Top

Published in:

19-10-2021 | Original Paper

Conservation conflicts and their drivers in different protected area management groups: a case study in Brazil

Authors: Wanderley Jorge da Silveira-Junior, Cléber Rodrigo de Souza, Ravi Fernandes Mariano, Carolina Corrêa Santos Moura, Carolina Costa Rodrigues, Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes

Published in: Biodiversity and Conservation | Issue 14/2021

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The restriction of access to natural resources by human populations due to the establishment and management of protected areas (PAs) can spark conservation conflicts (CCs) and undermine PA objectives. PAs have different management objectives and restriction levels; therefore, understanding the drivers, and the occurrence and importance of CCs in different groups of PAs is essential for conflict management. Herein, we built a conservation conflict hierarchical matrix (CCHM) using the information provided by the managers of 76 PAs in Brazil. We found that the restrictiveness of the PAs influenced the occurrence of CCs. We also found that the occurrence values of the CCs were lower in the Private Natural Heritage Reserves (PNHRs) compared to the values observed for the CCs in the full protection and sustainable use groups, which did not differ from each other. In addition, we noted that sustainable use PA managers indicated higher relative values of importance for most CCs compared to those indicated by full protection PA and private reserve managers. We also found that the drivers of the main conflicts depend on PA restrictiveness and that managers refer to environmental education as the main strategy to mitigate the conflicts. We concluded that different restriction levels in PAs promote different CC patterns and their respective drivers. Finally, given the different contexts and CCs experienced in different PAs, our results suggest that a collaborative approach between stakeholders using the CCHM can be beneficial to the management of local CCs.

previous article Increased grazing drives homogenisation but reduced grazing increases turnover in upland habitat mosaics

next article Integrating multiple datasets into spatially-explicit capture-recapture models to estimate the abundance of a locally scarce felid

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Alarcon GG, Ayanu Y, Fantini AC, Farley J, Schmitt Filho A, Koellner T (2015) Weakening the Brazilian legislation for forest conservation has severe impacts for ecosystem services in the Atlantic Southern Forest. Land Use Policy 47:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.011CrossRef

Allendorf T, Swe KK, Oo T, Htut Y, Aung M, Allendorf K, Wemmer C (2006) Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma). Environ Conserv 33(4):344–352. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906003389CrossRef

Anaya FC, Espírito-Santo MM (2018) Protected areas and territorial exclusion of traditional communities. Ecol Soc 23(1):8. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09850-230108CrossRef

Anderson E, Mammides C (2020) The role of protected areas in mitigating human impact in the world’s last wilderness areas. Ambio 49(2):434–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01213-xCrossRefPubMed

Andrade GS, Rhodes JR (2012) Protected areas and local communities: an inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies? Ecol Soc 17(4):14. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05216-170414CrossRef

Assis LFFG, Ferreira KR, Vinhas L, Maurano L, Almeida C, Carvalho A, Rodrigues J, Maciel A, Camargo C (2019) TerraBrasilis: a spatial data analytics infrastructure for large-scale thematic mapping. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 8(11):513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110513CrossRef

Ayling RD, Kelly K (1997) Dealing with conflict: natural resources and dispute resolution. Commonw for Rev 76(3):182–185

Barlow J, Berenguer E, Carmenta R, França F (2020) Clarifying Amazonia’s burning crisis. Glob Change Biol 26(2):319–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14872CrossRef

Batista EKL, Russell-Smith J, Eugênio J, Figueira C, Soares-Filho B (2018) Past fire practices and new steps towards an effective fire management approach in the Brazilian savannas. Advances in forest fire research. Imprensa Da Universidade De Coimbra. https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-16-506_66CrossRef

Bauer H (2003) Local perceptions of Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon. Environ Conserv 30(2):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689290300016XCrossRef

Baur EH, Mcnab RB, Williams LE Jr, Ramos VH, Radachowsky J, Guariguata MR (2012) Multiple forest use through commercial sport hunting: lessons from a community-based model from the Petén, Guatemala. For Ecol Manage 268:112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.005CrossRef

