Concrete-Polymer Composites in Circular Economy
Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2023)
- Open Access
- 2025
- Open Access
- Book
- Editors
- Lech Czarnecki
- Andrzej Garbacz
- Ru Wang
- Mariaenrica Frigione
- Jose B. Aguiar
- Book Series
- Springer Proceedings in Materials
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
This open access book presents the proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Polymers in Concrete 2023 (ICPIC 2023), held under the theme "Cement-Polymer Composite in Circular Economy". It provides multidisciplinary and contemporary knowledge on the application of polymers both in and on concrete, covering topics from the modification of concrete compositions with modern admixtures and additives to the use of alternative binders and polymer composites for concrete reinforcement. The book also explores improvements in concrete surface properties and special functionalities such as self-healing, self-cleaning, and energy consumption control using Phase Changing Materials (PCM). As the premier global event in this field since 1975, ICPIC continues to drive innovation and sustainability, uniting researchers, academics, industry professionals, and students to advance the future of polymers in concrete.
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Table of Contents
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C-PC in Circular Economy: Searching for a New Paradigm
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Frontmatter
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Searching for a New C-PC Development Paradigm
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the necessity for a new development paradigm in polymer-concrete composites, commemorating the 100-year anniversary of the first patent on polymers in concrete. It traces the evolution of the general material concept into various types of concrete, including Polymer Concrete, Polymer Modified Concrete, Polymer Cement Concrete, and Polymer-Impregnated Concrete. The chapter also explores the fascination surrounding the substantial impact of small amounts of polymer on concrete properties, detailing the different types of polymers used and their percentages in concrete. Additionally, it discusses the scope of concrete-polymer composites and their applications, such as polymer overlays, coatings, repair mortars, and crack repair, emphasizing the potential for innovation in this field.AI Generated
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AbstractIn less than a century, concrete has become the most commonly used construction material worldwide. Today, it is difficult to imagine concrete entirely devoid of polymers. The implantation of polymers into concrete has taken effect in the form of Concrete Polymer Composite [C-PC = PMC + PCC + PIC + PC]. Several milestones are recognised in the development of C-PC. They are discussed here with particular emphasis on the innovative milestones that shaped the use of polymers in concrete. As the difference between polymer cement concrete and ordinary concrete diminishes, the question: “What should the paradigm of C-PC development be?” arises. -
Construction Versus Circular Economy
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the concept of the circular economy (CE) and its application to the construction sector, emphasizing the need for resource efficiency and waste reduction. It discusses the life cycle perspective, environmental impacts, and energy performance, highlighting the role of technology and sustainable investments. The text also explores the implications for the supply chain and the potential of innovative materials like polymer concrete composites (CPC) in promoting circularity. Throughout, the chapter underscores the importance of collaboration among all stakeholders to achieve a sustainable and circular construction sector.AI Generated
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AbstractClosing the loop of materials circulation is certainly the right way to decrease the pressure humans place on the environment. Although many efforts have been made toward effective mitigation of anthropogenic impacts, mostly on the policy dimension, there is still much more to do. The transformation affects every phase of the building’s lifecycle, which therefore requires the engagement of all value chain actors and suppliers, often assigning them new roles and responsibilities. The experiences gained from over a decade of the EU’s journey towards CE clearly indicate that, regardless of how good the legal regulations are and how effective the educational efforts are, achieving the goals of maintaining resources in the economy is not possible without the implementation of innovation and proper business models. Considering that materials and resources marketplaces are among the most common areas of Contech investment, it is worth considering what role polymer concrete composites (CPC) may play in the sector's quest for circularity. This article will try to find an answer to this dilemma by discussing the meaning of CE for the sector, its main drivers, and implications for the supply chain. -
Condition of Circular Economy in Poland
