Copper Electrowinning: 2025 Global Survey of Tankhouse Operating Practice and Performance

This chapter delves into the global survey data of copper electrorefineries, presenting trends and practices from 2017/18 to 2023/24. It explores the evolution of anode characteristics, revealing that while arsenic concentrations have increased, lead, bismuth, and tellurium levels have plateaued. The analysis also covers cathode materials and operations, noting the widespread adoption of permanent cathode technology, which has stabilized current density and efficiency. General tankhouse practices are examined, highlighting improvements in safety, productivity, and the use of advanced technologies like polymer concrete cells and short circuit detection systems. The chapter concludes that non-Chinese copper electrorefineries have largely stabilized their operations, with automated systems and permanent cathode technologies becoming industry standards. This text offers a detailed overview of the current state and future directions of copper electrorefining, making it an essential read for professionals seeking to understand the latest industry trends and advancements.