Skip to main content
Top

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the chapters of this book

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Cybersecurity of Digital Citizens in the Remote Areas of the European High North

Authors : Ville Kivivirta, Leena Viinamäki, Arto Selkälä

Published in: Digitalisation and Human Security

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Abstract

This chapter focuses on how digital citizens in the remote areas of the European High North experience cybersecurity. The empirical research was conducted in the Finnish regions of Lapland, Ostrobothnia and North Karelia. The research comprised a postal survey (n = 1063) for citizens, web-based questionnaire for public sector professionals, two workshops for experts and additional interviews conducted with Sámi people and third-sector representatives. The research data were examined by means of a three-phase gap analysis. Based on the results, citizens are slightly more critical than officials with regards to cybersecurity, and they experience cybersecurity in a broader sense than simply as customers. Further, active digital citizens in remote areas experience cybersecurity problems that may eventually decrease the social acceptability of e-services.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
The population density gives the population number per square kilometre. Hence, the population density equals the population divided by the total land area (km²). Data obtained from Sotkanet.fi Statistics and Indicator Bank© National Institute for Health and Welfare (2005–2018).
 
2
The demographic (or population) dependency ratio is the number of people aged under 15 and over 64 per hundred working-age people aged 15–64. The greater the number of children and/or retirement-age people, the higher the dependency ratio. Data obtained from Sotkanet.fi Statistics and Indicator Bank© National Institute for Health and Welfare (2005–2018).
 
