Top

Journal of Materials Science

Published in:

03-07-2019 | Chemical routes to materials

Conversion of residue biomass into value added carbon materials: utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and ionic liquids

Authors: Kudzai Mugadza, Patrick G. Ndungu, Annegret Stark, Vincent O. Nyamori

Published in: Journal of Materials Science | Issue 19/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Presented herein is the nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs) production from a residue, sugarcane bagasse, using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₄MIM]Cl as the solvent and nitrogen source, and ferrocene as the catalyst source. N-MWCNTs were synthesised using the floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition method at 850 °C. The synthesised N-MWCNTs were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Hollow tubular structures of N-MWCNTs were observed using TEM. These observations correlated morphology from SEM which showed spaghetti-like structures, and also EDS detected the presence of nitrogen. Raman spectroscopy indicated MWCNT bands, around 1350 and 1580 cm⁻¹ assigned to D-band and G-band due to defective and graphitic carbon vibrations, respectively. Also, XRD patterns showed typical N-MWCNT structures with a strong intensity peak at 2θ = 26.4° which was indexed as the C₍₀₀₂₎ reflection of graphite. TGA showed an N-CNTs thermogram curve, with the main decomposition temperature around 590 °C. The study showed that N-MWCNTs were successfully synthesised from sugarcane bagasse. The study significantly establishes a strategy for utilisation and value addition of a residue which is abundant from sugar production mills.

previous article Preparation of oxygen-deficient 2D WO3−x nanoplates and their adsorption behaviors for organic pollutants: equilibrium and kinetics modeling

next article The synthesis of C, N-codoped TiO2 hollow spheres by a dual-frequency atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Suganya T, Varman M, Masjuki HH, Renganathan S (2016) Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: a biorefinery approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:909–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026 CrossRef

Herrero M, Ibañez E (2018) Green extraction processes, biorefineries and sustainability: recovery of high added-value products from natural sources. J Supercrit Fluids 134:252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.002 CrossRef

Hess TM, Sumberg J, Biggs T, Georgescu M, Haro-Monteagudo D, Jewitt G, Ozdogan M, Marshall M, Thenkabail P, Daccache A, Marin F, Knox JW (2016) A sweet deal? Sugarcane, water and agricultural transformation in sub-saharan africa. Glob Environ Change 39:181–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.003 CrossRef

Satlewal A, Agrawal R, Das P, Bhagia S, Pu Y, Puri SK, Ramakumar S, Ragauskas AJ (2018) Assessing the facile pretreatments of bagasse for efficient enzymatic conversion and their impacts on structural and chemical properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(1):1095–1104CrossRef

Pin TC, Nakasu PY, Mattedi S, Rabelo SC, Costa AC (2019) Screening of protic ionic liquids for sugarcane bagasse pretreatment. Fuel 235:1506–1514CrossRef

Kumar A, Negi YS, Choudhary V, Bhardwaj NK (2014) Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals produced by acid-hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste. J Mater Phys Chem 2(1):1–8

Wulandari WT, Rochliadi A, Arcana IM (2016) Nanocellulose prepared by acid hydrolysis of isolated cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 107(1):012045CrossRef

Oliveira FBd, Bras J, Pimenta MTB, Curvelo AAdS, Belgacem MN (2016) Production of cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse fibers and pith. Ind Crops Prod 93:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.064 CrossRef

de Miranda CMR, Neta JV, Ferreira LFR, Júnior WAG, do Nascimento CS, Gomes EDB, Mattedi S, Soares CM, Lima ÁS (2019) Pineapple crown delignification using low-cost ionic liquid based on ethanolamine and organic acids. Carbohyd Polym 206:302–308CrossRef

10.

Pérez-Pimienta JA, Icaza-Herrera JP, Méndoza-Pérez JA, González-Álvarez V, Méndez-Acosta HO, Arreola-Vargas J (2019) Mild reaction conditions induce high sugar yields during the pretreatment of agave tequilana bagasse with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Biores Technol 275:78–85CrossRef

11.

Daems N, Sheng X, Vankelecom IF, Pescarmona PP (2014) Metal-free doped carbon materials as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 2(12):4085–4110CrossRef

12.

Sun F, Wang L, Peng Y, Gao J, Pi X, Qu Z, Zhao G, Qin Y (2018) Converting biomass waste into microporous carbon with simultaneously high surface area and carbon purity as advanced electrochemical energy storage materials. Appl Surf Sci 436:486–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.067 CrossRef

13.

Guldi DM, Sgobba V (2011) Carbon nanostructures for solar energy conversion schemes. Chem Commun (Camb) 47(2):606–610. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc02411b CrossRef

14.

Peter KT, Vargo JD, Rupasinghe TP, De Jesus A, Tivanski AV, Sander EA, Myung NV, Cwiertny DM (2016) Synthesis, optimization, and performance demonstration of electrospun carbon nanofiber–carbon nanotube composite sorbents for point-of-use water treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(18):11431–11440. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01253 CrossRef

15.

Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G, Eklund PC (1996) Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes: their properties and applications. Academic Press, Cambridge

16.

Misnon II, Zain NKM, Jose R (2018) Conversion of oil palm kernel shell biomass to activated carbon for supercapacitor electrode application. Waste Biomass Valoriz. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0196-y CrossRef

17.

Ritter U, Tsierkezos NG, Prylutskyy YI, Matzui LY, Gubanov VO, Bilyi MM, Davydenko MO (2012) Structure–electrical resistivity relationship of n-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Mater Sci 47(5):2390–2395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6059-6 CrossRef

18.

Jana D, Sun C-L, Chen L-C, Chen K-H (2013) Effect of chemical doping of boron and nitrogen on the electronic, optical, and electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes. Prog Mater Sci 58(5):565–635CrossRef

19.

Ombaka LM, Ndungu PG, Nyamori VO (2015) Tuning the nitrogen content and surface properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized using a nitrogen-containing ferrocenyl derivative and ethylbenzoate. J Mater Sci 50(3):1187–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8675-4 CrossRef

20.

Lin J, Shang Y, Lin X, Yang L, Yu A (2016) Study on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for vanadium redox flow battery application. Int J Electrochem Sci 11(1):665–674

21.

Wu M-S, Ceng Z-Z (2016) Bamboo-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes formed by direct pyrolysis of prussian blue analogue as a counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 191:895–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.123 CrossRef

22.

Martin-Martinez M, Ribeiro RS, Machado BF, Serp P, Morales-Torres S, Silva AMT, Figueiredo JL, Faria JL, Gomes HT (2016) Role of nitrogen doping on the performance of carbon nanotube catalysts: a catalytic wet peroxide oxidation application. ChemCatChem 8(12):2068–2078. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600123 CrossRef

23.

Zhang L-M, Sui X-L, Zhao L, Zhang J-J, Gu D-M, Wang Z-B (2016) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for high-performance platinum-based catalysts in methanol oxidation reaction. Carbon 108:561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.059 CrossRef

24.

Kumar M, Ando Y (2010) Chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes: a review on growth mechanism and mass production. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10(6):3739–3758. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2939 CrossRef

25.

Hussain S, Amade R, Moreno H, Bertran E (2014) RF-PECVD growth and nitrogen plasma functionalization of CNTs on copper foil for electrochemical applications. Diam Relat Mater 49:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2014.08.006 CrossRef

26.

Keru G, Ndungu PG, Nyamori VO (2013) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesised by pyrolysis of (4-{[(pyridine-4-yl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)ferrocene. J Nanomater 2013:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/750318 CrossRef

27.

Zaytseva O, Neumann G (2016) Carbon nanomaterials: production, impact on plant development, agricultural and environmental applications. Chem Biol Technol Agric. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-016-0070-8 CrossRef

28.

Chu S, Majumdar A (2012) Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 488(7411):294–303CrossRef

29.

Fritsch C, Staebler A, Happel A, Cubero Márquez M, Aguiló-Aguayo I, Abadias M, Gallur M, Cigognini I, Montanari A, López M (2017) Processing, valorization and application of bio-waste derived compounds from potato, tomato, olive and cereals: a review. Sustainability 9(8):1492CrossRef

30.

Goodell B, Xie X, Qian Y, Daniel G, Peterson M, Jellison J (2008) Carbon nanotubes produced from natural cellulosic materials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 8(5):2472–2474CrossRef

31.

Kang Z, Wang E, Mao B, Su Z, Chen L, Xu L (2005) Obtaining carbon nanotubes from grass. Nanotechnology 16(8):1192–1195CrossRef

32.

Liu H, Ren M, Qu J, Feng Y, Song X, Zhang Q, Cong Q, Yuan X (2017) A cost-effective method for recycling carbon and metals in plants: synthesizing nanomaterials. Environ Sci Nano 4(2):461–469CrossRef

33.

Bernd MGS, Bragança SR, Heck N, Filho LC (2017) Synthesis of carbon nanostructures by the pyrolysis of wood sawdust in a tubular reactor. J Mater Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2016.11.003 CrossRef

34.

Alves JO, Tenório JAS, Zhuo C, Levendis YA (2012) Characterization of nanomaterials produced from sugarcane bagasse. J Mater Res Technol 1(1):31–34CrossRef

35.

Wei L, Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Mokaya R, Yushin G (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of abundant renewable natural organic chemicals for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Adv Energy Mater 1(3):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100019 CrossRef

36.

Zhu C, Akiyama T (2016) Cotton derived porous carbon via an mgo template method for high performance lithium ion battery anodes. Green Chem 18(7):2106–2114CrossRef

37.

