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2012 | Book

Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2012

12th International Conference, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, June 18-21, 2012, Proceedings, Part II

Editors: Beniamino Murgante, Osvaldo Gervasi, Sanjay Misra, Nadia Nedjah, Ana Maria A. C. Rocha, David Taniar, Bernady O. Apduhan

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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About this book

The four-volume set LNCS 7333-7336 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2012, held in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, in June 2012.

The four volumes contain papers presented in the following workshops: 7333 - advances in high performance algorithms and applications (AHPAA); bioinspired computing and applications (BIOCA); computational geometry and applicatons (CGA); chemistry and materials sciences and technologies (CMST); cities, technologies and planning (CTP); 7334 - econometrics and multidimensional evaluation in the urban environment (EMEUE); geographical analysis, urban modeling, spatial statistics (Geo-An-Mod); 7335 - optimization techniques and applications (OTA); mobile communications (MC); mobile-computing, sensind and actuation for cyber physical systems (MSA4CPS); remote sensing (RS); 7336 - software engineering processes and applications (SEPA); software quality (SQ); security and privacy in computational sciences (SPCS); soft computing and data engineering (SCDE).

The topics of the fully refereed papers are structured according to the four major conference themes: 7333 - computational methods, algorithms and scientific application; 7334 - geometric modelling, graphics and visualization; 7335 - information systems and technologies; 7336 - high performance computing and networks.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Workshop on Econometrics and Multidimensional Evaluation in the Urban Environment (EMEUE 2012)

Knowledge and Innovation in Manufacturing Sector: The Case of Wedding Dresses in Southern Italy

The neoclassical production function assumes that economic growth depends on exogenous factors of production centred on capital, labour and technology. However, residual variables, notably social capabilities and knowledge, are neglected. This study seeks to highlight that, in fact, they are key variables for understanding the economic growth and recent structural changes of an industrial cluster, both in technical and organizational terms. In this work, the peculiarity of knowledge and in particular of tacit knowledge form a crucial element in the social capabilities that are associated with enlarging knowledge learning processes and network diffusion. The aim of this research is to analyse the key role that knowledge and innovations play in the local wedding system of Bari in Puglia. They are the decisive factors in the survival of firms in a global market for the creation of competitive advantage and provide a basis for continuous innovation. The relationship between innovation and knowledge is discussed in the theoretical part of the paper, while the empirical aspect remains based upon results of consumer and producer surveys. The objective is to show how innovation, including demand-driven, can influence companies’ behaviours.

Annunziata de Felice, Isabella Martucci, Dario Antonio Schirone
Marketing Strategies: Support and Enhancement of Core Business

In theory, the use of atypical marketing techniques holds the potential to support commerce. One such unconventional approach is demonstrated in the example of a specialty furniture company. The company implemented a food-marketing policy as collateral service to the core business The strategic importance of this policy was demonstrated through the resulting boost in sales. The empirical evidence was gathered through measurement and analysis of consumer expenditure. This was monitored under various purchasing conditions. Analysis presents the dimensions resulting from such a successful strategy, showing how the most effective promotional technique is carried out within a single store.

Dario Antonio Schirone, Germano Torkan
The Rational Quantification of Social Housing
An Operative Research Model

This work has addressed the issue of the urban redevelopment of brownfield sites. It has developed an evaluation model for the quantification of the social housing component that the private investor must make in favor of the public administration. The protocol is based on finding a balance between the interests of the parties involved in urban redevelopment. The algorithm is constructed by borrowing techniques from Operations Research Linear Programming. The objective function is to maximize the social housing quota. The constraints formalize the utility functions of the two contracting parties (public and private). The result is a simple to use mathematical process, which can be implemented in any local context, in order to make choices consistent with the potential of the local housing markets. The algorithm developed is applied to a case located in a municipality of the Agro-Nocerino-Sarnese (SA). The output returned enhances the rationality of the model, capable of contributing to the feasibility of the redevelopment of disused areas.

Gianluigi De Mare, Antonio Nesticò, Francesco Tajani
Simulation of Users Decision in Transport Mode Choice Using Neuro-Fuzzy Approach

In this paper, soft computing and artificial intelligence techniques have been used to define a model for simulating users’ decisional process in a transportation system. Through this framework, the variables involved are expressed by approximate or linguistic values, like in the humans’ reasoning way, in order to forecast users’ mode choice behavior. The model has been specified and calibrated using a set of real life data. Results appear good in comparison with those obtained by a classical random utility based model calibrated with the same data, and the methodology seems promising also in case of different applications in the field of choice behavior simulation.

Mauro Dell’Orco, Michele Ottomanelli
Multidimensional Spatial Decision-Making Process: Local Shared Values in Action

This paper is about developing a methodological framework for a multidimensional spatial decision-making process oriented to the identification of a territorial transformation strategy reflecting shared values. Through the empirical investigation in an operative case study, the Avellino-Rocchetta S. Antonio railway line, in the South of Italy, an integrated evaluative approach implemented in a SDSS can make us go beyond space and hierarchical limits. Taking into account the different multidimensional components of decision-making process, making clear the weights and recognizing the different priorities, fit and situated strategies have been identified, according to an interactive and dynamic dialogue among expertise and local communities.

Maria Cerreta, Simona Panaro, Daniele Cannatella
A Proposal for a Stepwise Fuzzy Regression: An Application to the Italian University System

Fuzzy regression techniques can be used to fit fuzzy data into a regression analysis. Diamond treated the case of a simple least square model introducing a metrics into the space of triangular fuzzy numbers; in this paper we propose a stepwise procedure to select independent variables in a multivariate model.

At each iteration we introduce into the equation the variable which is less correlated with the already present ones and, at the same time, significantly explains the total sum of the squares of the estimated model; in any case a variable, whose explanatory contribution is subrogated by the combination of those later introduced, can be eliminated until the end of the iterations.

The goodness of the proposed selection procedure is reviewed in the evaluative context of the Italian university system. In our country educational offer has been recently enriched of innovative services, such as those directed to information for students and, more specifically, to their input or output guidance; as an example, teaching regulations recently allow students to gain a training experience directly in workplaces. In the perspective of monitoring more closely the innovative services offered by universities, we evaluate the effectiveness of the activated internships through the opinion (itself fuzzy) expressed by students on many aspects concerning them.

