Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Conclusion

Authors : Hanna Samir Kassab, Jonathan D. Rosen

Published in: Illicit Markets, Organized Crime, and Global Security

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Illicit markets exist as long as there is a demand. Countries must also address the underlying institutional and socio-economic problems that can cause individuals to partake in illicit activities. If development is significant and sustained, it is possible that there will be a reduction in those supplying and trafficking illicit goods. This chapter explores policy developments in two developed and democratic governments, Portugal and the Netherlands, and in the cyber realm.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, J. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (Crown Publishers: New York, NY, 2012), p. 50.
 
2
Charles Kindleberger, Economic Development (McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1956), p. 1.
 
3
Job Cohen quoted in Marlise Simons, “Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime,” The New York Times, February 24, 2008.
 
4
James A. Inciardi, “American Drug Policy: The Continuing Debate,” in Laura E. Huggins, ed., Drug War: The Policy Battle Continues (Hoover Institution Press: Stanford, CA, 2005), 7.
 
5
Charles Kindleberger, Economic Development (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1956), p. 1.
 
6
Peter Lupsha, “Transnational organized crime versus the nation-state,” Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 2. No. 1, (Spring 1996): p. 31.
 
7
Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, J. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (Crown Publishers: New York, 2012), p. 50.
 
8
L. Giommoni, A. Aziani and G. Berlusconi, “How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe,” Journal of Drug Issues, (47, 2, 2017), 230.
 
9
David Borden, “Drug Prohibition and Poverty,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 20, 1, (2013): p. 227.
 
10
Michelle Alexander, “The New Jim Crow,” Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 9 (2011): p. 7; Marc Mauer, “The causes and consequences of prison growth in the United States,” Punishment & Society 3, no. 1 (2001): pp. 9–20.
 
11
José Miguel Cruz, Rosario Queirolo, and María Fernanda Boidi. “Determinants of public support for marijuanalegalization in Uruguay, the United States, and El Salvador,” Journal of Drug Issues 46, no. 4 (2016): pp. 308–325.
 
12
“The success of Portugal’s decriminalisation policy—in seven charts,” Transform, July 14, 2014, http://​www.​tdpf.​org.​uk/​blog/​success-portugal%E2%80%99s-decriminalisatio​n-policy-%E2%80%93-seven-charts, accessed July 2017.
 
13
“Drug decriminalisation in Portugal: setting the record straight,” Transform, June 11, 2014, http://​www.​tdpf.​org.​uk/​blog/​drug-decriminalisatio​n-portugal-setting-record-straight, accessed July 2017.
 
14
Drake Baer, “6 incredible things that happened when Portugal decriminalized all drugs,” Business Insider, April 26, 2016.
 
15
“Drug decriminalisation in Portugal: setting the record straight,” Transform, June 11, 2014, http://​www.​tdpf.​org.​uk/​blog/​drug-decriminalisatio​n-portugal-setting-record-straight, accessed July 2017.
 
16
Maia Szalavitz, “Drugs in Portugal: Did Decriminalization Work?” Time, April 26, 2009; Michelle Alexander, “The New Jim Crow,” Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 9 (2011): p. 7.
 
17
For more, see: Ethan A. Nadelmann, “Drug prohibition in the United States: Costs, consequences, and alternatives,” Science 245, no. 4921 (1989): pp. 939–947; Ethan A. Nadelmann, “Criminologists and punitive drug prohibition: To serve or to challenge?” Criminology & Public Policy 3, no. 3 (2004): pp. 441–450.
 
18
Glenn Greenwald, Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies (Washington, DC: CATO, 2009), pp. 27–28.
 
19
Keith O’Brien quoted in “Mixed Results for Portugal’s Great Drug Experiment,” NPR, January 20, 2011.
 
20
William R. Miller, James L. Sorensen, Jeffrey A. Selzer, and Gregory S. Brigham, “Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions,” Journal of substance abuse treatment 31, no. 1 (2006): pp. 25–39; Bill N. Kinder, Nancy E. Pape, and Steven Walfish, “Drug and alcohol education programs: A review of outcome studies,” International Journal of the Addictions 15, no. 7 (1980): pp. 1035–1054.
 