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the current state of Poland's circular economy, particularly within the construction industry. It begins by highlighting the global urgency of transitioning from a linear to a circular economic model due to the significant environmental impact of the construction sector. The text then focuses on Poland, revealing that while Poles are environmentally conscious, awareness of the circular economy remains low. The chapter explores the high consumption of raw materials and energy in Poland's construction sector and the need for new economic indicators to monitor the transition to a circular economy. It also discusses the barriers and opportunities in implementing circular economy principles, such as the use of recycled materials and innovative technologies. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the necessity of public support and regulatory changes to drive the transition to a circular economy in Poland's construction industry.AI Generated
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AbstractThe article covers the state of circular economy implementation in Poland. The consumption of raw materials is presented, as well as indicators of monitoring the transformation of the CE in EU and Poland acc. to the COM/EC, OECD and oto-GOZ project. Poland’s priorities within the circular economy are also presented. They include innovations, markets for secondary raw materials as well as ensuring their high quality and service. The main financial, organizational, social and technological barriers defined. There are a few examples presenting technical solutions implementing the CE in Poland (e.g. building materials, hydraulic binders). The public authorities are recognized as leaders in the implementation of the CE also in the construction sector. Introducing the circular business models is also necessary. -
Emerging Materials and Technologies for Next-Generation Sustainable and Resilient Polymer Concrete
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter discusses the critical importance of infrastructure resilience in maintaining community safety and stability during disruptive events. It introduces emerging materials and technologies (EM&Ts) as potential solutions to enhance the resilience of civil infrastructure, focusing on polymer concrete (PC). The text explores how nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and alumina nanoparticles, can improve PC's properties like fracture toughness and impact resistance. It also highlights the use of bio-based polymers as sustainable alternatives to reduce the carbon footprint of PC. Additionally, the chapter delves into the application of 3D printing technology for PC, showcasing its potential to accelerate infrastructure recovery. Furthermore, it introduces textile-reinforced polymer concrete (TRPC) as a promising material for civil infrastructure applications, demonstrating superior flexural capacity and ductility compared to traditional TRC. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the potential of EM&Ts to facilitate the development of resilient and sustainable PC for future infrastructure needs.AI Generated
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AbstractEmerging materials and technologies (EMTs) are introduced to improve the sustainability and resilience of infrastructure. Polymer concrete (PC) has been used for the last 80 years in infrastructure applications where extreme environmental conditions and exposures are dominant. We suggest that EMTs can enable the development of next-generation PC that can contribute to infrastructure resilience and sustainability. This paper presents an overview of the latest developments in using innovative PC by incorporating a myriad of EMTs to improve infrastructure resilience and sustainability. These EMTs include nanotechnology, bio-based polymers, 3D printing, and textile reinforcement. Using nanotechnology, we demonstrate the possible production of a PC with superior ductility and self-sensing capabilities. We also show that a bio-based polyurethane PC with appreciable compressive strength of 20 MPa can be produced. We demonstrate rheological testing of polymer concrete leading to innovative 3D printed polymer concrete structures. We finally show the ability to produce superior flexural load capacity and textile-reinforced PC (TRPC) ductility compared with cementitious textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). We conclude by demonstrating the potential production of 3D printed TRPC. We suggest that the EMTs will enable a quantum leap in using PC to produce sustainable and resilient infrastructure. -
Interaction Between Polymer and Cement: A Review
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the intricate interaction between polymers and cement, highlighting the significant role polymers play in enhancing the properties of concrete. It explores the mechanisms at the micro and nano-scale, revealing how polymers improve fluidity, water retention, tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, impermeability, durability, and bonding performance. The review covers various types of polymers, including styrene-butadiene rubber (SB), styrene-acrylic ester (SA), and ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA), and discusses the multi-scale characteristics of cement-based materials. By understanding these mechanisms, professionals can gain insights into developing more resilient and durable concrete structures.AI Generated