Francesco Campobasso, Annarita Fanizzi
Cluster Analysis for Strategic Management: A Case Study of IKEA

Business strategy, understood as the set of choices implemented in order to achieve long-term goals [1], or as identified through SWOT Analysis [2], to which reference is so frequently made during periods of economic boom, was surpassed during the 1970s and 80s by

strategic planning

[3] and

strategic management

. The current situation of the IKEA store in Bari (Apulia, Italy) may be understood within this framework. The objective of the present study is, therefore, to identify possible reasons for the likelihood of different consumption patterns and choices by particular groups of individuals in a Primary Market Area.

Paola Perchinunno, Dario Antonio Schirone
Clustering for the Localization of Degraded Urban Areas

The presence of a varied range of definitions on the theme of poverty underlines the necessity of no longer relying on a single indicator yet rather on a group of indicators, useful in the definition of living conditions of various subjects. The starting point for this approach derives from the necessity of identifying, on the basis of statistical data, geographical zones of urban poverty, in the specific case of the area of the city of Bari. Rapid developments in the availability and access to spatially referenced information in a variety of areas have induced the need for better analysis techniques in order to understand the various phenomena. In particular, spatial clustering algorithms, which groups similar spatial objects into classes, can be used for the identification of areas sharing common characteristics. The aim of this paper is to present a density based algorithm for the discovery of clusters of units in large spatial data sets. These approaches have been improved using the SaTScan and DBSCAN or Seg-DBSCAN methodology. Further developments concern the application of a DENCLUE "weighed", obtained using the intensity of a phenomenon instead of the density kernel.

Silvestro Montrone, Paola Perchinunno
A BEP Analysis of Energy Supply for Sustainable Urban Microgrids

The paper shows the use of GIS and other program to identify the technical and economic feasibility of a self-sufficient community in energy supply/demand, through the integration of ICT, intelligent infrastructure (smart grid) and the economic analysis of energy market constrains in housing property management, at the urban level. Here we report the development of a new methodology for assessing the potential capacity and benefits of installing rooftop photovoltaic systems in an urbanized area. It has been possible to analyze the climatic, morpho-typological and architectural characters of the place, in order to identify the optimal size and shape of rooftop area available for solar energy applications at different scales, looking for a minimum threshold to be discovered via an economic break-even point analysis. Computer simulation is included to predict the potential benefits of urban scale photovoltaic system implementation. G. Mangialardi wrote the first and the second paragraph, P. Balena wrote the third paragraph and C. Torre wrote the fourth and the last paragraph of the paper.

Pasquale Balena, Giovanna Mangialardi, Carmelo Maria Torre
The Effect of Infrastructural Works on Urban Property Values: The asse attrezzato in Pescara, Italy

The objective pursued in this text is that of verifying the effects on real estate values exercised by the

asse attrezzato

, the high-speed road artery connecting the city of Pescara with the A14 highway and its inland areas. More in detail, the investigation considered the final section of this infrastructure, which penetrates the consolidated urban fabric of the city by approximately two kilometres as an overpass running parallel to the Pescara River and the quays of the canal port, all the way to the coastline. The urban landscape is strongly characterised by the imposing and markedly functional presence of the viaduct, linked to its use as the privileged means of accessing the city, to which it is interconnected via three interchange ramps. The evaluation employed a technique of inferential statistics, a multiple linear regression analysis, with one of the independent variables represented by the distance of buildings from the interchanges of the

asse attrezzato

. Furthermore, the research experimented with the use of a complex variable: an expression of the grouping of various characteristics associated with the different urban contexts in which the buildings are located. The empirical results reveal the presence of a notable effect on real estate values related to accessibility, and suggest the practicability of using complex variables in regression models in relation to characteristics expressing urban quality.

Sebastiano Carbonara
Prospect of Integrate Monitoring: A Multidimensional Approach

The paper shows as "Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)” can be considered as an essential “decision support system", supported by a systematic process for evaluating the environmental issues of plans and programs. It is shown how in coastal areas, with strong characters of mutability, the assessment procedure must be able to adapt environmental protection and local development and monitoring of feedbacks assumes critical importance. The issues of monitoring and modeling with spatial data infrastructure have been applied to the Coastal Plan of the Apulia Region: a possibility has been explored to implement the analysis of environmental sensitivity and propensity to Coastal erosion due to the level of human pressure on land. The system is based on assessing pressures due to different land uses; such assessment can be integrated without great difficulty with the analysis of criticality and sensitivity provided by the plan. Essential tools to aid the monitoring system are represented by an effective geographic information system for consulting and obtaining the necessary data and analysis from a methodological point of view by AHP. M. Selicato wrote the first paragraph, C. M. Torre wrote the second and the third paragraphs and G. La Trofa wrote the last paragraph.

Marco Selicato, Carmelo Maria Torre, Giovanni La Trofa
The Use of Ahp in a Multiactor Evaluation for Urban Development Programs: A Case Study

The story of public policies and urban development plans is characterized by continuous deals, is affected by an dynamic institutional counterbalance among actors, a political re-formulation of actions that relevantly reduce the affordability of forecasts of success. The interaction among different actors affects the designed path of change, and the negotiation can change strategies, can accelerate or delay pieces of the predicted urban development and consequently modify the flow of positive/negative economic effect, according to the prevalence of one actor on the other inside the different step of the process. Since game theory to perspective theory economic literature describes each actor as afraid of losing the advantage obtained in a process, even in the case of urban transformation when another manages to get one more for himself. The relationship between major advantage of someone and less advantage of some other is relevant when two parties are in competition each other. In this paper a weighting system is applied to actors’ view of reciprocal i8mportance, trying to understand who is going to affect more effectively the bargaining in a complex urban development process. L. Fusco Girard wrote the first and the second paragraph, C.M. Torre wrote the third and the fourth paragraph.

Luigi Fusco Girard, Carmelo Maria Torre
Assessing Urban Transformations: A SDSS for the Master Plan of Castel Capuano, Naples

The objective of this study is to present a spatial simulation modelling of real estate effects caused by urban transformations. The proposed approach extends the formalization of the “Monte Carlo” simulation methods in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), including spatial structure and temporal dynamics. The combined application can be useful in spatial decision making process for urban planning, supporting and modelling operations for urban land-use change. Analysing the new functions for the redevelopment of Castel Capuano, an historic building in Naples (Italy), the paper explores possible scenarios of transformations identifying the effects on the urban real estate market.