Baynham-Herd Z, Redpath S, Bunnefeld N, Molony T, Keane A (2018) Conservation conflicts: behavioural threats, frames, and intervention recommendations. Biol Conserv 222:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.012CrossRef

BCB. Banco Central do Brasil (2013) Economia mineira: estrutura produtiva e desempenho recente. Available at https://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/boletimregional/port/2013/01/br201301b3p.pdf. Accessed 01 Feb 2020

Beierle TC, Konisky DM (2001) What are we gaining from stakeholder involvement? Observations from environmental planning in the great lakes. Environ Plan c: Gov Pol 19(4):515–527. https://doi.org/10.1068/c5sCrossRef

Berkes F (2004) Rethinking community-based conservation. Conserv Biol 18(3):621–630CrossRef

Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2000) Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol Appl 10(5):1251–1262CrossRef

Bhati A, Pearce P (2016) Vandalism and tourism settings: an integrative review. Tour Manage 57:91–105CrossRef

Brando P, Macedo M, Silvério D, Rattis L, Paolucci L, Alencar A, Coe M, Amorim C (2020) Amazon wildfires: scenes from a foreseeable disaster. Flora. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151609CrossRef

Brandt JS, Buckley RC (2018) A global systematic review of empirical evidence of ecotourism impacts on forests in biodiversity hotspots. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 32:112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.004CrossRef

Brasil (2000) Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000— regulates the article 225, § 1º, items I, II, III e VII from federal Constitution, found the National System of Nature Conservation Units and gives other measures. Available at https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9985.htm. Accessed 10 Oct 2015

Brockington D (2002) Fortress conservation: the preservation of the Mkomazi game reserve, Tanzania. Indiana University Press, Bloomington

Chan KMA, Anderson E, Chapman M, Jespersen K, Olmsted P (2017) Payments for ecosystem services: rife with problems and potential-for transformation towards sustainability. Ecol Econ 140:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029CrossRef

Cusack JJ, Bradfer-Lawrence T, Baynham-Herd Z, Castellóy Tickell S, Duporge I, Hegre H, Zárate LM, Naude V, Nijhawan S, Wilson J, Cortes DGZ, Bunnefeld N (2021) Measuring the intensity of conflicts in conservation. Conserv Lett 14:e12783. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12783CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davenport MA, Leahy JE, Anderson DH, Jakes PJ (2007) Building trust in natural resource management within local communities: a case study of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Environ Manage 39(3):353–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-006-0016-1CrossRefPubMed

De Pourcq K, Thomas E, Arts B, Vranckx A, Leon-sicard T, Van Damme P (2015) Conflict in protected areas: who says comanagement does not work? PLoS ONE 10(12):e0144943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144943CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

De Pourcq K, Thomas E, Arts B, Vranckx A, Léon-Sicard T, Van Damme P (2017) Understanding and resolving conflict between local communities and conservation authorities in Colombia. World Dev 93:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.026CrossRef

Dickman AJ (2010) Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Anim Conserv 13(5):458–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00368.xCrossRef

Diegues AC, Arruda RSV (2001) Saberes tradicionais e Biodiversidade. MMA, Brasília

Diegues AC, Lopes A, Jesus AF, Pereira BE, Yaguiu S (2011) Povos/comunidades tradicionais e áreas protegidas no Brasil: conflitos e direitos. Relatório de pesquisa. NUPAUB - Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa sobre Populações Humanas e Áreas Úmidas Brasileiras - USP

Di Minin E, Toivonen T (2015) Global protected area expansion: creating more than paper parks. Bioscience 65(7):637–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv064CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Donovan GH, Prestemon JP, Gebert K (2011) The effect of newspaper coverage and political pressure on wildfire suppression costs. Soc Nat Resour 24(8):785–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941921003649482CrossRef

Dowie M (2011) Conservation refugees: the hundred-year conflict between global conservation and native peoples. MIT Press, Cambridge