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AbstractPolymer-modified cement-based materials are commonly used in engineering applications and have achieved good results. The interactions between polymer and cement have received extensive attention. In this paper, the interaction between them is discussed and summarized by reviewing the existing technologies. Traditional experimental methods do not provide a comprehensive picture of the interaction between polymers and cement-based materials, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used recently in the study of inorganic-organic phase interactions. People almost reach a consensus on the modification mechanism of polymers on concrete at micro-scale. But at nano-scale, the interaction between polymers and cement is an ongoing work, researches show that it contains several aspects, i.e., chemical bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, etc. Different polymers may have different types of interactions with cement. Understanding these interactions is important to elucidate the relationship between the microstructure and macroscopic properties of polymer-modified cement-based materials. Molecular dynamics simulation has proved to be an effective method to study the interactions between inorganic-organic composites at this stage but has some limitations. -
Soft Means of Concrete Modification – Curing Conditions
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the intricacies of concrete curing, focusing on the specific challenges and opportunities presented by polymer-modified concrete. It discusses the importance of curing conditions in determining the final properties of concrete, including durability, strength, and resistance to environmental factors. The chapter also explores the use of superabsorbent polymers for internal curing, polymeric film-forming agents for surface curing, and the innovative approach of carbon dioxide curing. By examining these various methods, the chapter offers valuable insights into the optimization of curing processes for different types of concrete, ultimately aiming to enhance the sustainability and performance of concrete structures.AI Generated
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AbstractConcrete curing is an important activity from the point of view of shaping all the properties of concrete, and the way it is carried out depends primarily on the type of binder used. The optimal care effect is a kind of soft method of positive modification. Choosing such an optimal method is not an easy task, especially if the composite contains a complex binder whose components have different care requirements. The article review considerations on the optimal method of polymer-cement concrete curing, as well as the possibility of using various forms of polymers in the curing process of cement concretes. -
Innovative Building Materials Containing Post-Consumer Plastics: A Rewarding Example of Circular Economy in Construction
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the innovative use of post-consumer plastics as building materials, particularly in the construction sector. It begins by outlining the principles of circular economy and the urgent need for sustainable practices. The document discusses the global plastic production and the significant waste generated, emphasizing the potential of recycling these materials into concrete. The advantages of using post-consumer plastics in concrete are highlighted, including reduced use of traditional aggregates and enhanced insulation properties. However, the chapter also addresses the challenges, such as high production costs and the need for further research into the adhesion properties of plastic particles in concrete. Recent studies on reusing disposable COVID-19 masks in concrete are also explored, showcasing promising results. The chapter concludes by identifying areas where further research is needed to fully exploit the potential of post-consumer plastics in construction materials.AI Generated
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AbstractCircular Economy, which it is among the priorities of the European Commission, is defined as an economy in which the value of products, materials and resources is maintained for as long as possible and the production of waste is reduced to minimum. Keeping in mind the impact on the environment caused on the one hand by post-consumer plastic waste and on the other hand by production processes of concrete, it is possible to find a solution able, at least partly, to mitigate these two issues. Following the principles of the circular economy, in fact, it is possible to reuse post-consumer plastic waste as fine aggregates in concrete: in this way, post-consumer plastic from waste becomes a resource; at the same time, the use of other natural resources is limited, such as the minerals traditionally used as aggregates in concrete. However, this virtuous solution still presents some problems to study and solve: this work aims to illustrate some of these issues, and provides indications on the aspects to be analyzed and solved.