Maria Cerreta, Pasquale De Toro

Workshop on Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics (Geo–An–Mod 2012)

Computational Context to Promote Geographic Information Systems toward Human-Centric Perspectives

Spatial information is of vital importance to Geographic Information Systems, but it does not suffice to its application to solve problems that require a human-centric perspective. For this to be accomplished, it must be considered other context dimensions, such as the personal data of users. With this purpose, GIS can be combined with Computational Context in order to produce software parameterized by information other than user’s location. Moreover, considering the shift of GIS toward web/distributed approaches, in this paper, it is also surveyed the placement of the proposed solution in composite Web Services to enable the coupling of geographic systems with worldwide client software.

Luis Paulo da Silva Carvalho, Paulo Caetano da Silva
Voronoi-Based Curve Reconstruction: Issues and Solutions

Continuous curves are approximated by sampling. If sampling is sufficiently dense, the sample points carry the shape information of the curve and so can be used to reconstruct the original curve. There have been lots of efforts to reconstruct curves from sample points. This paper reviews the curve reconstruction methods that use Voronoi diagram in their approach. We, then, describe the main issues of these methods and suggest solutions to deal with them. Especially, we improve one of the Voronoi-based curve reconstruction algorithms (called one-step crust algorithm) by labeling the sample points as a pre-processing. The highlights of our proposed approach are (1) It is simple and easy to implement; (2) It is robust to boundary perturbations and noises; (3) Special cases in sampling like sharp corners can be handled; and (4) It can be used for reconstructing open curves.

Mehran Ghandehari, Farid Karimipour
Geovisualization and Geostatistics: A Concept for the Numerical and Visual Analysis of Geographic Mass Data

Scientific visualization as an interdisciplinary research field offers a wide range of methods and techniques to efficiently analyze and visualize the spatial and temporal data and information. In this article a discipline of scientific visualization is needed to explore information and construct knowledge from geodata: geovisualization. This research field offers tools and techniques to discover relationships, clusters and trends in geodata. Adapting methods from computer science and geographic knowledge discovery spatial and spatiotemporal data-patterns and information can be visualized in different types of charts, plots and combined with elements of cartography.

This article presents selected methods and techniques for two different scientific tasks: (1) To detect spatial attribute relationships of a landform linked to map. Specifically: spatial relationships of size, shape and location of thermokarst lakes, formed through permafrost degradation. We used star charts to visualize multivariable data and to make visible how landforms attributes are relate to each other. (2) A concept is developed to visually explore the specific distribution of emergency services and service clusters due to space and time. It depends on the example of emergency services of the City of Cologne. This geodata set contains more than 500,000 emergency services beginning 01/2007 and ending in 08/2011. The concept’s core is a new hierarchical data representation based on tree diagrams linked with a cartographic visualization of the results received from explorative statistics (e.g., kernel density estimation).

Julia Gonschorek, Lucia Tyrallová
Spatio-Explorative Analysis and Its Benefits for a GIS-integrated Automated Feature Identification

This paper deals with an automated feature identification process, specifically identification of landforms and their attributes. The feature identification process is GIS-integrated and is carried out on the commercial platform ArcGIS. Spatio-explorative analysis offers a wide range of methods and techniques for the feature identification. An automated process is helpful for experts to identify many feature types over large areas. Our study case are thermokarst lakes (as prime climate indicators) in two different areas: North Canada and North Siberia. For the analysis of variance and correlation we have established a required significance level up to five percent. We have found correlations between the existing feature parameters and use regression analysis to optimize the identification process as well as to be able to better distinguish individual landforms from each other. Our goal is to provide GIS-integrated object-identification tools to identify and characterize landforms indicative of climate change, to allow extracting parameters required to assess climatic boundary conditions.

Lucia Tyrallová, Julia Gonschorek
Peer Selection in P2P Service Overlays Using Geographical Location Criteria

Peer-to-peer service overlay networks (P2P SON) are increasingly being infrastructure providers for networking services, allowing service providers to cooperatively offer and run a flexible set of services. Regarding this condition, the selection of peers is a key issue for improving resource usage; service performance, and ultimately end users Quality of Experience (QoE). This paper presents an approach to best peer selection in a three-tier P2P SON architecture, allowing the splitting of service business functions and peer selection functions. The proposed best peer selection approach is evaluated by simulation, using a literature available geographic positioning metrich that takes into account real delay and jitter made available by the CAIDA project and MaxMind’s free database. The simulation results show the consistency and good performance of the proposed peer selection approach.

Adriano Fiorese, Paulo Simões, Fernando Boavida
Models for Spatial Interaction Data: Computation and Interpretation of Accessibility

The paper is in the area of spatial optimization, for simulating and understanding spatial interaction. The model foundation is from Wilson’s “doubly constrained” model of spatial interaction. The idea is to perform a sensitivity analysis on the parameters of this model and to interpret the results in terms of accessibility. The main purpose of this type of analysis is to use data from interaction systems to uncover structural effects that help to understand the role of origin and destination location, and accessibility. US air passenger traffic is used as the starting point for the model. The model reproduces many of the features of the data with a parsimonious set of parameters, leaving some aspects of the analysis open to interpretation. An innovative idea in this paper is to compute averages and other measures directly from the data, fit a model to these data, and then to use the fitted (and observed) matrices to evaluate numerous theoretically inspired measurements. This paper (in a modular way) develops the introduction and context, and then moves to theory, spatial disaggregation, and empirical applications.

Morton E. O’Kelly
Am I Safe in My Home? Fear of Crime Analyzed with Spatial Statistics Methods in a Central European City

This article presents the results of a quantitative survey in a central European city, where more than 1,500 citizens were asked about their fear of becoming a victim of burglary. Additionally, vulnerabilities to crimes were measured. A large set of spatial data was analyzed with different spatial-statistic methods and visualized in maps intended to serve as a summarized overview of the citizens’ fear of crime. First results show that there are specific hot spots in fear of burglary, majorly in the core of the city, and statistically significant differences in the pattern of fear of burglary between the districts. Furthermore, areas with a lack of technical safety standards were identified. This information shall help to start local crime prevention programs to reduce fear of crime and increase the quantity of protected homes.