De S, Balu AM, Waal JC, van Luque R (2015) Biomass-derived porous carbon materials: synthesis and catalytic applications. ChemCatChem 7(11):1608–1629. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500081 CrossRef

38.

Hofsetz K, Silva MA (2012) Brazilian sugarcane bagasse: energy and non-energy consumption. Biomass Bioenerg 46:564–573CrossRef

39.

Melati RB, Shimizu FL, Oliveira G, Pagnocca FC, de Souza W, Sant’Anna C, Brienzo M (2018) Key factors affecting the recalcitrance and conversion process of biomass. BioEnergy Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9941-0 CrossRef

40.

Pinkert A, Marsh KN, Pang S, Staiger MP (2009) Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chem Rev 109(12):6712–6728. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001947 CrossRef

41.

Equihua-Sánchez M, Barahona-Pérez LF (2019) Physical and chemical characterization of agave tequilana bagasse pretreated with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Waste Biomass Valoriz 10(5):1285–1294CrossRef

42.

Wang H, Gurau G, Rogers RD (2012) Ionic liquid processing of cellulose. Chem Soc Rev 41(4):1519–1537. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs15311d CrossRef

43.

Chiappe C, Pieraccini D (2005) Ionic liquids: solvent properties and organic reactivity. J Phys Org Chem 18(4):275–297CrossRef

44.

Ozokwelu D, Zhang S, Okafor O, Cheng W, Litombe N (2017) Novel catalytic and separation processes based on ionic liquids. Elsevier, Amsterdam

45.

Morales-delaRosa S, Campos-Martin JM, Fierro JLG (2012) High glucose yields from the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids. Chem Eng J 181–182:538–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.061 CrossRef

46.

Mugadza K, Nyamori VO, Mola GT, Simoyi RH, Ndungu PG (2017) Low temperature synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and incorporation into an organic solar cell. J Exp Nanosci 12(1):363–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2017.1357842 CrossRef

47.

Ombaka LM, Ndungu PG, Nyamori VO (2014) Tuning the nitrogen content and surface properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized using a nitrogen-containing ferrocenyl derivative and ethylbenzoate. J Mater Sci 50(3):1187–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8675-4 CrossRef

48.

Conroy D, Moisala A, Cardoso S, Windle A, Davidson J (2010) Carbon nanotube reactor: ferrocene decomposition, iron particle growth, nanotube aggregation and scale-up. Chem Eng Sci 65(10):2965–2977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.01.019 CrossRef

49.

Castro C, Pinault M, Porterat D, Reynaud C, Mayne-L’Hermite M (2013) The role of hydrogen in the aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition process in producing thin and densely packed vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Carbon 61:585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.040 CrossRef

50.

Xu Y, Ma Y, Liu Y, Feng S, He D, Haghi-Ashtiani P, Dichiara A, Zimmer L, Bai J (2018) Evolution of nanoparticles in the gas phase during the floating chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem C 122(11):6437–6446. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00451 CrossRef

51.

Aqel A, Abou El-Nour KMM, Ammar RAA, Al-Warthan A (2012) Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (i) structure, synthesis and characterization. Arab J Chem 5(1):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.08.022 CrossRef

52.

Mugadza K, Ndungu PG, Stark A, Nyamori VO (2019) Ionic liquids and cellulose: innovative feedstock for synthesis of carbon nanostructured material. Mater Chem Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.06.012 CrossRef

53.

Mori S, Suzuki M (2008) Effect of oxygen and hydrogen addition on the low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanofibers using a low-temperature co/ar dc plasma. Diam Relat Mater 17(6):999–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2008.02.035 CrossRef

54.

Belin T, Epron F (2005) Characterization methods of carbon nanotubes: a review. Mater Sci Eng B 119(2):105–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.02.046 CrossRef

55.

Lee CJ, Lyu SC, Kim H-W, Lee JH, Cho KI (2002) Synthesis of bamboo-shaped carbon–nitrogen nanotubes using c2h2–nh3–fe(co)5 system. Chem Phys Lett 359(1–2):115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00655-3 CrossRef

56.

Hou P-X, Liu C, Cheng H-M (2008) Purification of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 46(15):2003–2025CrossRef

57.

Hsieh Y-C, Chou Y-C, Lin C-P, Hsieh T-F, Shu C-M (2010) Thermal analysis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by kissinger’s corrected kinetic equation. Aerosol Air Qual Res 10(3):212–218CrossRef

58.

Mahajan A, Kingon A, Kukovecz Á, Konya Z, Vilarinho PM (2013) Studies on the thermal decomposition of multiwall carbon nanotubes under different atmospheres. Mater Lett 90:165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.120 CrossRef

59.