Dudley N, Stolton S (2010) Arguments for protected areas: multiple benefits for conservation and use. Routledge, LondonCrossRef

Durigan G (2020) Zero-fire: not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil. Flora. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151612CrossRef

Ellis EC, Ramankutty N (2008) Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world. Front Ecol Environ 6(8):439–447. https://doi.org/10.1890/070062CrossRef

Eloy L, Bilbao A, Mistry J, Schmidt IB (2019) From fire suppression to fire management: advances and resistances to changes in fire policy in the savannas of Brazil and Venezuela. Geogr J 185(1):10–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12245CrossRef

Fearnside PM (2016) Brazilian politics threaten environmental policies. Science 353(6301):746–748. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag0254CrossRefPubMed

Fedreheim GE, Blanco E (2017) Co-management of protected areas to alleviate conservation conflicts: experiences in Norway. Int J Commons 11(2):754–773. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.749CrossRef

Fidelis A, Alvarado ST, Barradas ACS, Pivello VR (2018) The year 2017: megafires and management in the Cerrado. Fire. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1030049CrossRef

Hamilton A, Cunningham A, Byarugaba D, Kayanja F (2000) Conservation in a region of political instability: bwindi impenetrable forest. Uganda Conserv Biol 14(6):1722–1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99452.xCrossRef

Holmes G (2007) Protection, politics and protest: understanding resistance to conservation. Conserv Soc 5(2):184–201

Hovik S, Hongslo E (2017) Balancing local interests and national conservation obligations in nature protection. The case of local management boards in Norway. J Environ Plan Manage 60(4):708–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2016.1176556CrossRef

Hsieh HF, Shannon SE (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 15(9):1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687CrossRefPubMed

IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2018) Produção de leite no Brasil. Available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9209-pesquisa-trimestral-do-leite.html?edicao=23954&t=downloads. Accessed 01 Mar 2020

IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2019) Biomas e sistema costeiro-marinho do Brasil: compatível com a escala 1:250000. IBGE-Coordenação de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro

IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2020) Cidades. Sistema agregador de informações do IBGE sobre os municípios e estados do Brasil. Available at https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/. Accessed 01 Mar 2020

INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (2020) Portal do Monitoramento de Queimadas e Incêndios Florestais. Available at http://www.inpe.br/queimadas. Accessed 23 Sep 2021

IPBES (2019) Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 10.5281/zenodo.3831673

Jenkins CN, Joppa L (2009) Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biol Conserv 142(10):2166–2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.016CrossRef

Lele S, Wilshusen P, Brockington D, Seidler R, Bawa K (2010) Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2(1–2):94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006CrossRef

Leung Y-F, Marion JL (2000) Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: a state-of-knowledge review. In: Cole DN, McCool SF, Borrie WT, O’Loughlin J (Eds.) Wilderness science in a time of change conference, vol 5. Wilderness ecosystems, threatsand management. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-Vol-5. USDA ForestService Rocky Mountain Research Station, pp 23–48

Manfredo MJ, Dayer AA (2004) Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human-wildlife conflict in a global context. Hum Dimens Wildl 9(4):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505765CrossRef

Marfo E, Schanz H (2009) Managing logging compensation payment conflicts in Ghana: understanding actor-empowerment and implications for policy intervention. Land Use Policy 26(3):619–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.08.009CrossRef

Mendiburu F, Mendiburu MF (2019) Package ‘agricolae.’ R Package, Version, pp 1–2

Mistry J, Schmidt IB, Eloy L, Bilbao B (2019) New perspectives in fire management in South American savannas: The importance of intercultural governance. Ambio 48(2):172–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1054-7CrossRefPubMed

Moura LC, Scariot AO, Schmidt IB, Beatty R, Russell-Smith J (2019) The legacy of colonial fire management policies on traditional livelihoods and ecological sustainability in savannas: impacts, consequences, new directions. J Environ Manage 232:600–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.057CrossRefPubMed

Myers RL (2006) Living with fire—sustaining ecosystems & livelihoods through integrated fire management. Global Fire Initiative, The Nature Conservancy, Tallahassee, p 28

Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501CrossRefPubMed

Nelson F, Foley C, Foley LS, Leposo A, Loure E, Peterson D, Peterson M, Peterson T, Sachedina H, Williams A (2010) Payments for ecosystem services as a framework for community-based conservation in northern Tanzania. Conserv Biol 24:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01393.xCrossRefPubMed

Newsome D, Hughes M (2016) Understanding the impacts of ecotourism on biodiversity: a multi- scale, cumulative issue influenced by perceptions and politics. In: Geneletti D (ed) Handbook on biodiversity and ecosystem services in impact assessment. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp 276–298. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783478996CrossRef

Newsome D, Moore SA, Dowling RK (2002) Natural area tourism: ecology, impacts and management. Channel View Publications, Sydney

Ogra M (2009) Attitudes toward resolution of human-wildlife conflict among forest-dependent agriculturalists near Rajaji National Park, India. Hum Ecol 37:161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9222-9CrossRef

Pellizzaro PC, Hardt LPA, Hardt C, Hardt M, Sehli DA (2015) Gestão e manejo de áreas naturais protegidas: contexto internacional. Ambient Soc 18(1):21–40. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC509V1812015enCrossRef

Pieraccini M, Coppa S, De Lucia GA (2017) Beyond marine paper parks? Regulation theory to assess and address environmental non-compliance. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosys 27:177–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2632CrossRef

Porter-Bolland L, Ellis EA, Guariguata MR, Ruiz-Mallén I, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Reyes-García V (2012) Community managed forests and forest protected areas: an assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. For Ecol Manag 268:6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034CrossRef

Rechciński M, Tusznio J, Grodzińska-Jurczak M (2019) Protected area conflicts: a state-of-the-art review and a proposed integrated conceptual framework for reclaiming the role of geography. Biodivers Conserv 28:2463–2498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01790-zCrossRef

Redpath SM, Young J, Evely A, Adams WM, Sutherland WJ, Whitehouse A, Amar A, Lambert RAJ, Linnel DC, Watt A, Gutierrez RJ (2013) Understanding and managing conservation conflicts. Trends Ecol Evol 28(2):100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.021CrossRefPubMed

Redpath SM, Gutiérrez RJ, Wood KA, Young JC (2015) Conflicts in conservation: navigating towards solutions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084574CrossRef

Rodríguez I, Sletto, B, Bilbau B, Leal A (2013) Opening up’fire conflicts: reflexive governance and transformative knowledge networks in culturally fragile indigenous landscapes. STEPS Working Paper 54. STEPS Centre, Brighton

Salafsky N (2011) Integrating development with conservation: a means to a conservation end, or a mean end to conservation? Biol Conserv 144(3):973–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.003CrossRef

Schmidt IB, Eloy L (2020) Fire regime in the Brazilian savanna: recent changes, policy and management. Flora. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151613CrossRef

Schmidt IB, Moura LC, Ferreira MC, Eloy L, Sampaio AB, Dias PA, Berlinck CN (2018) Fire management in the Brazilian savanna: first steps and the way forward. J Appl Ecol 55(5):2094–2101

Segi S (2014) Protecting or pilfering? Neoliberal conservationist marine protected areas in the experience of coastal Granada, the Philippines. Hum Ecol 42(4):565–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9669-1CrossRef

Silveira-Junior WJ, Salvio GMM, Moura AS, Souza CR, Fontes MAL (2020) Payment for environmental services: alleviating the conflict of parks versus people. J Trop for Sci 32(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs32.1.8CrossRef

SISEMA (2021) Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais do Sistema Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos de Minas Gerais. Available at http://idesisema.meioambiente.mg.gov.br. Accessed 26 Sep 2021

Snyman S, Bricker KS (2019) Living on the edge: benefit-sharing from protected area tourism. J Sustain Tour 27(6):705–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1615496CrossRef

Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M, Carneiro A, Costa W, Coe M, Rodrigues H, Alencar A (2014) Cracking Brazil’s forest code. Science 344(6182):363–364. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246663CrossRefPubMed

