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2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Compulsory Optionality: International Standardizing Bodies as Transnational Actors in International Investment Law

Authors : Eleni-Amalia Giannakopoulou, Marios Tokas

Published in: Transnational Actors in International Investment Law

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

From a traditional public international law perspective, a standard is either binding or it is not: there is no in-between. The emergence of international standards as a key component of modern international public policy, however, has proven that normativity does not have such a binary notation. The voluntary instruments described as international standards have acquired growing influence in the field of World Trade Organization law. This chapter argues that international investment law has not escaped these developments. Accordingly, the purpose of the present chapter is to identify the role of international standardization bodies as transnational actors of international investment law, by determining their influence on the interpretation and application of rights and obligations under international investment agreements.

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Kerwer (2005), pp. 611–612. This is similar but not exactly the same as the term “standard” in Annex 1.2 TBT Agreement.

Delimatsis (2018), p. 275; Büthe and Mattli (2011), p. 17.

For different types of classification and definitions see: Pauwelyn (2014); Kerwer (2005); Mattli and Seddon (2015), pp. 182–183.

Büthe and Mattli (2011), p. 19.

Fratianni (2006) and Goodhart (2011).

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Mavroidis (2012), pp. 670–678.

E.g. GATT 1994, Art. XXXVIII:2(e); GATS Article VII:5, Annex A:7(a).

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See TBT, Art. 2.4 and 2.5; SPS, Art. 3.1 and 3.2.

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Pauwelyn (2014), pp. 748–751.

In this respect see Pauwelyn (2014).

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Panel Reports, Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, para. 7.416, WTO Docs WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (adopted August 27, 2018).

Panel Reports, Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, para. 7.1457, WTO Docs WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (adopted August 27, 2018).

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Panel Report, Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, para. 7.1594, 7.1531, WTO Docs. WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (adopted August 27, 2018).

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Delimatsis and Hoekman (2018), pp. 283–288.

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Panel Report, Argentina – Measures Relating to Trade in Goods and Services, paras 7.751–7.753, WTO Doc. WT/DS453/R (adopted May 9, 2016).

Mavroidis (2012), p. 679.

EFTA States – Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement, Art. 8.2; Ecuador – EFTA States FTA, Art. 8.3; EU – Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, Art. 8.3.

See also on CSR: Marx (2014) and Dimopoulos (2015).

See, Brazil – Malawi BIT, Art. 9; Brazil – Ecuador BIT, Art. 14. Cf. also the references to CSR in Canada – Burkina Faso BIT, Art. 16; Australia – Hong Kong Investment Agreement, Art. 16; Belarus – India BIT, Art. 12; Argentina – Japan BIT, Art. 17.

See for example, Kazakhstan – Singapore BIT, Art. 21; Armenia – Korea BIT, Annex II.

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Panel Reports, European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WTO Docs WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, (adopted November 21, 2006), paras 7.92, 7.94–7.96.

Panel Report, Mexico – Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services, paras 7.235–7.236, WTO Doc. WT/DS204/R, (adopted June 1, 2004).

Panel Reports, Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, paras 7.412, 7.1531, WTO Docs. WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (adopted August 27, 2018).

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Bayindir Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi AS v Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/29, Decision on Jurisdiction, 14 November 2005, para. 113; Weeramantry (2012), paras 3.32–3.51.

Gazzini (2016), p. 214.

Also proposed by Pauwelyn (2014), p. 757.

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Poštová banka, a.s. and ISTROKAPITAL SE v. Hellenic Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/13/8, Award, 9 April 2015, paras 248–350.

Poštová banka, a.s. and ISTROKAPITAL SE v. Hellenic Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/13/8, Award, 9 April 2015, paras 313–324.

E.g. Mitchell and Munro (2017); Weeramantry (2012), paras 5.35–5.37.

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Crystallex International Corporation v. Venezuela, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/11/2, Award, 4 April 2016, paras 591, 594.

Heiskanen (2008); Paparinskis (2014), pp. 218–259; Dolzer and Schreuer (2012), pp. 193–195.

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Chemtura Corporation v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL (formerly Crompton Corporation v. Government of Canada), Award, 2 August 2010, paras 133–143.

