Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Management International Review
Published in: Management International Review 3/2021

02-07-2021 | Research Article

De-internationalization: A Thematic Review and the Directions Forward

Authors: Ryan W. Tang, Ying Zhu, Hongbo Cai, Jinrong Han

Published in: Management International Review | Issue 3/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The fast-growing interest in de-internationalization research calls for a comprehensive synthesis of extant literature to identify paths for future research. We have responded to this call with a framework-based thematic review of 218 articles published between 1979 and 2019. The review synthesizes theoretical arguments and empirical findings with the conceptual mapping of four themes: the concept of de-internationalization and its antecedents, consequences, and moderators. This synthesis ensures the theoretical contributions of future research on the dynamics of de-internationalization and its motives, barriers, and long-term impacts on multiple stakeholders as well as the conditions under which the impacts occur. This study, therefore, contributes to the literature with a thematic framework showing key themes in de-internationalization research as well as new directions in which to move forward.
next article CEOs’ International Work Experience and Compensation

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Management International Review

MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW is a double-blind refereed journal that aims at the advancement and dissemination of research in the fields of International Management.

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
Albertoni, F., Elia, S., Massini, S., & Piscitello, L. (2017). The reshoring of business services: Reaction to failure or persistent strategy? Journal of World Business, 52(3), 417–430.CrossRef
Alcantara, L. L., & Hoshino, Y. (2012). Modes of acquiring host-country experience and performance of international joint ventures in Japan. Asian Business and Management, 11(2), 123–148.CrossRef
Alessandria, G., & Choi, H. (2007). Do sunk costs of exporting matter for net export dynamics? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(1), 289–336.CrossRef
Ancarani, A., Di Mauro, C., Fratocchi, L., Orzes, G., & Sartor, M. (2015). Prior to reshoring: A duration analysis of foreign manufacturing ventures. International Journal of Production Economics, 169, 141–155.CrossRef
Ancarani, A., Di Mauro, C., & Mascali, F. (2019). Backshoring strategy and the adoption of Industry 4.0: Evidence from Europe. Journal of World Business, 54(4), 360–371.CrossRef
Andersen, P. H. (2006). Regional clusters in a global world: Production relocation, innovation, and industrial decline. California Management Review, 49(1), 101–122.CrossRef
Arte, P., & Larimo, J. (2019). Taking stock of foreign divestment: Insights and recommendations from three decades of contemporary literature. International Business Review, 28(6), 101599.CrossRef
Atkeson, A., & Burstein, A. T. (2010). Innovation, firm dynamics, and international trade. Journal of Political Economy, 118(3), 433–484.CrossRef
Bai, T., Jin, Z., & Qi, X. (2013). Chinese firms’ OFDI entry mode choice and survival of foreign subsidiaries: Contingency effects of economic and cultural distance. International Journal of China Marketing, 4(1), 102–114.
Baldwin, J., & Yan, B. (2012). Market expansion and productivity growth: Do new domestic markets matter as much as new international markets? Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 21(2), 469–491.
Bane, W. T., & Neubauer, F.-F. (1981). Diversification and the failure of new foreign activities. Strategic Management Journal, 2(3), 219–233.CrossRef
Baraldi, E., Ciabuschi, F., Lindahl, O., & Fratocchi, L. (2018). A network perspective on the reshoring process: The relevance of the home- and the host-country contexts. Industrial Marketing Management, 70, 156–166.CrossRef
Barbieri, P., Elia, S., Fratocchi, L., & Golini, R. (2019). Relocation of second degree: Moving towards a new place or returning home? Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 25(3), 1–14.CrossRef
Barkema, H. G., Bell, J. H. J., & Pennings, J. M. (1996). Foreign entry, cultural barriers, and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 151–166.CrossRef
Barkema, H. G., & Vermeulen, F. (1997). What differences in the cultural backgrounds of partners are detrimental for international joint ventures? Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 845–864.CrossRef
Belderbos, R. (2003). Antidumping and foreign divestment: Japanese electronics multinationals in the EU. Review of World Economics, 139(1), 131–160.CrossRef
Belderbos, R., & Zou, J. (2006a). Divestment of foreign manufacturing affiliates: Country platforms, multinational plant networks, and foreign investor agglomeration, unpublished, Department of Management Economics, Strategy and Innovation (MSI), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Belderbos, R., & Zou, J. (2006b). Foreign investment, divestment and relocation by Japanese electronics firms in east Asia. Asian Economic Journal, 20(1), 1–27.CrossRef
Belderbos, R., & Zou, J. (2009). Real options and foreign affiliate divestments: A portfolio perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(4), 600–620.CrossRef
Benito, G. R. G. (1997). Divestment of foreign production operations. Applied Economics, 29(10), 1365–1378.CrossRef
Benito, G. R. G., & Welch, L. S. (1997). De-internationalization. Management International Review, 37(Special issue), 7–25.