Daniel Lederer
Developing a GIS Based Decision Support System for Resource Allocation in Earthquake Search and Rescue Operation

After an extreme earthquake strikes an urban area, the main objective of a Search and rescue operation is to minimize the number of fatalities. Therefore the assignment of rescue resources (Rescue Groups) to operational areas is of great importance to disaster managers. This paper presents a Decision support system based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and queuing theory in order to determine the resource allocation of an operational area. First, a simulation of an earthquake is implemented in GIS environment. Second, a queuing model simulation is executed and the resulting performance measures are evaluated by considering the survival time for entrapped occupants in the area and the desired Disaster management parameters. Additionally, the best assignment of rescue groups to an operational area is determined. Further work will be dedicated to applying the survival rate into the task allocation model.

Abolfazl Rasekh, Ali Reza Vafaeinezhad
Concepts, Compass and Computation: Models for Directional Part-Whole Relationships

We present a conceptual framework and computational mechanism to allow the interpretation of text phrases such as “in southeastern Bahia,” and “in central Goiás” as spatial features in GIS context. The framework recognises different notions of centre, central sector and outer sector, from which a variety of interpretation models is derived.

We subsequently evaluate these models for the performance characteristics of precision and recall, against a digitised, natural history gazetteer for Brazil, and draw conclusions on the cognition of, and computation with directional part-whole relationships.

Gaurav Singh, Rolf A. de By, Ivana Ivánová
SIGHabitar – Business Intelligence Based Approach for the Development of Land Information Systems: The Multipurpose Technical Cadastre of Ouro Preto, Brazil

This paper evaluates the use of Business Intelligence(BI)technologies as a viable approach to the efficient engineering, update and evolution of Multipurpose Technical Cadastres (MTC) in the context of Land Information Systems (LIS). For this, the MTC of a small Brazilian city named Ouro Preto, located in the Minas Gerais state, has been built as a spatiotemporal data warehouse and BI tools have been used to developing the LIS. The system architecture, conceptual data model and tools are presented. Evaluation experiments have shown that, in two months, 92% of 3,037 realties registered in the study area have been correctly georeferenced and associated to legated information systems. We estimate that fifty percent of project investments will be recovered in the first year in which the LIS will be used to collect taxes and tributes.

Resumo

. Este artigo avalia o uso de tecnologias de Inteligência de Negócios (BI) como uma abordagem viável para a construção, atualização e evolução eficiente de um Cadastro Técnico Multifnalitário (CTM) no contexto de Sistemas de Informação Territorial (SIT). Para isso, o CTM do município Ouro Preto, MG, foi construído como um armazém de dados espaço-temporal e ferramentas de BI foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do SIT. A arquitetura, modelos conceitual de dados e ferramentas desenvolvidas são apresentadas. Análises mostram que, em dois meses, 92% dos 3.037 imóveis registrados na área de estudo foram corretamente georreferenciados e associados a informações de sistemas legados. Estima-se que os investimentos no projeto sejam recuperados após o primeiro ano de uso para cobranças de taxas e impostos.

João Tácio C. Silva, José Francisco V. Rezende, Érika Fidêncio, Tarick Melo, Brayan Neves, Joubert C. Lima, Tiago G. S. Carneiro
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Asphalts Pavement Decision Making Based on Rough Set Theory

Every year a great amount of money is expended for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of roads and pavements in most countries. One of the most usual methods in evaluating pavements distresses is to determine the PCI of the Pavement Condition Index. As a result of large number of variables and complicated decision - making algorithm using the information obtained in this method, may have some difficulties. Presenting an analytic -theoretical method mixed with the PCI method may be the bases for the development of a theoretical empirical method in evaluation of concrete pavements distresses & can remove the difficulties. This paper presents a new approach to the rough-set theory in a Pavement Management System PMS database that enables pavement engineers to discover the shortest subsets of condition attributes having quality equal to the general quality of defined characteristics in the information system, to assess and describe pavement conditions, and to derive decision rules for rehabilitation and reconstruction of the pavements. To evaluate the results, the best algorithm of defined attributes in the information system is determined by making use of Artificial neural network (ANN) method and the result is compared with rough-set ones. The results of the research indicate that the rough-set theory has a better and stronger operational capability in identifying the effective parameters for the severity evaluation of typical distresses in pavements and in decision-making for selecting the type of repair.

Shaaban M. Shaaban, Hossam A. Nabwey
Cartographic Circuits Inside GIS Environment for the Construction of the Landscape Sensitivity Map in the Case of Cremona

The centrality of the landscape, inside territorial planning, has been influencing, for years, the testing of innovative analytical techniques aimed to gather the peculiarities of urban and suburban context. The experience upon construction of landscape sensitivity maps, written for the Cremona’s Urban Variant, brings out the wide variety of cartographic outputs resulting from the large amount of investigations conducted on the various aspects of the local landscape. The fundamental operations of preliminary information recognition are mainly aimed to obtain the specific territorial units of inquiry, the next step concerns the development of detailed evaluation using multidimensional analysis applications, which allow to lead to the different portions of the Cremona area, specific landscape sensitivity classes, by combining synthetic indicators: i) insularisation of non-built spaces ii) morphological / structural values iii) perceptual aspects of the landscape; iv) permanence of the urban system; v) the degree of imperativeness of the environmental constraints; vi) the integrity of land use.

Pier Luigi Paolillo, Umberto Baresi, Roberto Bisceglie
Cloud Classification in JPEG-compressed Remote Sensing Data (LANDSAT 7/ETM+)

Environmental parameters required for geo-information modelling are subject to spatial and temporal dynamics. Remote sensing data can contribute to measure those parameters. For that purpose high-accuracy classifications of remote sensing data are required which can be very time-consuming due to the large data volumes involved. In many applications, however, the rapid provision of classified mass data is of higher priority than classification accuracy. One important focus on research and development efforts in the past years has been to optimise the automated interpretation of remote sensing data. Different investigators have shown that this interpretation can both be effective and efficient in JPEG compressed data with acceptable accuracy. This paper presents an operational processing chain for cloud detection in JPEG-compressed quick-look products of LANDSAT 7/ETM+-scenes (compression ratio is 10:1). Two well-developed conventional algorithms are applied to these datasets for cloud detection. Results show that the processing chain developed is stable and produces quality results with substantially compressed mass data.

