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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Conclusion

Authors : Jonathan D. Rosen, Hanna Samir Kassab

Published in: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Finally, the book concludes by examining the concept of models (e.g., counter-narcotics strategies) and whether they can be applied in multiple countries. In addition, this chapter explores the issue of combating poverty and inequality. The chapter also addresses the issue of corruption and the need to reform various institutions (e.g., prisons). It also provides an examination of the prospects for demand reduction.

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previous chapter Understanding the Nature of Violence: Crime and Its Future

For more, see: Louise I. Shelley, “Transnational organized crime: an imminent threat to the nation-state?” Journal of International Affairs (1995): pp. 463–489; John Bailey and Matthew M. Taylor, “Evade, corrupt, or confront? Organized crime and the state in Brazil and Mexico,” Journal of Politics in Latin America 1, no. 2 (2009): pp. 3–29.

For more, see: Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna S. Kassab, eds., Fragile States in the Americas (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016); J. Patrice McSherry, “Military Power, Impunity and State-Society Change in Latin America,” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 25, no. 3 (1992): pp. 463–488; Kimberley Thachuk, “Corruption and international security,” SAIS Review of International Affairs 25, no. 1 (2005): pp. 143–152.

For more on this topic, see: Jonathan Daniel Rosen and Roberto Zepeda Martínez, “La guerra contra las drogas en Colombia y México: estrategias fracasadas,” Ánfora, 21, no. 38 (2014): pp. 179–200; Jonathan Daniel Rosen, “Lecciones y resultados del Plan Colombia (2000–2012)” Contextualizaciones Lat., Año 6, número 10 (enero-julio 2014): pp. 1–12; Jonathan Daniel Rosen and Roberto Zepeda Martínez, “La guerra contra el narcotráfico en México: una guerra perdida,” Revista Reflexiones, 94, no. 1 (2015): pp. 153–168.

“US: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance,” Human Rights Watch, September 14, 2010, http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/09/09/mexico-letter-president-calderon, accessed December 2017.

“Mexico: Widespread Rights Abuses in ‘War on Drugs’” Human Rights Watch, November 10, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/09/mexico-widespread-rights-abuses-war-drugs, accessed December 2017.

Adam Isacson, Don’t Call Plan Colombia a Model: On Plan Colombia 10th Anniversary, Claims of ‘Success’ Don’t Stand Up to Scrutiny (WOLA: Washington, DC, 2010), p. 2.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012); Government Accountability Office (GAO), Drug Reduction Goals were Not Fully Met, but Security has Improved; U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance (Washington, DC: GAO, 2008).

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Government Accountability Office (GAO), Drug Reduction Goals were Not Fully Met, but Security has Improved; U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance; for more, see: Jonathan D. Rosen and Bruce M. Bagley, “Is Plan Colombia a Model? An Analysis of Counternarcotics Strategies in Colombia,” Global Security Review, 1 (2017): pp. 8–14.

For more on Colombia, the state, and its challenges, see Jennifer S. Holmer, Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, and Kevin M. Curtin, Guns, Drugs & Development in Colombia (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2008).

Adam Isacson, Don’t Call it a Model: On Plan Colombia’s Tenth Anniversary, Claims of ‘Success’ Don’t Stand Up to Scrutiny.

See: Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Colombia’s Political Economy at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century: From Uribe to Santos and Beyond (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, June 2015).

John Bailey, Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative: Policy Twins or Distant Cousins? (Washington, DC, 2009 John Bailey, Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative: Policy Twins or Distant Cousins? (Washington, DC, 2009).

John Bailey, Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative: Policy Twins or Distant Cousins?, p. 3; “Ejecutan a general y escoltas en Cancún,” El Universal, February 4, 2009.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century, p. 5.

For more on this topics, see: Clare Ribando Seelke and Kristin M. Finklea, U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2017).

“Poverty,” The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview, accessed December 2017.

“Global Inequality,” Inequality.org , https://inequality.org/facts/global-inequality/, accessed December 2017; “Global Wealth Report 2017: Where Are We Ten Years after the Crisis?” Credit-Suisse, 2017, https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/articles/news-and-expertise/global-wealth-report-2017-201711.html, accessed December 2017.

“Global Inequality,” Inequality.org , https://inequality.org/facts/global-inequality/, accessed December 2017; “The World’s Billionaires,” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/#version:static, accessed December 2017.

Rafael de Hoyos, Halsey Rogers, and Miguel Székely, Out of School and Out of Work: Risk and Opportunities for Latin America’s Ninis (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016); Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, July 2016).

Luis Gómez Romero, “Governors gone wild: Mexico faces a ‘lost generation’ of corrupt leaders,” The Conversation, August 15, 2017, p. 2.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, July 2016); for more, see: Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012).

Maureen Meyer, Mexico’s Police: Many Reforms, Little Progress (Washington, DC: WOLA, 2014), p. 2.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

See: “Incarceration,” The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/template/page.cfm?id=157, accessed November 2017.