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Application and Challenges for C-PC in Circular Economy
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Frontmatter
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Current Status of Resin Concrete in Japan
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the history and current applications of resin concrete in Japan, highlighting its superior material characteristics such as high strength and durability. It discusses the development of small resin concrete manholes tailored to Japan's unique environmental challenges, including seismic activity and corrosive conditions. The chapter also explores the use of homogenization analysis to optimize resin concrete formulations, demonstrating the potential for efficient material development. Additionally, it touches on environmental adaptability and future prospects, such as the use of biomass resins and recycled aggregates to reduce carbon footprint.AI Generated
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AbstractResin concrete, which has high strength, high early strength development and excellent chemical resistance, has been widely applied for repair and reinforcement of concrete structures, and precast products since the 1950’s. The research and development of resin concrete in Japan have evolved in tandem with various regions and international activities. It is a common and indispensable material for infrastructures in the world at present. On the other hand, there are so many different Acts of God, such as earthquakes, typhoons, and torrential rains, that occur in Japan, and disaster measures are an important issue. In this paper, the current status and practical application of resin concrete mainly applied for sewage products in Japan were investigated and discussed. Based on the regional characteristics of Japan, a resin concrete manhole of high quality to compensate for the defects of cement concrete was developed. Furthermore, the future trends in the research and development of resin concrete including environmental issues such as carbon dioxide emissions reduction, application of recycled materials and bioplastics to replace natural aggregates and petroleum-derived resin for concrete are proposed and discussed. A homogenization analysis method is introduced particularly to bring out the ability of resin concrete as composite materials and to carry out material development efficiently. -
Recycled Mixed Plastic Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the utilization of recycled mixed plastic fine aggregate (rMPFA) as a sustainable replacement for natural sand in cement concrete. It discusses the challenges and advantages of using mixed plastic waste, highlighting the potential to enhance thermal conductivity and reduce carbon footprint. The study examines the effects of rMPFA on compressive strength, water penetration, and environmental properties, offering a detailed analysis of the results. Notably, it emphasizes the viability of rMPFA in achieving comparable mechanical and durability properties to recycled single-type plastic aggregates, thus promoting a more efficient and practical waste recycling strategy.AI Generated
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AbstractThe literature extensively examines the utilization of sorted single-type plastic waste from post-consumer waste streams as a sustainable substitute for natural sand in cement concrete. However, severe heterogeneity of plastic waste in municipal solid waste streams, including variations in polymer types, grades, shapes, sizes, and cross-contamination with other commingled waste materials, poses a significant challenge in adopting findings from prior research that necessitates high-purity single-type plastic waste for concrete applications. This paper reports the characterization of cement concrete incorporated with mixed plastic fine aggregate (rMPFA) containing an optimized blend of plastic types produced using a proprietary mixed plastic recycling process. Five concrete mixtures containing 0% (M0), 10% (M10), 20% (M20), 30% (M30), and 40% (M40) rMPFA by volume of natural sand were investigated in this study. The laboratory results show that concrete mixture M20 had comparable compressive strength and water penetration test results when compared to control mixture M0. Additionally, toxicity characterization of concrete mixture M20 demonstrated a reduction of heavy metals in the leachate solution when compared to control mixture M0. Furthermore, microplastic detection analysis results of concrete mixtures M0 and M20 were comparable and stable. -
Cement Mortars with Incorporation of Foundry Industry Wastes: Physical, Mechanical and Durability Behavior
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the use of foundry industry wastes, specifically ceramic mold shells and paraffin wax, in cement mortars. It begins by highlighting the global environmental challenges and the need for sustainable construction practices. The study focuses on the physical properties of mortars, such as water absorption by capillarity and immersion, and their relationship with the porosity of the materials. It also examines the mechanical properties, including flexural and compressive strengths, and how the incorporation of waste affects these properties. Additionally, the durability of the mortars is evaluated through freeze-thaw resistance tests, revealing a correlation between compressive strength and mass loss. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the potential of these waste materials in reducing the consumption of raw materials and energy, while maintaining adequate mechanical behavior and durability for construction industry applications.AI Generated