3
Data obtained from Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (2017).
 
Literature
go back to reference American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). (2008). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys (5th ed.). Lenexa, KS: AAPOR. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). (2008). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys (5th ed.). Lenexa, KS: AAPOR.
go back to reference Arnstein, S. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. CrossRef Arnstein, S. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. CrossRef
go back to reference Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef
go back to reference Callon, M. (2008). Economic markets and the rise of interactive agencements: From prosthetic agencies to habilitated agencies. In T. Pinch & R. Koray (Eds.), Living in a material world: Economic sociology meets science and technology studies (pp. 29–56). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Callon, M. (2008). Economic markets and the rise of interactive agencements: From prosthetic agencies to habilitated agencies. In T. Pinch & R. Koray (Eds.), Living in a material world: Economic sociology meets science and technology studies (pp. 29–56). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
go back to reference Deibert, R. (2017). Cyber security. In M. D. Cavelty & T. Balzacq (Eds.), Routledge handbook of security studies (2nd ed., pp. 1725–1782). Abingdon: Routledge. Deibert, R. (2017). Cyber security. In M. D. Cavelty & T. Balzacq (Eds.), Routledge handbook of security studies (2nd ed., pp. 1725–1782). Abingdon: Routledge.
go back to reference Deibert, R., & Rohozinski, R. (2010). Liberation vs. control in cyberspace. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 42–57. Deibert, R., & Rohozinski, R. (2010). Liberation vs. control in cyberspace. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 42–57.
go back to reference Duffield, M. R. (2012). Challenging environments: Danger, resilience, and the aid industry. Security Dialogue, 43(5), 475–492. CrossRef Duffield, M. R. (2012). Challenging environments: Danger, resilience, and the aid industry. Security Dialogue, 43(5), 475–492. CrossRef
go back to reference Dunn Cavelty, M. (2014). Breaking the cyber-security dilemma: Aligning security needs and removing vulnerabilities. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(3), 701–715. CrossRef Dunn Cavelty, M. (2014). Breaking the cyber-security dilemma: Aligning security needs and removing vulnerabilities. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(3), 701–715. CrossRef
go back to reference Dwyer, P. (2004). Understanding social citizenship: Themes and perspectives for policy and practice. Bristol: Policy Press. Dwyer, P. (2004). Understanding social citizenship: Themes and perspectives for policy and practice. Bristol: Policy Press.
go back to reference European Commission. (2009, June 17). Workshop on the establishment of a European public-private partnership for resilience. Brussels. European Commission. (2009, June 17). Workshop on the establishment of a European public-private partnership for resilience. Brussels.
go back to reference Floridi, L. (2014). The fourth revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Floridi, L. (2014). The fourth revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Fustel de Coulanges, N. (2001 / 1864). The ancient city: A study on the religion, laws, and institutions of Greece and Rome. Kitchener, ON: Batoche Books. Fustel de Coulanges, N. (2001 / 1864). The ancient city: A study on the religion, laws, and institutions of Greece and Rome. Kitchener, ON: Batoche Books.
go back to reference Hatleback, E. N. (2018). The protoscience of cybersecurity. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology, 15(1), 5–12. CrossRef Hatleback, E. N. (2018). The protoscience of cybersecurity. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology, 15(1), 5–12. CrossRef
go back to reference Haveri, A. (2006). Complexity in local government change. Public Management Review, 8(1), 31–46. CrossRef Haveri, A. (2006). Complexity in local government change. Public Management Review, 8(1), 31–46. CrossRef
go back to reference Heeringa, S., West, B., & Berglund, P. A. (2010). Applied survey data analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. CrossRef Heeringa, S., West, B., & Berglund, P. A. (2010). Applied survey data analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. CrossRef
go back to reference Henman, P. (2010). Governing electronically—e-government and the reconfiguration of public administration policy and power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Henman, P. (2010). Governing electronically—e-government and the reconfiguration of public administration policy and power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Hodge, H., Carson, D., Carson, D., Newman, L., & Garrett, J. (2016). Using Internet technologies in rural communities to access services: The views of older people and service providers. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 469–478. CrossRef Hodge, H., Carson, D., Carson, D., Newman, L., & Garrett, J. (2016). Using Internet technologies in rural communities to access services: The views of older people and service providers. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 469–478. CrossRef
