure oscillations. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37, 4983–4991 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.055CrossRef

86.

A. Valipour Berenjestanaki, N. Kawahara, K. Tsuboi, E. Tomita, End-gas autoignition characteristics of PREMIER combustion in a pilot fuel-ignited dual-fuel biogas engine. Fuel 254, 115634 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115634

87.

A. Valipour Berenjestanaki, N. Kawahara, K. Tsuboi, E. Tomita, Performance, emissions and end-gas autoignition characteristics of PREMIER combustion in a pilot fuel-ignited dual-fuel biogas engine with various CO₂ ratios. Fuel 286, 119330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119330

88.

E. Tomita, N. Kawahara, J. Zheng, Visualization of auto-ignition of end gas region without knock in a spark-ignition natural gas engine. J. KONES Powertrain Transp. 17, 521–527 (2010). http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BUJ7-0018-0008

Title: Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Biogas Dual-Fuel Engines
Authors: Eiji Tomita
Nobuyuki Kawahara
Ulugbek Azimov
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Biogas Combustion Engines for Green Energy Generation
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94537-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-94538-1

Copyright Year: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94538-1_3