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2012 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Concluding Remarks

Authors : Elias G. Carayannis, Ali Pirzadeh, Denisa Popescu

Published in: Institutional Learning and Knowledge Transfer Across Epistemic Communities

Publisher: Springer New York

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Abstract

Kenneth Waltz’s classic work argues that communities and systems of states are organized around one of two fundamental ideals or in his term continuums: anarchy and hierarchy.

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previous chapter Case Study: International Financial Architecture and Standards

Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Waveland Pr Inc; 1 edition, 2010.

Ibid., pp. 114.

Ibid.

K. J. Holsti, “Government: Polyarchy in Nineteen-Century European International Politics” in James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 30.

This term was first coined by Rosenau and Czempiel (see James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics Cambridge University Press, 1992).

See Tanja Bruehl and Volker Rittberger, “From International to Global Governance: Actors, Collective Decision-making, and the United nation in the World of the Twenty-First Century,” in Volker Rittberger, ed, Global Governance and the United Nation System, United Nation Press, 2002, pp. 1–47. See also Volker Rittberger, “Inclusive Institutions for Governance in the Global Political Economy, ACUNS 2007 Annual Meeting on “The Study of International Organizations: Past, Present, Future?”

Jim Whitman, The Limits of Global Governance, Routledge, 2005, pp. 18.

Donald J. Savoie, Power: Where is it by, Mcgill Queens University Press, 2010, pp. 21.

See http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/04/20114391843209245.html.

Gordon Crawford, “Partnership or Power? Deconstructing the ‘Partnership for Governance Reform’ in Indonesia,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 141.

Jim Whitman 2005, pp. 19.

Which according to Webster dictionary means “to exercise continuous sovereign authority over; especially: to control and direct the making and administration of policy in.”

Peter M. Haas, “Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination,” International Organization, vol. 14, no. 1, 1992, pp. 4.

Martin Marcussen, “Institutional Transformation? The Scientization of Central Banking as a Case Study,” in Tom Christensen and Peter Laegried, Autonomy and Regulation; Coping with Agencies in the Modern State, Edward Elgar, 2006, pp. 81.

For detailed study of depoliticiziation see Matthew Flinder and Jim Buller, “Depoliticiziation, Democracy and Arena of Shifting,” in Tom Christensen and Peter Laegried, Autonomy and Regulation; Coping with Agencies in the Modern State, Edward Elgar, 2006, pp. 53–80.

Ibid, pp. 59.

Martin Marcussen 2006, pp. 82.

Ibid., pp. 98.

Another significant implication of transnationality of knowledge community (epistemic community) is the fact that, and unlike governor community, membership cannot be inherited. For instance, as Marcussen points out, “the German governor will always be part of G10, but the German governor will only be member of the knowledge community if he can contribute to the generation of scientific knowledge.” See Martin Marcussen 2006, pp. 99.

Alan S. Blinder, The Quiet Revolution, Yale University Press, 2004.

Martin Marcussen 2006, pp. 103.

See, for instance, see also Jacques Donzelot, “The Promotion of the Social,” Economy and Society vol. 17, 1988, pp. 395–427.

See, for instance, Zhanbo LEI, Yoshiyasu YAMADA, Jihong HUANG, Youmin XI, “Intelligence Erarly-Warning Support System for Enterprises Financial Crisis Based on Case-Based Reasoning,” Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 2006, vol. 19, pp. 538–546 and Gordon L. Clark and Roger Urwin, “Making Pension Boards Work: The Critical Role of Leadership,” Rotman International Journal of Pension Management, Vol. 1, issue. 1, Fall 2008, pp. 38–45.

A theme also pursued in some detail by Ian Hacking (see Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 1.