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AbstractPlanet Earth is facing real challenges that require urgent and significant measures. It is necessary to give a new direction to the construction sector, making it essential to change the way that raw material is selected, giving preference to industrial by-products. The utilization of industrial wastes allows minimize the high consumption of natural raw materials, energy consumption and waste deposition in landfills. It is important to note that the use of waste in the construction industry is a great opportunity, however, the heterogeneity of these materials and sometimes their contamination can compromise the durability. The lost-wax process in foundry industry is currently an expanding area, so more and more manufacturing industries have serious problems related to their waste management. During its production process, wastes of ceramic mold shells and paraffinic wax are generated and until now any practical application is known. The main objective of this study was the correlation between the physical, mechanical behavior and durability of cement mortars with incorporation of paraffin wax and ceramic mold shells. The main results revealed a decrease in water absorption, flexural strength, and compressive strength of the mortars, along with a slight increase in degradation during freeze-thaw cycles. Additionally, a correlation was observed between the physical, mechanical performance, and durability of the mortars. This included factors such as water absorption through immersion and capillarity, as well as the relationship between compressive strength and the mass loss suffered during freeze-thaw tests. -
Eco-cement Cobblestones with Polyurethane Wastes
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the innovative use of polyurethane waste from the automotive industry to produce eco-cement cobblestones. It highlights the environmental benefits of this approach, such as reducing CO2 emissions and landfill waste. The study includes a detailed experimental design, manufacturing process, and extensive testing of the cobblestones, including mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, and fire performance. Notably, the research demonstrates that these eco-cement cobblestones meet or exceed standard requirements, while also improving environmental performance. The Life Cycle Assessment shows that incorporating waste into cobblestones reduces global warming potential and other environmental impacts, making a strong case for the adoption of these sustainable construction materials.AI Generated
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AbstractWith the aim of implementing a circular economy in all manufacturing processes, by reducing the use of raw materials, while minimizing the use of natural resources and valuing several industrial wastes, efforts are focused on the development of new techniques that allow the use of wastes in the construction sector, in order to turn them into raw materials for the development of new materials, thus achieving all the processes towards a sustainable environment.With this purpose, different precast cement cobble has been manufactured using recovered polyurethane waste from complete vehicle roofs generated in the automotive industry, turning them into a raw material. Depending on the amount of waste used, with progressive substitutions of sand of 20%, 40% and 60% of polymer waste, the final properties are achieved according to the application requirements, both in the fresh and hardened state, reaching the values required by current standards.As well as water properties and microstructure, accelerated aging tests in freeze-thaw cycles and crystallization of salts have been tested, stablishing the compressive strength before and after, guaranteeing the properties in outdoor environments in which these materials can be placed.The characterization has been completed with tests on the generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fire resistance and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).In this way, the development of innovating solutions is achieved, valorizing waste that is generated in significant quantities, being able to be used in prefabricated products to be used in the building sector. -
Properties of Eco-Cement Blocks Made with Polymer Wastes and Graphene
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the properties of eco-cement blocks made with polymer wastes and graphene, highlighting the potential benefits of graphene incorporation in mortars. It discusses the impact of graphene on bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity, while also addressing the challenges of dosage, dispersion, and cost. The research involves extensive testing and analysis, providing valuable data on the optimal use of graphene in cement-based materials. The chapter concludes with a call for further research to fully harness the potential of graphene in the construction industry.AI Generated
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AbstractThe inclusion of polyurethane wastes as recycled and reusable materials to replace variable amounts of aggregates is interesting in the production of new construction materials due to their final properties. In this research, the effects of waste polymer replace by sand (25%) and graphene oxide on mortars (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 y 3% with respect to the cement) have been investigated. To maintain and even improve the final properties, graphene oxide modify aspect as thermal conductivity and electrical properties, water behavior, mechanical properties and final contribution to fire. -
Optimization of Tire Rubber-Concrete Core Materials for Application in New Sandwich-Structured Cementitious Composites
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the optimization of tire rubber-concrete core materials for application in new sandwich-structured cementitious composites, addressing the challenge of low mechanical strength performance of rubberized concrete. It explores the potential of recycled tire rubber as an aggregate in concrete to improve shock wave absorption, crack resistance, and thermal insulation, while investigating solutions to enhance the strength behavior of rubberized mixtures. The study employs a multimethodological experimental analysis, including static and dynamic mechanical testing, porosity and water absorption evaluation, acoustic and thermal insulation analysis. The optimal mixture was determined using MINITAB software's design of experiment (DOE) approach, aiming to maximize insulation properties while maintaining suitable mechanical properties. The optimized formulation was then scaled up to the fabrication and first characterization of the rubberized SSC, demonstrating significant improvements in flexural strength over non-optimized rubberized mixtures. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research directions, including the strengthening of the skins and evaluating the effect of layering time on the physical-mechanical characteristics of the composites.AI Generated
