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Published in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 4/2009

01-12-2009

Cultural norms & business start-ups: the impact of national values on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs

Authors: Diana M. Hechavarria, Paul D. Reynolds

Published in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal | Issue 4/2009

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Abstract

It has long been known that the level of entrepreneurship, indicated as the percentage of incorporated and unincorporated nascent businesses relative to the labor force differs strongly across countries. This variance is related to differences in levels of economic development (Wennekers et al. 2005), but also to diverging demographic, cultural, and institutional characteristics (Acs and Armington 2004; Busenitiz et al. 2000; Fusari 1996; Karlsson and Duhlberg 2003; Rocha 2004; Thurik et al. 2006; Wong et al. 2005). Incorporating an institutional perspective, the aim of this research is to test if culture, operationalized through the World Values Survey (WVS) data, is a significant factor in predicting opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship rates at the country level. Opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship rates will be averaged from the 2001 to 2003 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and aggregated for 38 countries in this cross-sectional analysis.

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Footnotes
1
Reynolds et al. (2001). GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR: 2001 Volume II:A - Adult Population Surveys Data Collection-Operations Manual.
 
2
This measure is used over the TEA index in the GEM data because the TEA measure includes owner managers, and thus SUBOAN (the variable from which SUOPP and SUNEC are derived) is a more accurate measure of current nascent entrepreneurs.
 
3
For a complete account of the construction of indexes used please visit the WVS website: http://​www.​worldvaluessurve​y.​org/​ and download the integrated questionnaire.
 
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Metadata
Title
Cultural norms & business start-ups: the impact of national values on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs
Authors
Diana M. Hechavarria
Paul D. Reynolds
Publication date
01-12-2009
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal / Issue 4/2009
Print ISSN: 1554-7191
Electronic ISSN: 1555-1938
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-009-0115-6

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