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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Conclusions and Outlook

Author : Fotios Fitsilis

Published in: Imposing Regulation on Advanced Algorithms

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This book offers a new perspective in the discussion around the subject of regulation of advanced algorithms. It presents a number of significant cases where changes in the code and/or the conduct of its developers or operators have been imposed following administrative or judicial decisions. But the existing legal weaponry is often insufficient to directly confront the array of problems related to advanced algorithms. Therefore, the administrative state must begin to employ innovative steps and perhaps aggressive approaches, in order to meet and respond to the challenges highlighted in this book.

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previous chapter Development of Regulatory Bodies

It is these revelations that may have led Facebook’s CEO to call for more online regulation and a “more active role for governments and regulators;” see Zuckerberg (2019).

See, e.g., Coglianese and Lehr (2017), p. 26, in combination with Van Loo (2017), p. 1274.

Hence, the significance of the contribution by Runciman (2018).

Nevertheless, this can be linked to our proposal to work on underlying legal values and principles rather than to produce scores of regulation.

See European Commission (2019); the Code is an initiative of the European Commission (2018).

These actions include for instance tricking online systems in order to promote their own content (via a set of practices referred to as ‘spam’), propagating malware, and engaging in illegal acts online, Google (2019).

See G20 (2019), p. 11; this is the first time the countries that represent world’s top economies agreed upon a set of principles for “responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI,” which may serve as guidelines for national and supranational regulatory policies.

See for instance Sect. 3.6: Algorithmic trading regulation.

The notion of change in the architecture of the code is described by Lessig (1999), pp. 505–506.

See EC Decision of 24 March 2004, case COMP/C-3/37.392.

Razak v. Uber Technologies Inc., 2:16-cv-00573.

Philadelphia Taxi Assoc. Inc. v. Uber, 17-1871.

The MiFID II/MiFIR framework and the GDPR offer several such provisions.

Usually, the ‘type mode’ is equivalent to the ‘timing mode;’ however, this may not always be the case, as shown in Chap. 1.

In a Communication by the European Commission (2016, p. 5), self-regulation and co-regulation mechanisms are suggested as command-and-control alternatives for regulating platform economy.

Formerly known as Art. 81 and 82 ECT, respectively.

US v. Volkswagen, 16-CR-20394.

Regulation applies to other online platforms as well, such as Homestay, Couchsurfing, Home Exchange, Wimdu, Bedycasa, and Culture Go Go.

The two lawsuits are Philadelphia Taxi Assoc. Inc. v. Uber, 17-1871 and Sorvano v. Uber, 2:17-cv-02550-DMG-JEM.

The analogy with the BGH ruling lies in the fact that the German Federal Court stated that there is no general market obstruction and that the plaintiff seeking judicial protection must become active in order to protect its business. What is remarkable here is the fact that competition law has been used for the judicial reasoning in different legal orders both in the EU (in Union and member state level) and the US.

See relevant discussion on the EU level on the establishment of an agency with market surveillance powers to oversee road transport. Here, the main arguments against it focused on the high cost for its implementation.

E.g., competition or labor law.

The newly forged ‘right to be forgotten’ may constitute such a right.

Alternatively, a body of experts could be regarded, depending on the complexity and significance of the administrative decisions to be made.

Coglianese, Cary, and David Lehr. 2017. Regulating by Robot: Administrative Decision Making in the Machine-Learning Era. Research Paper No. 17-8. Institute for Law and Economics. University of Pennsylvania. https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/6329-coglianese-and-lehr-regulating-by-robot-penn-ile. Accessed 18 March 2019.

European Commission. 2016. Communication on Online Platforms and the Digital Single Market. Opportunities and Challenges for Europe. COM (2016) 288 Final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0288&from=EN. Accessed 27 June 2019.

European Commission. 2018. Code of Practice on Disinformation. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=54454. Accessed 6 June 2019.

European Commission. 2019. Code of Practice Against Disinformation: Commission Calls on Signatories to Intensify their eFforts. Press release, January 29, 2019. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-746_en.htm. Accessed 31 May 2019.

Google. 2019. How Google Fights Disinformation: 9-16. https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/documents/How_Google_Fights_Disinformation.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2019.

G20. 2019. G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy. June 8–9. Tsukuba, Japan. https://g20trade-digital.go.jp/dl/Ministerial_Statement_on_Trade_and_Digital_Economy.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2019.

Lessig, Lawrence. 1999. The law of the horse: What cyberlaw might teach. Harvard Law Review 113 (2): 501–546.CrossRef

Runciman, David. 2018. How Democracies End. London: Profile Books.

Van Loo, Rory. 2017. Rise of the digital regulator. Duke Law Journal 66: 1267–1329.

Zuckerberg, Mark. 2019. The Internet needs new rules. Let’s start in these four areas. The Washington Post, March 30, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mark-zuckerberg-the-internet-needs-new-rules-lets-start-in-these-four-areas/2019/03/29/9e6f0504-521a-11e9-a3f7-78b7525a8d5f_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.751b6e9e19e7. Accessed 31 May 2019.

Title: Conclusions and Outlook
Author: Fotios Fitsilis
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Imposing Regulation on Advanced Algorithms
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27978-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-27979-0

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27979-0_5

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