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The European Space Agency’s Earth Observation Programme Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Consequences of the Ever Growing Importance of Earth Observation: Sustainable Use of Outer Space—Small Satellites and Mega Constellations

Author : Anita Rinner

Published in: Satellite-Based Earth Observation

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Outer space—a legal vacuum? Talking to many people and even professional lawyers, some of them are not aware of the fact that outer space has become an area of legal interest since the first artificial satellite Sputnik-1 was sent into orbit in 1957. Since then, mankind has gained physically access to space in order to explore and use outer space for various purposes. The previous symposium was based on trends and challenges of satellite based Earth observation for economics and society. Consequently, the author wants to draw attention to space based networks, systems particularly to small satellites and mega constellations and the need for (international, supranational and national) regulations. The question of why we need regulatory issues in outer space can be easily answered: because we go to space (For further details see also Soucek A. Reasons for space activities: some thoughts. In: Brünner Ch, Soucek A, editors. Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law. Springer, 2011. p. 15ff). Only a very few people, mainly astronauts or future space tourists, have the chance to personally travel to space but in fact nearly every one of us (at least in industrialised countries) uses outer space facilities. The symposium has shown that the scope of outer space applications ranges from navigation (e.g. car navigation devices or autonomous vehicles, supervision of employment relationships), to telecommunication (e.g. direct broadcasting facilities), through to Earth observation (e.g. natural hazards, global climate change monitoring, forest monitoring, agricultural remote sensing, public administration).

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Footnotes
1
See also Walter [1, p. 493ff].
 
2
Some aspects concerning the use of the geostationary orbit, para 5, paper adopted by the Legal Subcommittee at its thirty-ninth session (A/AC.105/738, annex III).
 
3
Art I para 1 lit a ITU Constitution.
 
4
See also Neger and Walter [2, p. 234ff].
 
5
Art 38 International Court of Justice.
 
6
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, adopted by the GA in ist Res 2222 (XXI) of 19 December 1966.
 
7
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, adopted by the GA in its Res 27777 (XXVI) of 29 November 1971.
 
8
Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, adopted by the GA in its Res 3235 (XXIX) of 12 November 1974.
 
9
See also Soucek [3, p. 296ff].
 
10
See also Schrogl and Neumann [4, p. 71].
 
11
See also Tronchetti [5, p. 623].
 
12
See also Brünner and Königsberger [6, p. 87ff].
 
13
Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth and from Outer Space, adopted by the GA in its Res 41/65 of 3 December 1986.
 
14
Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, endorsed by UNCOPUOS at its fiftieth session and contained in A/62/20, annex.
 
15
In particular Art 189 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
 
16
Austrian Federal Law on the Authorisation of Space Activities and the Establishment of a National Space Registry (Austrian Outer Space Act), adopted by the National Council on 6 December 2011, entered into force on 28 December 2011.
 
17
See also Soucek [3, p. 296ff].
 
18
Ibid.
 
19
Piggyback means that a small satellite is going to be launched as a secondary payload together with a primary payload (e.g. a communication satellite) on a launch vehicle.
 
20
For further details see also Schrogl [7, p. 604ff].
 
21
For further details on Art VII OST see Kerrest and Smith [8, 126ff].
 
22
Ibid.
 
23
See also Schmidt-Tedd and Mick [9, p. 157].
 
25
This paragraph is based on information available at www.​itu.​int (23.12.2017).
 
26
For further details on the digital divide discussion see also Schmidt-Tedd [10, p. 704ff].
 
27
See also Some aspects concerning the use of the geostationary orbit, paper adopted by the legal Subcommittee at its thirty-ninth session (A/AC.105/738, annex III).
 
28
See also Koudelka [11, p. 46f].
 
29
Art 42 (2) ITU Constitution of the International Telecommunication.
 
30
See also Freeland and Jakhu [12, p. 61].
 
31
Ibid.
 
32
See also Hobe [13, p. 41].
 
33
See also Schneider/Stöger (Eds.), Regulierungsrecht (der Netzwirtschaften) – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ökonomischer Aspekte (2012) 11ff.
 
Literature
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Walter, E (2011) The privatisation and commercialisation of outer space. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
2.
Neger T, Walter E (2011) Space law—and independent branch of the legal system. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds), Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
3.
Soucek A (2011) International law. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
4.
Schrogl KU, Neumann J (2009) Art IV. In: Hobe S, Schmidt-Tedd B, Schrogl KU (eds) Cologne commentary on space law1, outer space treaty. Carl Heymanns Verlag
5.
Tronchetti F (2011) Soft law. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
6.
Brünner C, Königsberger G (2012) Regulatory impact assessment. In: Marboe I (ed) Soft law in outer space, the function of non-binding norms in international space law, Studien zu Politik und Verwaltung102, Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Graz
7.
Schrogl KU (2011) Space and its sustainable uses. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York (2011)
8.
Kerrest A, Smith LJ (2009) Art VII. In: Hobe S, Schmidt-Tedd B, Schrogl KU (eds) Cologne commentary on space law1, outer space treaty. Carl Heymanns Verlag
9.
Schmidt-Tedd B, Mick S (2009) Art VIII. In: Hobe S, Schmidt-Tedd B, Schrogl KU (eds) Cologne commentary on space law1, outer space treaty. Carl Heymanns Verlag
10.
Schmidt-Tedd (2011) International space law and developing countries. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
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Koudelka O (2011) The technical dimension of space. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds), Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
12.
Freeland S, Jakhu R (2009) Art II. In: Hobe S, Schmidt-Tedd B, Schrogl KU (eds) Cologne commentary on space law1, outer space treaty. Carl Heymanns Verlag
13.
Hobe S (2009) Art I. In: Hobe S, Schmidt-Tedd B, Schrogl KU (eds) Cologne commentary on space law1, outer space treaty. Carl Heymanns Verlag
14.
Farand (2011) Space tourism. In: Lafferranderie, Marchisio (eds) The astronauts and rescue agreement, lessons learned. European Centre for Space Law
15.
Hertzfeld, Jones, International aspects of technology controls. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
16.
Lyall, Larsen (eds) (2009) Space law a treatise, Ashgate
17.
Soucek, A (2011) Reasons for space activities: some thoughts. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York (2011)
18.
Soucek, A (2011) The polar regions. In: Brünner C, Soucek A (eds) Outer space in society, politics and law. Studies in space policy, vol 8. European Space Policy Institute, Springer, Wien, New York
Metadata
Title
Consequences of the Ever Growing Importance of Earth Observation: Sustainable Use of Outer Space—Small Satellites and Mega Constellations
Author
Anita Rinner
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Satellite-Based Earth Observation

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74804-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-74805-4

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74805-4_20

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