Erik Borg, Bernd Fichtelmann, Hartmut Asche
A Probabilistic Rough Set Approach for Water Reservoirs Site Location Decision Making

Recently, advanced methods have been developed for selection of suitable sites for water reservoirs. Although these methods being developed and some new approaches, like GIS techniques, are being used currently, all these methods are mostly dependent on engineering decision making and a need for high cost. In this study, a new approach in the determination of water reservoirs location is proposed. The core of the proposed approach is a soft hybrid induction system called the Generalized Distribution Table and Rough Set System (GDT-RS) to discover classification rules. The system is based on a combination of Generalized Distribution Table (GDT) and the Rough Set methodologies the proposed approach is applied for water reservoirs site location and the results indicate that it is very effective and accurate.

Shaaban M. Shaaban, Hossam A. Nabwey
Definition and Analysis of New Agricultural Farm Energetic Indicators Using Spatial OLAP

Agricultural energy consumption is an important environmental and social issue. Several diagnoses have been proposed to define indicators for analyzing energy consumption at large scale of agricultural farm activities (year, farm, family of production, etc.). However, to define ad-hoc environmental energetic policies to better monitor and control energy consumption, new indicators at a most detailed scale are needed. Moreover, by defining detailed scale indicators, large quantities of geo-referenced data need to be collected to feed these energetic diagnoses. This huge volume of data represents another important limitation of systems that implement these diagnoses because they are usually based on classical data storage systems (such as spreadsheet tools and Database Management Systems). These systems do not allow for interactive analysis at different granularities/scales of huge volumes of data and do not provide any cartographic representation. By contrast, Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) and spatial data warehouse (SDW) systems allow for the analysis of huge volumes of geo-referenced data by providing aggregated numerical values visualized by means of interactive tabular, graphical and cartographic displays. Thus, in this paper, we (i) propose new appropriate indicators to analyze agricultural farm energy performance at a detailed scale and (ii) show how SDW and SOLAP technologies can be used to represent, store and analyze these indicators by simultaneously producing expressive reports.

Sandro Bimonte, Kamal Boulil, Jean-Pierre Chanet, Marilys Pradel
Validating a Smartphone-Based Pedestrian Navigation System Prototype
An Informal Eye-Tracking Pilot Test

Pedestrian navigation is an area which has been researched in a variety of projects and prototypical developments in recent years. This work describes the concept of a pedestrian navigation system prototype, Reality View, which is based on real images in real-time navigation. The navigation instruction is depicted by a virtual route object presented in an augmented reality (AR) environment. This paper discusses a pilot test of the pedestrian navigation system prototype developed on eye-tracking. An additional questionnaire shows the test subject’s mental reaction towards the system and the usability of the system itself. The evaluation of the eye-tracking pilot test allows the analysis of prominent objects in the environment and describes the relationship between reality and navigation instructions.

Mario Kluge, Hartmut Asche
Open Access to Historical Atlas: Sources of Information and Services for Landscape Analysis in an SDI Framework

The paper illustrates the potentials of geospatial data and services to access historical digital atlas for landscape analysis and territorial government. The experience of a historical geo-portal, the ‘Atl@nte dei Catasti Storici’, in the management of geo-referenced and non-geo-referenced maps - ancient cadastral and topographic maps of Lombardy Region - can be considered a case study with common aspects to many European regions having an extensive cartographic heritage. The development of downstream web based services to integrate other data sources (current maps, satellite and UAV airborne photogrammetry, multi-spectral images and derived products) provides new scenarios for retrieving geospatial knowledge of territory, bridging the gap in supporting a sustainable management of the territory.

Raffaella Brumana, Daniela Oreni, Branka Cuca, Anna Rampini, Monica Pepe
From Concept to Implementation: Web-Based Cartographic Visualisation with CartoService

This paper deals with the implementation and prototypical application of a concept of a web-based on-demand service for the modelling and visualisation of quality maps (CartoService, CS). Drawing on state-of-the-art web technology and software architecture CS can be considered a cartographic customisation of the standard visualisation system. The CS architecture is generic and completely based on the use and integration of web-services, more precisely, on a set of loosely coupled, self-contained methods and information units (services). Map modelling and visualisation components are sequentially ordered in a process chain which facilitates an automated production workflow. Interaction between web-service players (communicators) is based on a three-tier architecture. Tasks assigned to CS essential services are discussed and exemplified for one common application scenario: CS as map configurator. Presently, full implementation of CS is under way. As a fully operational product, CS will significantly contribute to the enhancement of web-based map visualisation in comparison to existing standards-based map dissemination.

Hartmut Asche, Rita Engemaier
Multiagent Systems for the Governance of Spatial Environments: Some Modelling Approaches

The concept of community governance is generally intended as the management of complex processes underlying the inherent complexity of the environment.

As a matter of facts, this complex approach provides the diffused, delocalized and multiagent management processes taking place on settled territories with a multiscalar, multisectoral and transdisciplinary vision.

The aspects of interest of this study about the governance theme deal with the definition of an ICT-based, multiple-agent systems (MAS) for the representation of knowledge, roles, relationships, tasks and operational levels involved in governance processes. This model is oriented toward the construction of MAS-based system architectures to support development policymaking, managed through process models of community governance.

The paper starts with a first general introduction on the research background of the paper, particularly governance and multi-agent systems. A second chapter discusses multi-agent modelling and the practical case-study of Foggia (Italy). Concluding remarks end up the paper.

Domenico Camarda
A Data Fusion System for Spatial Data Mining, Analysis and Improvement

The availability of multiple spatial data and differences in their geometric and thematic qualities require the development of a new system with a new approach to data mining. This should include the processes of the analysis and improvement of heterogeneous spatial data structures. This paper describes the concept, architecture and functionality of such a system: the spatial Data Fusion System (DAFU). DAFU allows efficient use of heterogneous spatial information and creates the possibility to individual use of geo-data.