Bernini, M., Du, J., & Love, J. H. (2016). Explaining intermittent exporting: Exit and conditional re-entry in export markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(9), 1058–1076.CrossRef
Berry, H. (2013). When do firms divest foreign operations? Organization Science, 24(1), 246–261.CrossRef
Biggiero, L. (2006). Industrial and knowledge relocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalization: The move of small and medium enterprises among territorial systems. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(6), 443–471.CrossRef
Blake, D. J., & Moschieri, C. (2017). Policy risk, strategic decisions and contagion effects: Firm-specific considerations. Strategic Management Journal, 38(3), 732–750.CrossRef
Boddewyn, J. J. (1979). Foreign divestment: Magnitude and factors. Journal of International Business Studies, 10(1), 21–27.CrossRef
Boddewyn, J. J. (1983). Foreign and domestic divestment and investment decisions: Like or unlike. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(3), 23–35.CrossRef
Boddewyn, J. J. (1985). Theories of foreign direct investment and divestment: A classificatory note. Management International Review, 25(1), 57–65.
Boeh, K. K., & Beamish, P. W. (2015). The cost of distance on subsidiary performance. Asian Business and Management, 14(3), 171–193.CrossRef
Bond, K. M. (1988). To stay or to leave: The moral dilemma of divestment of South African assets. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(1-2), 9–18.CrossRef
Breuer, W., Felde, M., & Steininger, B. I. (2017). The financial impact of firm withdrawals from “State Sponsor of Terrorism” countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(3), 533–547.CrossRef
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. (1976). The future of the multinational enterprise. Holmes & Meier Publishers.CrossRef
Buckley, P. J., Devinney, T. M., & Tang, R. W. (2014). Meta-analytic research in international business and international management. In P. J. Buckley (Ed.), The multinational enterprise and the emergence of the global factory (pp. 100–134). Palgrave Macmillan.
Buckley, P. J., Horn, S. A., Cross, A. R., & Stillwell, J. (2013). The spatial redistribution of Japanese direct investment in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 2010. Business History, 55(3), 405–430.CrossRef
Calof, J. C., & Beamish, P. W. (1995). Adapting to foreign markets: Explaining internationalization. International Business Review, 4(2), 115–131.CrossRef
Carroll, H., Carroll, G., & Hannan, M. T. (1995). Organizations in industry: Strategy, structure, and selection. Oxford University Press.
Chan, C. M., Makino, S., & Isobe, T. (2006). Interdependent behavior in foreign direct investment: The multi-level effects of prior entry and prior exit on foreign market entry. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 642–665.CrossRef
Chang, S.-J. (2019). When to go it alone: Examining post-conversion performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(6), 998–1020.CrossRef
Chen, J., Sousa, C. P., & He, X. (2019). Export market re-entry: Time-out period and price/quality dynamisms. Journal of World Business, 54(2), 154–168.CrossRef
Cheptea, A., Emlinger, C., & Latouche, K. (2019). Exporting firms and retail internationalization: Evidence from France. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 28(3), 561–582.