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AbstractImplementing tire rubber-concrete mixtures to produce sandwich-structured cementitious composites can represent an attractive route in the perspective of lightweight design, energy efficiency, and sustainability for the building and construction industry. This work deals with a DOE multi-response optimization study on rubber-concrete mixes designed with different proportions of fine and coarse rubber aggregates to achieve the best formulation to be applied in the manufacturing of cementitious sandwich composites. The “sand-free” concrete mixture made up of 70% of rubber powder and 30% of rubber granules was optimal in terms of mechanical properties, physical characteristics, and thermo-acoustic insulation behavior. Sandwich-structured composite incorporating the optimum mix as a core layer showed significant improvement in terms of flexural performance over the monolithic rubberized materials and strength value in the range of RILEM “class II” lightweight construction materials. -
Carbon Footprint and CO2 Emissions in the Concrete-Polymer Composites Technology
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThis chapter delves into the intricacies of carbon footprint and CO2 emissions in the concrete-polymer composites technology. It begins by defining key terms such as carbon footprint and global warming potential (GWP), and discusses the various methods of calculating carbon footprint. The chapter then presents exemplary data on CO2 emissions during the production of different building materials, highlighting the significant contribution of cement production to global CO2 emissions. The focus shifts to the life cycle assessment of concrete-polymer composites, including the production, operation, and post-use phases. The chapter also explores the CO2 emissions of different components used in these composites, such as polymers, aggregates, and cement. Notably, it provides examples of estimated carbon footprints for various concrete-polymer composites, showcasing the impact of different compositions and strengths on CO2 emissions. Additionally, the chapter discusses the potential for CO2 sequestration in concretes and the use of secondary components like recycled polymers and microfillers to reduce the carbon footprint. Throughout, the chapter offers a detailed and engaging exploration of the environmental impact of concrete-polymer composites, making it a valuable resource for professionals interested in sustainable construction practices.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the building materials industry, similarly to other industry sectors, the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions is undertaken, enabling the identification of GHG sources both for individual production processes and in total – for specific material solutions and products. While recently a lot of attention is paid to analyze carbon footprint of ordinary concrete and development of low-emission cements with significantly reduced Portland clinker content, the issue of GHG quantification in the context of concrete-like polymer composites (including concretes with polymer binders e.g. PCC or PC and concretes with significant amounts of polymer modifiers) is not recognized. This article attempts to make a preliminary assessment of the impact of the presence of polymers on the carbon footprint of such composites. -
Methods for Managing the Tacit Knowledge of Employees with Long Scientific Seniority Using the Example of Research Institutions. Preliminary Assumptions
- Open Access
Download PDF-versionThe chapter delves into the critical issue of managing tacit knowledge among employees with long scientific seniority in research institutions, particularly in the construction sector. It begins by defining key terms such as tacit knowledge and long scientific seniority, and outlines the significance of this hidden knowledge in driving organizational success. The author introduces two contrasting mechanisms of tacit knowledge management observed within the Building Research Institute (ITB), highlighting both challenges and successful practices. The study aims to develop a multilevel approach for supporting the diffusion of tacit knowledge, which includes creating a conducive environment, prescribing cooperation techniques, and managing age diversity. The research plan involves extensive data collection through surveys and interviews across multiple scientific institutions in Poland and the European Union. The anticipated conclusions promise to identify key challenges, best practices, and potential benefits of managing tacit knowledge, with implications that extend beyond the construction industry.AI Generated
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AbstractTacit knowledge management among employees with long scientific seniority within research institutions in Poland and the European Union is being discussed. The key question under analysis is: How should the tacit knowledge of employees with long scientific seniority be managed to preserve their legacy and facilitate its transfer to younger generations? As a part of a doctoral thesis, this study aims to verify and develop methods to support the management of tacit knowledge of employees with long scientific seniority in construction institutions. To achieve this, research comprising surveys and in-depth interviews will be conducted among employees of research institutions. The anticipated outcome of this study is a comprehensive method for tacit knowledge management, which includes elements such as an environment supporting knowledge transfer, cooperation techniques, and age diversity management. The insights from this research could provide a foundation for further investigation in other regions and disciplines, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the process of transferring tacit knowledge of senior researchers.
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- Title
- Concrete-Polymer Composites in Circular Economy
- Editors
-
Lech Czarnecki
Andrzej Garbacz
Ru Wang
Mariaenrica Frigione
Jose B. Aguiar
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-72955-3
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-72954-6
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3
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