go back to reference Homburg, V. (2008). Understanding e-government: Information systems in public administration. Abingdon: Routledge. CrossRef Homburg, V. (2008). Understanding e-government: Information systems in public administration. Abingdon: Routledge. CrossRef
go back to reference Lindgren, I., & Jansson, G. (2013). Electronic services in the public sector: A conceptual framework. Government Information Quarterly, 30(2), 163–172. CrossRef Lindgren, I., & Jansson, G. (2013). Electronic services in the public sector: A conceptual framework. Government Information Quarterly, 30(2), 163–172. CrossRef
go back to reference Mertens, D. M., & Hesse-Biber, S. (2012). Triangulation and mixed methods research: Provocative positions. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 75–79. CrossRef Mertens, D. M., & Hesse-Biber, S. (2012). Triangulation and mixed methods research: Provocative positions. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 75–79. CrossRef
go back to reference Mitchell, W. (1995). City of bits: Space, place, and the infobahn. London: MIT Press. Mitchell, W. (1995). City of bits: Space, place, and the infobahn. London: MIT Press.
go back to reference Official Statistics of Finland. (2018, December 31). Population projection: Population structure. Helsinki: Statistics Finland. Official Statistics of Finland. (2018, December 31). Population projection: Population structure. Helsinki: Statistics Finland.
go back to reference Ong, A. (2006). Mutations in citizenship. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2–3), 499–531. CrossRef Ong, A. (2006). Mutations in citizenship. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2–3), 499–531. CrossRef
go back to reference Osborne, S., Radnor, Z., & Nasi, G. (2012). A new theory for public service management? Toward a (public) service-dominant approach. American Review of Public Administration, 43(2), 135–158. CrossRef Osborne, S., Radnor, Z., & Nasi, G. (2012). A new theory for public service management? Toward a (public) service-dominant approach. American Review of Public Administration, 43(2), 135–158. CrossRef
go back to reference Osborne, S., Radnor, Z., & Strokosch, K. (2016). Co-production and the co-creation of value in public services: A suitable case for treatment? Public Management Review, 18(5), 639–653. CrossRef Osborne, S., Radnor, Z., & Strokosch, K. (2016). Co-production and the co-creation of value in public services: A suitable case for treatment? Public Management Review, 18(5), 639–653. CrossRef
go back to reference Philip, L., Cottrill, C., Farrington, J., Williams, F., & Ashmore, F. (2017). The digital divide: Patterns, policy and scenarios for connecting the ‘final few’ in rural communities across Great Britain. Journal of Rural Studies, 54(2017), 386–398. CrossRef Philip, L., Cottrill, C., Farrington, J., Williams, F., & Ashmore, F. (2017). The digital divide: Patterns, policy and scenarios for connecting the ‘final few’ in rural communities across Great Britain. Journal of Rural Studies, 54(2017), 386–398. CrossRef
go back to reference Reid, J. (2006). The biopolitics of the war on terror. Manchester: Manchester University Press. CrossRef Reid, J. (2006). The biopolitics of the war on terror. Manchester: Manchester University Press. CrossRef
go back to reference Roberts, E., Beer, D., Philip, L., & Townsend, L. (2017). Rural resilience in a digital society. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 355–359. CrossRef Roberts, E., Beer, D., Philip, L., & Townsend, L. (2017). Rural resilience in a digital society. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 355–359. CrossRef
go back to reference Roche, M. (1987). Citizenship, social theory, and social change. Theory and Society, 16(3), 363–399. CrossRef Roche, M. (1987). Citizenship, social theory, and social change. Theory and Society, 16(3), 363–399. CrossRef
go back to reference Salminen, M., & Hossain, K. (2018). Digitalisation and human security dimensions in cybersecurity: An appraisal for the European High North. Polar Record, 54(2), 108–118. CrossRef Salminen, M., & Hossain, K. (2018). Digitalisation and human security dimensions in cybersecurity: An appraisal for the European High North. Polar Record, 54(2), 108–118. CrossRef
go back to reference Schou, J., & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digitalization and public sector transformations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Schou, J., & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digitalization and public sector transformations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Selkälä, A. (2013). Kansalaisuuden hallinta suomalaisessa sosiaali- ja terveyspolitiikassa (The governance of citizenship on Finnish municipal social and health policy). Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 248. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press. Selkälä, A. (2013). Kansalaisuuden hallinta suomalaisessa sosiaali- ja terveyspolitiikassa (The governance of citizenship on Finnish municipal social and health policy). Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 248. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press.
