Compatibility Analysis of Hydrogen Infrastructure and Ship Bunkering Needs

The European Union's ambitious climate targets necessitate a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime sector, driving the exploration of alternative fuels. Hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen produced from renewable energy, emerges as a promising candidate due to its zero-carbon emissions. However, the integration of hydrogen into the maritime fuel landscape is fraught with challenges, including production inefficiencies, high costs, and logistical hurdles related to storage, transportation, and bunkering. The chapter delves into the technical and operational aspects of hydrogen bunkering, comparing it with existing methods used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other alternative fuels. It explores various bunkering methods, such as truck-to-ship, ship-to-ship, and shore-to-ship, each with its own set of advantages and limitations. The analysis is enriched by a case study of Klaipeda Seaport, which provides practical insights into the implementation of hydrogen bunkering for liner shipping, including Ro-Ro and Ro-Pax vessels. The chapter also discusses the regulatory landscape and the need for standardized bunkering procedures to ensure safety and efficiency. By examining the operational possibilities and constraints, the chapter offers a comprehensive view of how hydrogen can be effectively integrated into the maritime fuel ecosystem, paving the way for a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.