For more on this topic, see: Marc Mauer and Sabrina Jones, Race to Incarcerate: A Graphic Retelling (New York, NY: The New Press, 2013).

“The Prison Crisis,” ACLU, https://www.aclu.org/prison-crisis, accessed November 2017.

“Criminal Justice Facts,” The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/, accessed November 2017.

Richard D. Hartley, Sean Maddan, and Cassia C. Spohn, “Prosecutorial discretion: An examination of substantial assistance departures in federal crack-cocaine and powder-cocaine cases,” Justice Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2007): pp. 382–407; Marc Mauer, “Addressing racial disparities in incarceration,” The Prison Journal 91, no. 3_suppl (2011): pp. 87S–101S; William W. Schwarzer, “Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimums: Mixing Apples and Oranges,” S. Cal. L. Rev. 66 (1992): p. 405.

“Drug Policy,” The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/issues/drug-policy/, accessed November 2017.

Ibid.

See: “New Jersey Legislature will Hold First-Ever Hearing on Bill to Decriminalize Possession of Marijuana on Monday, May 21,” The Drug Policy Alliance, May 16, 2012.

Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, May 2015).

“Incarceration,” The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/issues/incarceration/, December 2017.

Associated Press, “At $75,560, housing a prisoner in California now costs more than a year at Harvard,” Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2017.

Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York, NY: The New Press, 2010), p. 146.

Ibid.

Rodrigo Uprimny, “Addicted to Punishment: Penalties in the War on Drugs More Severe than for Murder and Rape,” Open Society Foundations, April 9, 2013, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/addicted-punishment-penalties-war-drugs-more-severe-murder-and-rape, November 2017.

Washington Office on Latin America, Systems Overload: Drug Laws and Prisons in Latin America (Washington, DC: WOLA, 2010).

Steven Dudley, “Survey Shows Drug Trade Filling Mexico’s Federal Prisons,” InSight Crime, January 14, 2013, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/mexico-prison-survey-drug-trade, accessed November 2017, p. 3; Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Resultados de la Primera Encuesta realizada a Población Interna en Centros Federales de Readaptación Social (Mexico City, MX: CIDE, 2012).

“Inmates Control 60% of Mexican Prisons: Report,” InSight Crime, September 25, 2012. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/inmates-control-mexican-prisons, accessed November 2017; see Diagnóstico Nacional, http://dnsp.cndh.org.mx/p_diagNacional_Resumen.asp, accessed November 2017.

For more, see: Mariano Castillo, “Mexico: 14 inmates at large after tunnel prison break,” CNN, March 26, 2017; Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Washington Office on Latin America, Systems Overload: Drug Laws and Prisons in Latin America, p. 42.

Washington Office on Latin America, Systems Overload: Drug Laws and Prisons in Latin America, p. 43.

Washington Office on Latin America, Systems Overload: Drug Laws and Prisons in Latin America, p. 46.

Kyra Gurney, “Colombia Houses Prisoners in Bogota Park Due to Overcrowding,” InSight Crime, September 11, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/colombia-houses-prisoners-in-park-due-to-overcrowding, accessed November 2017, p. 2.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Marten W. Brienen, eds., Prisons in the Americas in the Twenty-First Century: A Human Dumping Ground (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015).

Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, May 2015); for more, see: Ethan Nadelmann, “Drugs,” Foreign Policy (2007): pp. 24–30; Ethan A. Nadelmann, Mark AR Kleiman, and Felton J. Earls, “Should Some Illegal Drugs Be Legalized?” Issues in Science and Technology 6, no. 4 (1990): pp. 43–49.

Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, May 2015); Marten W. Brienen and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., New Approaches to Drug Policies: A Time for Change (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, August 2015); Richard R Clayton, Anne M. Cattarello, and Bryan M. Johnstone, “The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project DARE): 5-year follow-up results,” Preventive Medicine 25, no. 3 (1996): pp. 307–318; Steven L West and Keri K. O’Neal, “Project DARE outcome effectiveness revisited,” American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 6 (2004): pp. 1027–1029; Rick Aniskiewicz and Earl Wysong, “Evaluating DARE: Drug education and the multiple meanings of success,” Review of Policy Research 9, no. 4 (1990): pp. 727–747.

Maya Salam, “The Opioid Epidemic: A Crisis Years in the Making,” The New York Times, October 26, 2017.

For more, see: Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Trump Declares Opioid Crisis a “Health Emergency” but Requests No Funds,” The New York Times, October 26, 2017.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Marten W. Brienen, eds., Prisons in the Americas in the Twenty-First Century: A Human Dumping Ground.

Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna S. Kassab, eds., Fragile States in the Americas; Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Jonathan Rosen, “Drug Trafficking and Violence in Latin America: Trends, Challenges and Lessons Learned,” Hemisphere 26 (2017): pp. 24–25.

Title: Conclusion
Authors: Jonathan D. Rosen
Hanna Samir Kassab
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94450-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94451-7

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94451-7_7