Soliku O, Schraml U (2018) Making sense of protected area conflicts and management approaches: a review of causes, contexts and conflict management strategies. Biol Conserv 222:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.011CrossRef

Strand J, Soares-Filho B, Costa MH, Oliveira U, Ribeiro SC, Pires GF, Oliveira A, Rajão R, May P, Hoff R, Siikamäki J, Motta RS, Toman M (2018) Spatially explicit valuation of the Brazilian amazon forest’s ecosystem services. Nature Sust 1:657–664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0175-0CrossRef

Strassburg B, Brooks T, Feltran-Barbieri R, Iribarrem A, Crouzeilles R, Loyola R, Latawiec AE, Oliveira Filho FJB, Scaramuzza CAM, Scarano FR, Soares-Filho B, Balmford A (2017) Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. Nature Ecol Evol 1(4):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099CrossRef

Tuanmu MN, Vina A, Yang W, Chen X, Shortridge AM, Liu J (2016) Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery. Conserv Biol 30:827–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12669CrossRefPubMed

Varghese A, Ticktin T, Mandle L, Nath S (2015) Assessing the effects of multiple stressors on the recruitment of fruit harvested trees in a tropical dry forest, Western Ghats, India. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0119634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119634CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vedeld P, Jumane A, Wapalila G, Songorwa A (2012) Protected areas, poverty and conflicts. A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. For Policy Econ 21:20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.01.008CrossRef

Vergara-Asenjo G, Potvin C (2014) Forest protection and tenure status: the key role of indigenous peoples and protected areas in Panama. Glob Environ Change 28:205–215CrossRef

Vieira RRS, Ribeiro BR, Resende FM, Brum FT, Machado N, Sales LP, Macedo L, Soares-Filho B, Loyola R (2018) Compliance to Brazil’s forest code will not protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. Divers Distrib 24(4):434–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12700CrossRef

Watson JEM, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M (2014) The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13947CrossRefPubMed

Xu J, Lü Y, Chen L, Liu Y (2009) Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives. Int J Sustain Dev World 16(1):30–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757189CrossRef

Yasmi Y, Schanz H, Salim A (2006) Manifestation of conflict escalation in natural resource management. Environ Sci Policy 9(6):538–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2006.04.003CrossRef

Young JC, Marzano M, White RM, McCracken DI, Redpath SM, Carss DN, Quine CP, Watt AD (2010) The emergence of biodiversity conflicts from biodiversity impacts: characteristics and management strategies. Biodiver Conserv 19(14):3973–3990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9941-7CrossRef

Young JC, Searle K, Butler A, Simmons P, Watt AD, Jordan A (2016) The role of trust in the resolution of conservation conflicts. Biol Conserv 195:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.030CrossRef

Zeng J, Chen T, Yao X, Chen W (2020) Do Protected Areas Improve Ecosystem Services? A case study of Hoh Xil Nature Reserve in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030471CrossRef

Title: Conservation conflicts and their drivers in different protected area management groups: a case study in Brazil
Authors: Wanderley Jorge da Silveira-Junior
Cléber Rodrigo de Souza
Ravi Fernandes Mariano
Carolina Corrêa Santos Moura
Carolina Costa Rodrigues
Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes
Publication date: 19-10-2021
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Biodiversity and Conservation / Issue 14/2021
Print ISSN: 0960-3115
Electronic ISSN: 1572-9710
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02308-2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 14/2021

Correction to: Habitat fragmentation and forest management alter woody plant communities in a Central European beech forest landscape

Area modulates the effect of elevation but not of land use or canopy on tropical plant species richness

Functional traits and environment drive montane amphibian distribution in the southern Philippines

Assessment of the conservation status of marine species of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) in Italy: results, drawbacks and perspectives of the fourth national report (2013–2018)

Wildfires, heatwaves and human disturbance threaten insular endemic bats

Habitat selection of cave-restricted fauna in a new hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in Neotropics