Silvija Stankute, Hartmut Asche
Dealing with Multiple Source Spatio-temporal Data in Urban Dynamics Analysis

Capturing, representing, modelling and visualizing the dynamics of urban mobility have been attracting the interest of the research community recently. One of the drivers for recent work in this area is the availability of large datasets representing many aspects of the urban dynamics. Applications for these studies are diverse and include urban planning, security, intelligent transportation systems and many others. Quite often, the proposed approaches are highly dependent on the data type. This paper describes the definition of a set of basic concepts for the representation and processing of spatio-temporal data, sufficiently flexible to deal with various types of mobility data and to support multiple forms of processing and visualization of the urban mobility. A place learning algorithm is also described to illustrate the flexibility of the proposed framework. Available results obtained by the integration of geometric and symbolic data reveal the adequacy of the proposed concepts, and uncover new possibilities for the fusion of heterogeneous datasets.

João Peixoto, Adriano Moreira
Public Decision Processes: The Interaction Space Supporting Planner’s Activity

The aim of research is to test the model of interaction space as a tool to support the plan conception, in the context of a public decision process.

Interaction space model allows to analyze the interaction mechanisms that a public process generally activates, and help the planner, or more generally the analyst, to understand what kind of development the process could have, in order to address its progress.

The model has been tested during the planning process in Laurenzana, small village in the South of Italy. The paper describes the implementation and carries out some criticisms related to the not well structured relation between the space interaction model and the public decision process: once the interaction space is completely developed, the public process is generally at the beginning of implementation phase.

Giuseppe B. Las Casas, Lucia Tilio, Alexis Tsoukiàs
Selection and Scheduling Problem in Continuous Time with Pairwise-Interdependencies

We propose a general framework for modelling selection-and-scheduling problem with interdependencies in continuous time. Such problem may frequently arise in many real-world evaluation and decision-making contexts, such as project portfolio selection and scheduling in organisations, urban planning, and scheduling of public policies. For the purpose of conducting computational experiments, we further formulate a specific example model to optimise, whose benefit is to require a relatively limited number of input data. Given the NP-hardness of the problem, we employ the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary strategy for solving it, and discuss few results.

Ivan Blecic, Arnaldo Cecchini, Giuseppe A. Trunfio
Parallel Simulation of Urban Dynamics on the GPU

In recent years, geosimulation models are becoming increasingly sophisticated and applied to real-world problems covering large geographical areas. As a result, they often require extended computing times. However, in spite of the improved availability of parallel computing facilities, the applications in the field of urban and regional dynamics modelling are almost always based on sequential algorithms.

T

his paper makes a contribution towards a wider use of some high performance computing techniques, namely those based on General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU), in the geosimulation applications. In particular, the relevant details of a parallel version of a typical Cellular Automata approach for simulating land-use dynamics are presented. Also, some computational results obtained on two typical GPU devices are discussed.

Ivan Blecic, Arnaldo Cecchini, Giuseppe A. Trunfio
Geolocalization as Wayfinding and User Experience Support in Cultural Heritage Locations

People interact with a place by building mental models according to their priority and experience.

The geospatial and social dimensions with the massive introduction of mobile devices are changing the context use of the Web and strengthening the link between spatial, social and digital experiences in a even more

social-space-based

information architecture.

The paper –based on a case study– tries to investigate and propose by a conceptual and social-anthropological perspective, the design of a mobile application through Geo-location and Augmented Reality. The aim is to offer the

unusual

experience of visiting the

Cimitero Monumentale di Milano

, in real time & place, contextual information as biographical, architectural and artistic notes near gravestones, tombs and funerary monuments establishing a relational experience between people and the reale and digital space.

Letizia Bollini, Roberto Falcone
Climate Alteration in the Metropolitan Area of Bari: Temperatures and Relationship with Characters of Urban Context

Urban planning exerts influences on environmental, social and economic system related with the city. Processes of land transformation and city growth determine radical changes in urban landscape morphology and as a consequence they affect air temperature and energy exchange. The urbanization can bear on local climate more intensively than the global warming does. This is due to the rapidity of human made changes related to natural ones. The present work analyzes the state of the art of studies involved in studying urban climate anomalies – Urban Heat Islands (UHI) – in order to explore relationship between urban planning morphology and urban climate. The research aim wants to indentify how urban geometry can be related with climate alterations in order to provide guidelines for planners to frame urban form planning and environmental quality. The case study is the city of Bari, located on the coast of the Mediterranean sea, in Apulia, one of the regions in Italy.

Pierangela Loconte, Claudia Ceppi, Giorgia Lubisco, Francesco Mancini, Claudia Piscitelli, Francesco Selicato
Study of Sustainability of Renewable Energy Sources through GIS Analysis Techniques

In an integrated vision of the problems concerning energy policies, the use of renewable energy sources should assume a significant role. The 2009/28/EC Directive of the European Parliament and Council has indicated ambitious energy and climate change objectives for 2020: greenhouse gas emissions reduction for 20%, renewable energy increase for 20%, improvement in energy efficiency for 20% [1].

The aim of this paper is to present a GIS based methodology able to support decision-making in energy supply from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). To decide what type of renewable energy font is the best choice for a specific territory, it’s important to know the local energetic situation, exploring the potential renewable energy sources available in that specific area, deciding what is the more territory compatible/sustainable among them, and if it’s exploitable by suitable environmental and economic point of view.

The methodology is largely directed towards the development of a tool to support siting decision.

Emanuela Caiaffa, Alessandro Marucci, Maurizio Pollino
The Comparative Analysis of Urban Development in Two Geographic Regions: The State of Rio de Janeiro and the Campania Region

In this paper we verify the possibility of implementing a regional comparative analysis between two systems, the State of Rio de Janeiro and the Campania Region. Primarily, we defined the boundaries of analysis area. Then, we will provide a comparison of the hierarchical structure of the two systems of cities, applying the rank-size distribution or Zipf’s law on the top 15 cities of each one. Finally, we will analyze the specificity of each system and the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and Naples.

Massimiliano Bencardino, Ilaria Greco, Pitter Reis Ladeira
Land-Use Dynamics at the Micro Level: Constructing and Analyzing Historical Datasets for the Portuguese Census Tracts

Historical census micro-data – data aggregated for small-areas – is of foremost importance as a tool for understanding detail patterns in the distribution of social phenomena. However, the non-coincidence of census tracts’ geometries for different years hampers the dynamic analysis of such information. This article applies a methodology which uses auxiliary geographical data to build coherent historical datasets when asymmetric mapping occurs due to incoherent geometries. This data serves as

control zones

which are the source of the computation of a weighting scheme which allows the re-allocation of data for common spatial units. An application to a municipality in the Southern coast of Mainland Portugal – Portimão – helps to show the usefulness of this analysis.