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The criteria can be found in academia with different names: Sarzo (2018), pp. 383–391; Diebold (2011), pp. 835–845; Bjorklund (2008), pp. 38–48.

Sergei Paushok, CJSC Golden East Company and CJSC Vostokneftegaz Company v. Government of Mongolia, UNCITRAL, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability, 28 April 2011, para. 315; S.D. Myers v. Canada, UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 13 November 2000, para. 250.

Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. Mexico, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/04/5, Award, 21 November 2007, para. 198; Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. Mexico, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/99/1, Award, 16 December 2002, paras 171–172; Grand River Enters. Six Nations Ltd. v. United States, UNCITRAL, Award, 12 January 2011, para. 165.

Apotex Holdings Inc. v. United States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/12/1, Award, 25 August 2014, para. 8.15; Pope & Talbot v. Canada, NAFTA/UNCITRAL, Award on the Merits, Phase 2, 10 April 2001, paras 83–95.

Dolzer and Schreuer (2012), p. 200.

Corn Products International Inc v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/04/1, Decision on Responsibility, 15 January 2008, paras 137, 120; Paushok Sergei Paushok, CJSC Golden East Company and CJSC Vostokneftegaz Company v. Government of Mongolia, UNCITRAL, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability, 28 April 2011, para. 315.

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Pope & Talbot v. Canada, NAFTA/UNCITRAL, Award on the Merits, Phase 2, 10 April 2001, paras 83–95; DiMascio and Pauwelyn (2008).

Merrill & Ring Forestry LP v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL/ICSID Administrated, Award, 31 March 2010, para. 89.

Champion Trading Company and Ameritrade International, Inc v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/9, Award, 27 October 2006, para. 154; Railroad Development Corporation v Republic of Guatemala, ICSID Case No ARB/07/23 Award, 29 June 2012, para. 153; Molinuevo (2012), p. 119.

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The Equator Principles, A financial industry benchmark for determining, assessing and managing environmental and social risk in projects, https://equator-principles.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/The-Equator-Principles-July-2020.pdf, (last accessed 23 April 2020); Wörsdörfer (2015).

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References are made, for example, to legitimate expectations of consumers: Glinski (2007), pp. 122 et seq.; or reasonable reliance of market actors: Beckers (2018), p. 366; or means for overcoming information asymmetries: Büthe and Mattli (2011).

116

Bilcon of Delaware et al v. Government of Canada, PCA Case No. 2009-04, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability, 17 March 2015.

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121

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122

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123

South American Silver Limited v. Bolivia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2013-15, Award, 22 November 2018, paras 472–491.

124

South American Silver Limited v. Bolivia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2013-15, Award, 22 November 2018, para. 757.

125

On the other side of the spectrum see Abengoa S.A. y COFIDES S.A. v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/09/2, Award, 18 April 2013, paras 653–673; Bear Creek Mining Corporation v. Republic of Peru, ICSID Case No. ARB/14/21, Award, 30 November 2017, paras 565–569.

126

South American Silver Limited v. Bolivia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2013-15, Award, 22 November 2018, para. 491.

127

Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v. The Russian Federation, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2005-04/AA227, Final Award, 18 July 2014, para. 1611.

128

Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v. The Russian Federation, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2005-04/AA227, Final Award, 18 July 2014, para. 1612.

129

Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v. The Russian Federation, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2005-04/AA227, Final Award, 18 July 2014, para. 1634.

130

Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v. The Russian Federation, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2005-04/AA227, Final Award, 18 July 2014, paras 1283–1290.

131

For more: Yilmaz Vastardis and Chambers (2018).

132

See Bijlmakers and van Calster (2015), pp. 275–310.

133

Similarly: Bonnitcha and McCorquodale (2017) and Fasterling (2017).

134

Claimant tried to substantiate a claim of violation of FET on the basis of alleged violations of commitments made by Barbados under international environmental treaties. Peter A. Allard v. The Government of Barbados, PCA Case No. 2012-06. Award, 27 June 2016, paras 33–52, 164–165, 170.

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Title: Compulsory Optionality: International Standardizing Bodies as Transnational Actors in International Investment Law
Authors: Eleni-Amalia Giannakopoulou
Marios Tokas
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Transnational Actors in International Investment Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60678-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-60679-4

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60679-4_3