21
Caitlin Elizabeth, Hughes and Alex Stevens, “What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs?” The British Journal of Criminology 50, no. 6 (2010): pp. 999–1022.
 
22
Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter, “Interpreting Dutch cannabis policy: reasoning by analogy in the legalization debate,” Science 278, no. 5335 (1997): pp. 47–52; Robert J. MacCoun, James P. Kahan, James Gillespie, and Jeeyang Rhee, “A content analysis of the drug legalization debate,” Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 4 (1993): pp. 615–629; James A. Inciardi and Duane C. McBride, “The case against legalization,” The drug legalization debate (1991): pp. 45–79.
 
23
Thijs Roes, “Trouble in Europe’s Pot Paradise: A Bloody Gang War Is Raging in Amsterdam,” Vice News, April 19, 2016.
 
24
Jan Brouwer quoted in Thijs Roes, “Trouble in Europe’s Pot Paradise: A Bloody Gang War Is Raging in Amsterdam,” Vice News, April 19, 2016.
 
25
John Cohen quoted in Marlise Simons, “Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District,” The New York Times, February 24, 2008.
 
26
John Cohen quoted Marlise Simons, “Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District,” The New York Times.
 
27
Leon Nayfakh, “The Craziest Black Market in Russia,” Slate, May 22, 2016, accessed July 6, 2017.
 
28
Quoted in Leon Nayfakh, “The Craziest Black Market in Russia.”
 
29
Natasha Singer, “Beauty on the Black Market,” The New York Times, February 16, 2016.
 
30
Spencer Marc Aronfeld quoted in Natasha Singer, “Beauty on the Black Market,” The New York Times, February 16, 2006.
 
31
CNBC “Trade in Exotic Animals” http://​www.​cnbc.​com/​dangerous-trade-exotic-animals/​, accessed July 6, 2017.
 
32
Rachel Nuwer, “The Black Market Trade for Endangered Animals Flourishes on the Web,” Newsweek, October 30, 2014.
 
33
“The animal smugglers,” Al Jazeera, October 30, 2016.
 
34
Julia Higgins, “Drug Cartels Turn to a New Source of Income: Exotic Animals,” Wilson Quarterly, September 21, 2015, https://​wilsonquarterly.​com/​stories/​drug-cartels-turn-to-a-new-source-of-income-exotic-animals/​, accessed July 6, 2017.
 
35
Ibid.
 
36
Kim Sengupta, “The dark web is a dangerous new frontier for those who try to keep terrorists at bay,” The Telegraph, accessed June 13, 2017.
 
37
Hanna Samir Kassab, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy: International Politics in the 21st Century (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2017), pp. 152–153.
 
38
Jonathan Pace, “Exchange Relations on the Dark Web,” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34 no. 1 (2017): p. 2.
 
39
Fah-Chun Cheong, Internet Agents: Spiders, Wanderers, Brokers, and Bots (New Riders: Indianapolis, IN, 1996), p. 92.
 
40
Tianjun, Fu, Ahmed Abbasi, and Hsinchun Chen, “A focused crawler for Dark Web forums,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61 no. 6 (2010): p. 1218.
 
41
Patrick Tucker, “How the Military Will Fight ISIS on the Dark Web,” Defenseone, February 24, 2015.
 
42
Ben Woods, “FBI hosted images of child sexual abuse on Dark Web to hack pedophiles around the world,” The Next Web, January 24, 2016.
 
43
Jessica Conditt, “FBI hacked the Dark Web to bust 1,500 pedophiles,” Engaget, January 7, 2016.
 
44
Soumen Chakrabarti, Kunal Punera, and Mallela Subramanyam, “Accelerated Focused Crawling Through Online Relevance Feedback.” Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference (New York, ACM Press: 2002), pp. 148–159.
 
45
Cade Metz, “The Plan to Unite Bitcoin with All Other Online Currencies,” wired.com, January 6, 2016.
 
46
Kyra Gurney, “Why are the World’s Most Violent Cities in Latin America?” InSight Crime, November 21, 2014, http://​www.​insightcrime.​org/​news-analysis/​why-world-most-violent-cities-latin-america6, accessed July 2017.
 
Metadata
Title
Conclusion
Authors
Hanna Samir Kassab
Jonathan D. Rosen
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90635-5_9