go back to reference Selkälä, A., Viinamäki, L., Suikkanen, A., & Vasari, P. (2016). e-Kansalaisuus syrjäseudulla: Internetin Käyttökokemuksia Lapista. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 81(3), 332–342. Selkälä, A., Viinamäki, L., Suikkanen, A., & Vasari, P. (2016). e-Kansalaisuus syrjäseudulla: Internetin Käyttökokemuksia Lapista. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 81(3), 332–342.
go back to reference Simon, S., & de Goede, M. (2015). Cybersecurity, bureaucratic vitalism and European emergency. Theory, Culture & Society, 32(2), 79–106. CrossRef Simon, S., & de Goede, M. (2015). Cybersecurity, bureaucratic vitalism and European emergency. Theory, Culture & Society, 32(2), 79–106. CrossRef
go back to reference Stout, M. (2010). Climbing the ladder of participation: Establishing local policies for participatory practice. Public Administration and Management, 15(1), 46–97. Stout, M. (2010). Climbing the ladder of participation: Establishing local policies for participatory practice. Public Administration and Management, 15(1), 46–97.
go back to reference Townsend, L., Sathiaseelan, A., Fairhurst, G., & Wallace, C. (2013). Enhanced broadband access as a solution to the social and economic problems of the rural digital divide. Local Economy, 28(6), 580–595. CrossRef Townsend, L., Sathiaseelan, A., Fairhurst, G., & Wallace, C. (2013). Enhanced broadband access as a solution to the social and economic problems of the rural digital divide. Local Economy, 28(6), 580–595. CrossRef
go back to reference Van Dijk, J. (2008). One Europe, digitally divined. In A. Chadwick & P. N. Howard (Eds.), The handbook of internet politics (pp. 288–304). London: Routledge. Van Dijk, J. (2008). One Europe, digitally divined. In A. Chadwick & P. N. Howard (Eds.), The handbook of internet politics (pp. 288–304). London: Routledge.
go back to reference Vartiainen, P. (2007). Monitahoarvioinnin periaatteet ja prosessit (Principles and processes of multi-faceted evaluation). In L. Viinamäki & E. Saari (Eds.), Polkuja soveltavaan yhteiskuntatieteelliseen tutkimukseen (Paths for applied social research) (pp. 152–172). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi. Vartiainen, P. (2007). Monitahoarvioinnin periaatteet ja prosessit (Principles and processes of multi-faceted evaluation). In L. Viinamäki & E. Saari (Eds.), Polkuja soveltavaan yhteiskuntatieteelliseen tutkimukseen (Paths for applied social research) (pp. 152–172). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi.
go back to reference Verdegem, P., & Verleye, G. (2009). User-centered E-Government in practice: A comprehensive model for measuring user satisfaction. Government Information Quarterly, 26, 487–497. CrossRef Verdegem, P., & Verleye, G. (2009). User-centered E-Government in practice: A comprehensive model for measuring user satisfaction. Government Information Quarterly, 26, 487–497. CrossRef
go back to reference Viinamäki, L., & Kilpiäinen, S. (2015). Methodological background for the socio-economic part of the mine research. In L. Viinamäki (Ed.), Socio-economic challenges in the mining industry—Four cases from the Barents region (pp. 15–16). Publications of Lapland UAS. Publication series B. Reports 16/2015. Retrieved from http://​urn.​fi/​URN:​ISBN:​978-952-316-096-5. Viinamäki, L., & Kilpiäinen, S. (2015). Methodological background for the socio-economic part of the mine research. In L. Viinamäki (Ed.), Socio-economic challenges in the mining industry—Four cases from the Barents region (pp. 15–16). Publications of Lapland UAS. Publication series B. Reports 16/2015. Retrieved from http://​urn.​fi/​URN:​ISBN:​978-952-316-096-5.
go back to reference Viinamäki, L., Kivivirta, V., Selkälä, A., Voutilainen, O., Syväjärvi, A., & Suikkanen, A. (2017). Ajasta ja paikasta riippumatta. Digikansalaisuus ja palveluiden saavutettavuus maaseudulla—hankkeen loppuraportti [ Regardless of time and place. Final report of the Digital citizenship and acceptability of the services in the rural areas project]. LAPIN AMKIN JULKAISUJA. Sarja A. Referee-tutkimukset 1/2017. Retrieved from http://​www.​theseus.​fi/​handle/​10024/​137218. Viinamäki, L., Kivivirta, V., Selkälä, A., Voutilainen, O., Syväjärvi, A., & Suikkanen, A. (2017). Ajasta ja paikasta riippumatta. Digikansalaisuus ja palveluiden saavutettavuus maaseudulla—hankkeen loppuraportti [ Regardless of time and place. Final report of the Digital citizenship and acceptability of the services in the rural areas project]. LAPIN AMKIN JULKAISUJA. Sarja A. Referee-tutkimukset 1/2017. Retrieved from http://​www.​theseus.​fi/​handle/​10024/​137218.
go back to reference Zojer, G. (2019). The interconnectedness of digitalisation and human security in the European High North: Cybersecurity conceptualised through the human security lens. The Year Book of Polar Law, 10, 297–320. CrossRef Zojer, G. (2019). The interconnectedness of digitalisation and human security in the European High North: Cybersecurity conceptualised through the human security lens. The Year Book of Polar Law, 10, 297–320. CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Cybersecurity of Digital Citizens in the Remote Areas of the European High North
Authors
Ville Kivivirta
Leena Viinamäki
Arto Selkälä
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48070-7_9

Premium Partner