Chidlow, A., Holmstrom-Lind, C., Holm, U., & Tallman, S. (2015). Do I stay or do I go? Sub-national drivers for post-entry subsidiary development. International Business Review, 24(2), 266–275.CrossRef
Choquette, E. (2019). Import-based market experience and firms’ exit from export markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(3), 423–449.CrossRef
Chung, C. C., & Beamish, P. W. (2005). The impact of institutional reforms on characteristics and survival of foreign subsidiaries in emerging economies. Journal of Management Studies, 42(1), 35–62.CrossRef
Chung, C. C., & Beamish, P. W. (2010). The trap of continual ownership change in international equity joint ventures. Organization Science, 21(5), 995–1015.CrossRef
Chung, C. C., Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2008). Multinational networks during times of economic crisis versus stability. Management International Review, 48(3), 279–295.CrossRef
Chung, C. C., Lee, S.-H., Beamish, P. W., Southam, C., & Nam, D. (2013a). Pitting real options theory against risk diversification theory: International diversification and joint ownership control in economic crisis. Journal of World Business, 48(1), 122–136.CrossRef
Chung, C. C., Lee, S.-H., & Lee, J.-Y. (2013b). Dual-option subsidiaries and exit decisions during times of economic crisis. Management International Review, 53(4), 555–577.CrossRef
Coucke, K., & Sleuwaegen, L. (2008). Offshoring as a survival strategy: Evidence from manufacturing firms in Belgium. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(8), 1261–1277.CrossRef
Coudounaris, D. N., Orero-Blat, M., & Rodríguez-García, M. (2020). Three decades of subsidiary exits: Parent firm financial performance and moderators. Journal of Business Research, 110, 408–422.CrossRef
Crick, D. (2004). UK SMEs’ decision to discontinue exporting: An exploratory investigation into practices within the clothing industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 561–587.CrossRef
Crick, J. M., Crick, D., & Chaudhry, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial marketing decision-making in rapidly internationalising and de-internationalising start-up firms. Journal of Business Research, 113, 158–167.CrossRef
Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Gaur, A., & Singh, D. (2019). Pro-market institutions and global strategy: The pendulum of pro-market reforms and reversals. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(4), 598–632.CrossRef
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm (2nd edn.). Prentice-Hall.
Cyert, R. M., Kumar, P., & Williams, J. R. (1993). Information, market imperfections and strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 14(S2), 47–58.CrossRef
Czinkota, M. R., Knight, G., Liesch, P. W., & Steen, J. (2010). Terrorism and international business: A research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 826–843.CrossRef
Dachs, B., Kinkel, S., & Jäger, A. (2019). Bringing it all back home? Backshoring of manufacturing activities and the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. Journal of World Business, 54(6), 101017.CrossRef
Dai, L., Eden, L., & Beamish, P. W. (2013). Place, space, and geographical exposure: Foreign subsidiary survival in conflict zones. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(6), 554–578.CrossRef
Dai, L., Eden, L., & Beamish, P. W. (2017). Caught in the crossfire: Dimensions of vulnerability and foreign multinationals’ exit from war-afflicted countries. Strategic Management Journal, 38(7), 1478–1498.CrossRef
Darendeli, I. S., & Hill, T. L. (2016). Uncovering the complex relationships between political risk and MNE firm legitimacy: Insights from Libya. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(1), 68–92.CrossRef
Delios, A., & Beamish, P. W. (2001). Survival and profitability: The roles of experience and intangible assets in foreign subsidiary performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1028–1038.CrossRef
Delios, A., & Ensign, P. C. (2000). A subnational analysis of Japanese direct investment in Canada. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L'Administration, 17(1), 38–51.CrossRef
Delios, A., & Makino, S. (2003). Timing of entry and the foreign subsidiary performance of Japanese firms. Journal of International Marketing, 11(3), 83–105.CrossRef
Delios, A., Xu, D., & Beamish, P. W. (2008). Within-country product diversification and foreign subsidiary performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 706–724.CrossRef
Demirbag, M., Apaydin, M., & Tatoglu, E. (2011). Survival of Japanese subsidiaries in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of World Business, 46(4), 411–425.CrossRef
Deng, Z., Guo, H., Zhang, W., & Wang, C. (2014). Innovation and survival of exporters: A contingency perspective. International Business Review, 23(2), 396–406.CrossRef
Depecik, B., van Everdingen, Y. M., & van Bruggen, G. H. (2014). Firm value effects of global, regional, and local brand divestments in core and non-core businesses. Global Strategy Journal, 4(2), 143–160.CrossRef
Devigne, D., Manigart, S., & Wright, M. (2016). Escalation of commitment in venture capital decision making: Differentiating between domestic and international investors. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(3), 253–271.CrossRef
Devinney, T. M., & Tang, R. W.(2013). Do we really understand a research topic? Find answers through meta-analyses. In T. Devinney, T. Pedersen, & L. Tihanyi (Eds.), Philosophy of Science and Meta-Knowledge in International Business and Management - Advances in International Management (pp. 239-262). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Dhanaraj, C., & Beamish, P. W. (2004). Effect of equity ownership on the survival of international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 25(3), 295–305.CrossRef
Dhanaraj, C., & Beamish, P. W. (2009). Institutional environment and subsidiary survival. Management International Review, 49(3), 291–312.CrossRef
Duriau, V. J., Reger, R. K., & Pfarrer, M. D. (2007). A content analysis of the content analysis literature in organization studies: Research themes, data sources, and methodological refinements. Organizational Research Methods, 10(1), 5–34.CrossRef
Farah, B. E. (2014). Multinational Enterprise Parent-Foreign Subsidiary Governance, Unpublished PhD supervised by Professor P. W Beamish, Western University.