Nxumalo EN, Chabalala VP, Nyamori VO, Witcomb MJ, Coville NJ (2010) Influence of methylimidazole isomers on ferrocene-catalysed nitrogen doped carbon nanotube synthesis. J Organomet Chem 695(10–11):1451–1457CrossRef

60.

Bom D, Andrews R, Jacques D, Anthony J, Chen B, Meier MS, Selegue JP (2002) Thermogravimetric analysis of the oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: evidence for the role of defect sites in carbon nanotube chemistry. Nano Lett 2(6):615–619CrossRef

61.

Santangelo S, Lanza M, Milone C (2013) Evaluation of the overall crystalline quality of amorphous carbon containing multiwalled nanotubes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117(9):4815–4823. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp310014w CrossRef

62.

Jorio A, Pimenta MA, Souza Filho AG, Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2003) Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance raman scattering. New J Phys 5:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/139 CrossRef

63.

Costa S, Borowiak-Palen E, Kruszynska M, Bachmatiuk A, Kalenczuk RJ (2008) Characterization of carbon nanotubes by raman spectroscopy. Mater Sci-Poland 26(2):433–441

64.

Ferrari AC, Robertson J (2001) Resonant Raman spectroscopy of disordered, amorphous, and diamondlike carbon. Phys Rev B. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.64.075414 CrossRef

65.

Liu Y, Pan C, Wang J (2004) Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers prepared by ethanol flames. J Mater Sci 39(3):1091–1094. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000012952.20840.09 CrossRef

66.

Wepasnick KA, Smith BA, Bitter JL, Howard Fairbrother D (2010) Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 396(3):1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3332-5 CrossRef

67.

Osswald S, Havel M, Gogotsi Y (2007) Monitoring oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by Raman spectroscopy. J Raman Spectrosc 38(6):728–736CrossRef

68.

Hernadi K, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Siska A, Kiricsi I (2000) Production of nanotubes by the catalytic decomposition of different carbon-containing compounds. Appl Catal A 199(2):245–255CrossRef

69.

Cao A, Xu C, Liang J, Wu D, Wei B (2001) X-ray diffraction characterization on the alignment degree of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 344(1):13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00671-6 CrossRef

70.

Lambin P, Loiseau A, Culot C, Biro L (2002) Structure of carbon nanotubes probed by local and global probes. Carbon 40(10):1635–1648CrossRef

71.

Reznik D, Olk CH, Neumann DA, Copley JRD (1995) X-ray powder diffraction from carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 52(1):116–124. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.116 CrossRef

72.

Khani H, Moradi O (2013) Influence of surface oxidation on the morphological and crystallographic structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes via different oxidants. J Nanostruct Chem 3(1):73–81CrossRef

73.

Titus E, Ali N, Cabral G, Gracio J, Ramesh Babu P, Jackson MJ (2006) Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes and their characterization using thermogravimetric analysis, fourier transform infrared, and raman spectroscopy. J Mater Eng Perform 15(2):182–186. https://doi.org/10.1361/105994906x95841 CrossRef

74.

Steven E, Saleh WR, Lebedev V, Acquah SF, Laukhin V, Alamo RG, Brooks JS (2013) Carbon nanotubes on a spider silk scaffold. Nat Commun 4:2435CrossRef

75.

Mombeshora ET, Ndungu PG, Jarvis AL, Nyamori VO (2017) Oxygen-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes: physicochemical properties and capacitor functionality. Int J Energy Res 41(8):1182–1201CrossRef

76.

He C, Li L, Zhang T, Sun F, Wang C, Lin Y (2016) Nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon with effective electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. Mater Res Bull 84:118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.07.025 CrossRef

77.

Wang Y-G, Li H-Q, Xia Y-Y (2006) Ordered whiskerlike polyaniline grown on the surface of mesoporous carbon and its electrochemical capacitance performance. Adv Mater 18(19):2619–2623. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600445 CrossRef

78.

Wickramaratne NP, Xu J, Wang M, Zhu L, Dai L, Jaroniec M (2014) Nitrogen enriched porous carbon spheres: attractive materials for supercapacitor electrodes and co2 adsorption. Chem Mater 26(9):2820–2828. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm5001895 CrossRef

Title: Conversion of residue biomass into value added carbon materials: utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and ionic liquids
Authors: Kudzai Mugadza
Patrick G. Ndungu
Annegret Stark
Vincent O. Nyamori
Publication date: 03-07-2019
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Materials Science / Issue 19/2019
Print ISSN: 0022-2461
Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03800-5

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 19/2019

Recent advances in electrochemical nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors based on nanomaterials: a review

A high-strength heterogeneous structural dual-phase steel

Thermally insulating polybenzoxazine aerogels based on 4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane benzoxazine

The effects of chemical reaction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers

Efficient silicon solar cells applying cuprous sulfide as hole-selective contact

A novel two-stage synthesis for 3C–SiC nanowires by carbothermic reduction and their photoluminescence properties

Premium Partners