Form

,

structure

and

functional

attributes are combined within a coherent framework. Proximity measures are used to help to identify local patterns. The final outcome highlight the potential of both the methodology used and the historical dataset produced.

António M. Rodrigues, Teresa Santos, Raquel Faria de Deus, Dulce Pimentel
Using Hydrodynamic Modeling for Estimating Flooding and Water Depths in Grand Bay, Alabama

This paper presents a methodology for using hydrodynamic modeling to estimate inundation areas and water depths during a hurricane event. The Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) is used in this research. EFDC is one of the most commonly applied models to Gulf of Mexico estuaries. The event with which the hydrodynamic model was tested was hurricane Ivan. This hurricane made landfall at the Alabama Gulf Coast in September 16, 2004. Hurricane Ivan was the most severe hurricane to hit eastern Alabama. Results show that the EFDC model is able to generate instances of flooded areas before, during and after a hurricane event (Ivan hurricane). The model also estimated water depths and water surface elevation values consistent to measured data reported in the literature, and comparable to model-estimated data from a meso-scale Slosh model for the region (also reported in the literature).

Vladimir J. Alarcon, William H. McAnally
Comparison of Two Hydrodynamic Models of Weeks Bay, Alabama

This paper presents a comparison of two hydrodynamic models of the Weeks Bay sub-estuary (Alabama, USA). One model was developed using the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC). The resulting model was compared to an existing hydrodynamic model (of the same water body) that was developed using the Adaptive Hydraulic modeling system (ADH). Comparisons were performed in terms of predicted water surface elevations in Weeks Bay. The computational grid was created using GEFDC (a mesh generator for EFDC) and NOAA’s coastline and bathymetric data. The results showed that the EFDC model provides comparable water surface elevation (WSE) estimations for five out of seven control points located in the Weeks Bay study area. R

2

values for those points range between 0.88 and 0.99. Root mean square error values are shown to be lower than 0.15 m in those cases. For the rest of the control points, R

2

values range from 0.73 to 0.87 (RMSE range: 0.2 - 0.35), showing that the EFDC model provides acceptable estimations of WSE when compared to the ADH model WSE output. A finer computational mesh may improve EFDC WSE estimations for Weeks Bay as reported in the literature.

Vladimir J. Alarcon, William H. McAnally, Surendra Pathak
Connections between Urban Structure and Urban Heat Island Generation: An Analysis trough Remote Sensing and GIS

The phenomenon of Urban Heat Island is shown by an increase in temperature that mostly affects urban areas in comparison with the surrounding rural areas. This increase in temperature becomes problematic during the heat waves when it can give rise to problems of energy and health. The factors affecting this phenomenon are related to the morphology and location of the urban area, to the characteristics of building and roads materials, to the shape of urban structure. The paper investigates the phenomenon of UHI by analyzing in particular the influence of major urban planning features: the average height of buildings, the building density, the coverage ratio, the percentage of impermeable surface. The study was carried out starting from the analysis of a real case within the Province of Naples. The identification of areas liable to heat islands has been done by working out a thermal map of the Province of Naples through the creation of hyper-spectral satellite images using remote sensing techniques. This map has allowed to select some sample areas within which the main urban planning parameters have been detected through remote sensing techniques or spatial analysis. For each parameter, correlation curves "temperature - urban planning parameter" have been worked out. The main result is the development of an abacus that allows to estimate the expected temperature changes according to the decrease or increase of each urban parameter.

Marialuce Stanganelli, Marco Soravia
Taking the Leap: From Disparate Data to a Fully Interactive SEIS for the Maltese Islands

Taking environmental and spatial planning data to the masses has proven an arduous, expensive and barrier-strewn reality. Data costs, inaccessibility and lack of interactive sites have impeded the implementation of online analysis and knowledge building. The implementation of the Aarhus Convention, the transposition of the INSPIRE Directive and the launching of the SEIS initiative have enabled the Maltese Islands to take the next step into the dissemination of spatial and environmental data to the academic, scientific and public communities. This was made possible through the implementation of a project entitled “Developing national environmental infrastructure and capacity” co-financed under the 2007-2013 European Regional Development Funds (Structural Funds) Programme for Malta, which project was aimed to take national environmental monitoring capacity from a semi-analogue state to a fully interactive online system. The project aims at procuring hardware and software, taking innovative scans of the terrestrial and bathymetric domains, launching SEIS-based information management systems and disseminating the all the data for free.

Saviour Formosa, Elaine Sciberras, Janice Formosa Pace
Analyzing the Central Business District: The Case of Sassari in the Sardinia Island

The cities are places where people, goods and information flows concentrate and, even if they differ in position, dimension and functions, they remain the main players of local, national and international development. Every city, even if represented by its "historic centre" - space that not always has maintained its role of principal central position in the urban evolutionary processes - has experimented developing areas of specialization and concentrations of functions, as districts marked by one or more dominant functions: commercial, administrative, residential or cultural. Starting from the definition of the Central Business District (CBD) or "central place" of the city and keeping as reference the "urban environments" or "districts" of the most recent town-planning project of the city of Sassari, we performed a quantitative and distributive analysis of the

core

urban activities of the whole territory of the Municipality of Sassari. Such analysis was realized on a point pattern represented by the spatial distribution of ‘high level’ urban activities and their elaboration by means of spatial indexes and density estimation. The spatial indexes, referred also to urban roads’ length and to the number of residents of every urban subunit considered, highlighted that such kinds of activities refer mainly to the city center area and concentrate in just four of the thirty-two districts. The GIS elaboration and processing allowed us to represent the central area (CBD), highlighting a

core

, as Piazza d’Italia, where a limited number of residents corresponds to a greater presence of rare activities.

Silvia Battino, Giuseppe Borruso, Carlo Donato
That’s ReDO: Ontologies and Regional Development Planning

European Cohesion Policy generates several programs at territorial levels. An evident trend is the increasing of multi-level governance in the period 2007-2013, promoting a wider participation to programming processes. It is possible to affirm that new instances are coming out. We refer to problems generally connected with participation processes. The relation between problems in knowledge management and ineffective impacts of local development plans is confirmed. Therefore, the central role of communication determines relevant issues regarding the ability to understand the meaning of general and sectoral policies by stake holders, the awareness of citizens to manage technical instruments implementing such policies. Are they conscious of ex-ante comprehensive context analysis and/or can they share possible future scenarios? A way to tackle these problems is the use of ontologies. In this work we present the structural elements and an application of ReDO ontology (Regional Development Ontology) analyzing major steps of ontology design and nodal phases of ontology building (i.e. consensus on relations and restrictions, and switch from glossary to taxonomy).