Fernandez-Mendez, L., Garcia-Canal, E., & Guillen, M. F. (2019). Power transitions in the host country and the survival of subsidiaries in infrastructure industries. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 275–302.CrossRef
Fisch, J. H., & Zschoche, M. (2012). The effect of operational flexibility on decisions to withdraw from foreign production locations. International Business Review, 21(5), 806–816.CrossRef
Fletcher, R. (2001). A holistic approach to internationalisation. International Business Review, 10(1), 25–49.CrossRef
Foerstl, K., Kirchoff, J., & Bals, L. (2016). Reshoring and insourcing: Drivers and future research directions. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 46(5), 492.CrossRef
Fong, C.-M., Ho, H.-L., Weng, L.-C., & Yang, K.-P. (2007). The intersubsidiary competition in an MNE: Evidence from the Greater China Region. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L Administration, 24(1), 45–57.CrossRef
Garg, M., & Delios, A. (2007). Survival of the foreign subsidiaries of TMNCs: The influence of business group affiliation. Journal of International Management, 13(3), 278–295.CrossRef
Gaur, A. S., & Lu, J. W. (2007). Ownership strategies and survival of foreign subsidiaries: Impacts of institutional distance and experiencet. Journal of Management, 33(1), 84–110.CrossRef
Gaur, A. S., Pattnaik, C., Singh, D., & Lee, J. Y. (2019). Internalization advantage and subsidiary performance: The role of business group affiliation and host country characteristics. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(8), 1253–1282.CrossRef
Getachew, Y. S., & Beamish, P. W. (2017). Foreign subsidiary exit from Africa: The effects of investment purpose diversity and orientation. Global Strategy Journal, 7(1), 58–82.CrossRef
Ghahroudi, M. R., & Hoshino, Y. (2007). Establishment, survival, sales growth and entry strategies of Japanese MNCs subsidiaries in India. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(04), 433–447.CrossRef
Ghertman, M. (1988). Foreign subsidiary and parents’ roles during strategic investment and divestment decisions. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), 47–67.CrossRef
Giarratana, M. S., & Torrisi, S. (2010). Foreign entry and survival in a knowledge-intensive market: Emerging economy countries’ international linkages, technology competences, and firm experience. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(1), 85–104.CrossRef
Graham, B. A. T., Johnston, N. P., & Kingsley, A. F. (2016). A unified model of political risk. In J. M. DeFigueiredo, M. Lenox, F. OberholzerGee, & R. G. VandenBergh (Eds.), Strategy beyond markets (pp. 119–160). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRef
Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. (2018). Reshoring from a demand-side perspective: Consumer reshoring sentiment and its market effects. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 194–208.CrossRef
Gray, J. V., Esenduran, G., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Skowronski, K. (2017). Why in the world did they reshore? Examining small to medium-sized manufacturer decisions. Journal of Operations Management, 49, 37–51.CrossRef
Grunberg, L. (1981). Failed multinational ventures: The political-economy of international divestments. Lexington Books/D.C. Health & Company.
