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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Coupling Syntrophic Acetate Oxidation and Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation When Treating Nitrogen-Rich Organic Wastes for Energy Recovery and Nitrogen Removal: Overview and Prospects

Authors : Albert Magrí, Belén Fernández, Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú, Josep Ruiz-Sánchez

Published in: Improving Biogas Production

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

There is high interest in applying anaerobic digestion to organic wastes for the recovery of biogas as a renewable energy source. In the case of protein-rich residues, the performance of anaerobic digesters might be affected by the accumulation of ammonia and volatile fatty acids. High concentrations of these compounds impact negatively on the activity of the acetotrophic methanogenic archaea (AMA). This limitation can be overcome by promoting the enrichment within digesters of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (SAOB) in conjunction with certain groups of hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea (HMA). These two microbial populations have a relatively high tolerance towards the aforementioned inhibitory compounds. Hence, when the partial pressure of hydrogen is low enough, SAOB metabolize acetate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which are syntrophically consumed by HMA. Once the organic matter has been biodegraded, the remaining nitrogen can be biologically removed from digester supernatants by the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). This pathway consists of the simultaneous conversion of ammonium and nitrite to (di)nitrogen gas, and, therefore, a previous partial oxidation of ammonium to nitrite under aerobic conditions is required. Interestingly, the whole process constitutes a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal strategy. This chapter compiles the current knowledge on the syntrophic oxidation of acetate and on the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium, mostly focusing on technological aspects in view of a sequential bioreactor implementation.

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previous chapter Co-digestion of Animal Manure and Carcasses to Increase Biogas Generation

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The use of methyl or carboxyl labelled acetate isotopes is based on the fact that in the acetotrophic methanogenesis (Equation A), CH₄ originates only from the methyl C in the acetate molecule. Differently, after acetate oxidation, both atoms of C (methyl and carboxyl) are available for the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Equation B) in the form of CO₂. Reactions A and B finally provide the same products (two moles of CH₄ and two moles of CO₂), but only the conversion of labelled ¹³C-acetate, or ¹⁴C-acetate, (identified by the underlined C atom in both Equations) by AMA yields two moles of labelled CH₄ (Reaction A). In contrast, the SAO process (Reaction B) yields a uniform distribution of the labelled C as CH₄ and CO₂ (Gehring et al. 2016).

$$2{\underline{\text{C}}\text{H}}_{3} {\text{COOH}}\rightarrow 2{\underline{\text{C}}\text{H}}_{4} + 2{\text{CO}}_{2} $$

(A)

$$2{\underline{\text{C}}\text{H}}_{3} {\text{COOH}} + 4{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}\rightarrow 2{\underline{\text{C}}\text{O}}_{2} + 2{\text{CO}}_{2} + 8{\text{H}}_{2} \rightarrow {\underline{\text{C}}\text{H}}_{4} + {\text{CH}}_{4} + {\underline{\text{C}}\text{O}}_{2} + {\text{CO}}_{2} + 4{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}$$

(B)

Carbon isotopic ratio: (${\updelta }^{ 1 3} {\text{C}} = \left( {\frac{{\left( {{}^{ 1 3}{\text{C}}/{}^{12}{\text{C}}} \right)_{\text{sample}} }}{{\left( {{}^{ 1 3}{\text{C}}/^{ 1 2} {\text{C}}} \right)_{\text{standard}} }} - 1} \right)\cdot 10^{3}$ (‰)); Fractionation factor: $\left( {{\alpha }_{\text{C}} = \frac{{{\updelta }^{ 1 3} {\text{CO}}_{ 2} { + 10}^{ 3} }}{{{\updelta }^{ 1 3} {\text{CH}}_{ 4} { + 10}^{ 3} }}} \right)$

Biomass acclimation refers to reversible physiological adjustments of microorganisms in response to rather short-term/limited perturbances in the environment, whereas biomass adaptation usually refers to changes in the microbial community structure and function in response to more intense/persistent environmental changes.

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Title: Coupling Syntrophic Acetate Oxidation and Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation When Treating Nitrogen-Rich Organic Wastes for Energy Recovery and Nitrogen Removal: Overview and Prospects
Authors: Albert Magrí
Belén Fernández
Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú
Josep Ruiz-Sánchez
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Improving Biogas Production
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10515-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-10516-7

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10516-7_6