Francesco Scorza, Giuseppe B. Las Casas, Beniamino Murgante
A Landscape Complex Values Map: Integration among Soft Values and Hard Values in a Spatial Decision Support System

The paper develops a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for the identification and evaluation of the landscape complexity for the Massa Lubrense territory, in the South of Italy. Through the elaboration of a selection of spatial indicators and the combination of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, it has been defined a decision-making process for the construction of a map of complex values,

soft

and

hard

values, that characterize the landscape of Massa Lubrense. The paper explores the potential of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) in the field of land-use planning, recognizing different weights and priorities according to a complex definition of the landscape and its values.

Maria Cerreta, Roberta Mele
Analyzing Migration Phenomena with Spatial Autocorrelation Techniques

In recent times a complete lack of attention to migration phenomena, in national and global policies, led to a huge concentration of foreigners in major cities of Europe and USA. This trend has been faced without effective policies and programs. Consequently, a great opportunity has been transformed in a great threat and the word immigration is generally associated with the term social security. In less than one century, Italy has been transformed from a country originating great migration flows to a country which is the destination of migration flows. The aim of this paper is to examine foreign immigration in Italy distinguishing according to nationality of foreigners. In order to analyze this phenomenon Shannon and Simpson Diversity Indices to measure the level of entropy in a distribution and the variation in categorical data have been used. The spatial dimension of migration flows has been analyzed in this paper using Spatial Autocorrelation techniques and more particularly Local Indicators of Spatial Association in order to analyze the highest values of a foreigner group considering the relationship with the surrounding municipalities.

Beniamino Murgante, Giuseppe Borruso
From Urban Labs in the City to Urban Labs on the Web

This paper reports an experience of planning participation, lead during 2010, with the objective to adopt traditional and innovative forms of participation, in the context of planning process simulation. The experience aimed at enhancing confidence in spatial planning processes, in a context where participation is not yet a custom. Some months later, a new attempt has been lead, to enlarge the set of adopted tools and test some electronic tools for e-valuation, asking citizens to involve other citizens, in order to enlarge the community.

Viviana Lanza, Lucia Tilio, Antonello Azzato, Giuseppe B. Las Casas, Piergiuseppe Pontrandolfi

General Track on Geometric Modelling, Graphics and Visualization

Bilayer Segmentation Augmented with Future Evidence

This paper presents an algorithm that augments a previous model known in the literature for the automatic segmentation of monocular videos into foreground and background layers. The original model fuses visual cues such as color, contrast, motion and spatial priors within a Conditional Random Field. Our augmented model makes use of bidirectional motion priors by exploiting future evidence. Although our augmented model processes more data, it does so with the same time performance of the original model. We evaluate the augmented model within ground truth data and the results show that the augmented model produces better segmentation.

Silvio Ricardo Rodrigues Sanches, Valdinei Freire da Silva, Romero Tori
A Viewer-dependent Tensor Field Visualization Using Multiresolution and Particle Tracing

This paper presents an adaptive method for visualization of tensor fields using multiresolution and viewer position and orientation. A particle tracing method is used in order to explore the benefits of motion to the human perceptual system. The particles are inserted and advected through the field based on a priority list which ranks tensors according to anisotropy measures and viewer parameters. Tensor fields representing colinear and coplanar structures are suitable for multiresolution analysis. Using multiple scales, we propose the use of anisotropic information in multiresolution, yielding an effective and simple method to compute priority values for particle creation. We also propose a new deterministic criterion for particle insertion in the field that balances their distribution in the tensor field domain. Our results show that our method enhances the visualization and reduces artifacts encountered in previous approaches.

José Luiz Ribeiro de Souza Filho, Marcelo Caniato Renhe, Marcelo Bernardes Vieira, Gildo de Almeida Leonel
Abnormal Gastric Cell Segmentation Based on Shape Using Morphological Operations

Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death among medically certified deaths in Malaysia. The most reliable diagnostic method to diagnose gastric adenocarcinoma is by inspecting the microscopic images of samples obtained through biopsy. These images are analyses by pathologist to identify the presence of cancer. However the process is time consuming and the interpretation varies with different pathologist. The application of image analysis techniques can assist pathologist towards a more efficient and faster diagnosis. Thus, this paper introduces an image analysis framework to automatically recognize and distinguished between normal gastric and gastric adenocarcinoma cells. The framework consist of the three phases of image analysis; preprocessing phase where the color tone issues are solved by component separation; processing phase which includes the thresholding and morphological techniques to segment the cells; post processing to identify the perimeter, area and roundness of the cells. This study shows that it is possible to automatically recognize and differentiate images with normal and abnormal cells.

Noor Elaiza Abdul Khalid, Nurnabilah Samsudin, Rathiah Hashim
A Bio-inspired System for Boundary Detection in Color Natural Scenes

This paper proposes a new unsupervised and fully automatic method to detect the boundaries in color natural images, inspired in the human visual model proposed by Grossberg. One of the hypotheses of Grossberg, the FACADE, admits complementary specialized streams at the bifurcation of the parvocellular pathway in the visual cortex: one of the branches performs edge processing and the other performs surface processing. In a similar way, this proposal has two parallel processes that are integrated at the end. The edge processing is implemented through a classical edge-detection method, whereas the surface processing is performed through a region growing method. The proposed integration scheme eliminates false contours resulted from the region growing guided by the result of edge detection, and eliminates the noise resulted from the edge detection as well, now guided by the result of the region growing, thus taking advantage of their complementary natures. Experiments on a large set of color images show that the results of the proposed system are closer to the human perception than the those correspondent to the individual methods (each branch), in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Karin S. Komati, Evandro O. T. Salles, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2012
Editors
Beniamino Murgante
Osvaldo Gervasi
Sanjay Misra
Nadia Nedjah
Ana Maria A. C. Rocha
David Taniar
Bernady O. Apduhan
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-31075-1
Print ISBN
978-3-642-31074-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31075-1

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