Privacy International’s 2007 survey, covering 47 countries, indicated that there had been an increase in surveillance and a decline in the performance of privacy safeguards, compared to the previous year. Balancing these factors, eight countries were rated as being “endemic surveillance societies.” Of these eight, China, Malaysia, and Russia scored the lowest, followed jointly by Singapore and the UK, then jointly by Taiwan, Thailand, and the USA. The best ranking was given to Greece, which was judged to have “adequate safeguards against abuse” (see “The 2007 International Privacy Ranking,” Privacy International, 2007). It should be noted that the UK is seen as a pioneer of mass surveillance. By the end of 2006, the UK was described by the Surveillance Studies Network as being “the most surveilled country” among the industrialized Western states (BBC News – Britain is “surveillance society,” 2 November 2006). On 6 February 2009, a report by the House of Lords Constitution Committee, Surveillance: Citizens and the State, warned that increasing use of surveillance by the government and private companies is a serious threat to freedom and constitutional rights, stating “The expansion in the use of surveillance represents one of the most significant changes in the life of the nation-states since the end of the Second World War.” The report can be accessed at: www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/18/1802.htm.

Jean-Marie Guehenno 2000, pp. 79. The emphasis is part of the text.

According to Urban dictionary, social promoters means something used to define social norms and gauge appropriate behavior in a social situation.

Jean-Marie Guehenno 2000, pp. 81.

According to Brenneis, normalization should be perceived as “process-or ‘norming,’ as it is sometimes referred to in in-house dialect.” (See Donald Brenneis, “Discourse and Discipline at the National Research Council: A Bureaucratic Bildungsroman,” Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 9, no. 1, Feb., 1994, pp. 32). In this respect, the principle of normalization is defined as a “normal rhythm of the day,” “a standard behavior.”

Francois Ewald, “Norms, Discipline and the Law,” in Robert Post, ed., Law and the Order of Culture. University of California Press, 1991, pp. 151.

See Dov Te’eni, “Review: A Cognitive-Affective Model of Organizational Communication for Designing IT,” MIS Quarterly Vol. 25, no. 2, June 2001, pp. pp. 252.

Excerpted from Through History with Standard, available at: http://www.ansi.org/consumer_affairs/history_standards.aspx?menuid=5.

A questions like: “Why is it that the capitalist West has accumulated more resources than human history has ever witnessed, yet appears powerless to overcome poverty, starvation, exploitation, and inequality?” See Terry Eagleton, “In Praise of Marx,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 10, 2011.

Jon Elster, “Arguing and Bargaining in Two Constituent Assemblies.” Journal of Constitutional Law, March 2000, p. 419 (emphasis in original). Interested reader on the topic can refer to Elster’s classic book, Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 332–402. Emphasis was added to the original text.

Jon Elster, Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 1. Emphasis was added to the original text.

See David Hume, A Treaties of Human Nature, L.A. Selby-Bigge, ed., 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, 1978, pp. 415.

Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests; Political Argument for Capitalism before it’s Triumph, Princeton University Press, 1977. Hirschman further observed, “to understand the opposition of these two concepts [interest and passion], something must first be said about the various successive (and often simultaneous) meaning of the terms ‘interest’ and ‘interests’ in the course of the evolution of language and ideas.” “Interest” of persons and groups eventually came to be centered on economic advantage as its core meaning, not only in ordinary language but also in such social-science terms as “class interest” and “interest groups.” … When the term “interest” in the sense of concerns, aspirations, and advantage gained currency in Western Europe … its meaning was by no means limited to material aspects of a person’s welfare; rather, it comprised the totality of human aspiration, but denoted an element of reflection and calculation with respect to the manner in which these aspirations were to be pursued (Ibid., pp. 32).

Guehenno JM (2000) End of the Nation-State. University Of Minnesota Press

Marcussen M (2006) Institutional Transformation? The Scientization of Central Banking as a Case Study. In Tom Christensen and Peter Laegried (Eds) (81-), Autonomy and Regulation: Coping with Agencies in the Modern State, Edward Elgar

Whitman J (2005) The Limits of Global Governance. Routledge

Title: Concluding Remarks
Authors: Elias G. Carayannis
Ali Pirzadeh
Denisa Popescu
Publisher: Springer New York
Book: Institutional Learning and Knowledge Transfer Across Epistemic Communities
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1550-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-1551-0

Copyright Year: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1551-0_6