Gumede, V. (2004). Export propensities and intensities of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in South Africa. Small Business Economics, 22(5), 379–389.CrossRef
Hadjikhani, A., & Johanson, J. (1996). Facing foreign market turbulence: Three Swedish multinationals in Iran. Journal of International Marketing, 4(4), 53–74.CrossRef
Hakanson, L., & Kappen, P. (2016). Live and let die: A survival analysis of foreign R&D units in Swedish MNEs. International Business Review, 25(6), 1185–1196.CrossRef
Hébert, L., Very, P., & Beamish, P. W. (2005). Expatriation as a bridge over troubled water: A knowledge-based perspective applied to cross-border acquisitions. Organization Studies, 26(10), 1455–1476.CrossRef
Henisz, W. J., Mansfield, E. D., & Von Glinow, M. A. (2010). Conflict, security, and political risk: International business in challenging times. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 759–764.CrossRef
Hennart, J.-F., Kim, D.-J., & Zeng, M. (1998). The impact of joint venture status on the longevity of Japanese stakes in US manufacturing affiliates. Organization Science, 9(3), 382–395.CrossRef
Hennart, J.-F., & Zeng, M. (2002). Cross-cultural differences and joint venture longevity. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(4), 699–716.CrossRef
Hitt, M. A., & Tyler, B. B. (1991). Strategic decision models: Integrating different perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 12(5), 327–351.CrossRef
Hong, S. J. (2016). When do MNCs fail to learn from prior failure experience? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L'Administration, 33(1), 7–20.CrossRef
Iurkov, V., & Benito, G. R. G. (2017). Domestic alliance formation and the foreign divestment decisions of firms. In A. Verbeke, J. Puck, & R. van Tulder (Eds.), Distance in International Business: Concept, Cost and Value (pp. 517-538). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Iurkov, V., & Benito, G. R. G. (2020). Change in domestic network centrality, uncertainty, and the foreign divestment decisions of firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(5), 788–812.CrossRef
Jackson, P., Mellahi, K., & Sparks, L. (2005). Shutting up shop: Understanding the international exit process in retailing. Service Industries Journal, 25(3), 355–371.CrossRef
Jiang, M. S., Chu, R., & Pan, Y. (2011). Anticipated duration of international joint ventures: A transaction cost perspective. Journal of International Management, 17(2), 175–183.CrossRef
Jiang, R. J., Beamish, P. W., & Makino, S. (2014). Time compression diseconomies in foreign expansion. Journal of World Business, 49(1), 114–121.CrossRef
Jiang, Y., Peng, M. W., Yang, X., & Mutlu, C. C. (2015). Privatization, governance, and survival: MNE investments in private participation projects in emerging economies. Journal of World Business, 50(2), 294–301.CrossRef
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm—A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32.CrossRef
Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The internationalization of the firm—Four swedish cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305–322.CrossRef
Johansson, M., & Olhager, J. (2018). Manufacturing relocation through offshoring and backshoring: The case of Sweden. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(4), 637–657.CrossRef
Jory, S. R., & Ngo, T. N. (2015). The wealth effects of acquiring foreign divested assets. International Business Review, 24(2), 235–245.CrossRef
Kalnins, A., & Stroock, L. (2011). Pouring Israel into a Starbucks Cup. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), 135–143.CrossRef
Kang, J., Lee, J. Y., & Ghauri, P. N. (2017). The interplay of Mahalanobis distance and firm capabilities on MNC subsidiary exits from host countries. Management International Review, 57(3), 379–409.CrossRef
Kauser, S., & Shaw, V. (2004). The influence of behavioural and organisational characteristics on the success of international strategic alliances. International Marketing Review, 21(1), 17–52.CrossRef
Khalid, S., & Larimo, J. (2012). Firm specific advantage in developed markets dynamic capability perspective. Management International Review, 52(2), 233–250.CrossRef
Khan, Z., & Lew, Y. K. (2018). Post-entry survival of developing economy international new ventures: A dynamic capability perspective. International Business Review, 27(1), 149–160.CrossRef
Kim, H., Hoskisson, R. E., & Zyung, J. D. (2019). Socioemotional favoritism: Evidence from foreign divestitures in family multinationals. Organization Studies, 40(6), 917–940.CrossRef
Kim, J., & Kim, K. (2018). How does local partners network embeddedness affect international joint venture survival in different subnational contexts? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(4), 1055–1080.CrossRef
Kim, T.-Y., Delios, A., & Xu, D. (2010). Organizational geography, experiential learning and subsidiary exit: Japanese foreign expansions in China, 1979–2001. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(4), 579–597.CrossRef
Kim, Y.-C., Lu, J. W., & Rhee, M. (2012). Learning from age difference: Interorganizational learning and survival in Japanese foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(8), 719–745.CrossRef
Kinkel, S. (2009). Trends in production relocation and backshoring activities: Changing patterns in the course of the global economic crisis. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 15(3), 154–165.
Kinkel, S., & Maloca, S. (2009). Drivers and antecedents of manufacturing offshoring and backshoring—A German perspective. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 15(3), 154–165.CrossRef
Koch, P. T., Koch, B., Menon, T., & Shenkar, O. (2016). Cultural friction in leadership beliefs and foreign-invested enterprise survival. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(4), 453–470.CrossRef
Kogut, B. (1985). Designing global strategies: Comparative and competitive value-added chains. Sloan Management Review (pre-1986), 26(4), 15–28.
Konara, P., & Ganotakis, P. (2020). Firm-specific resources and foreign divestments via selloffs: Value is in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Business Research, 110, 423–434.CrossRef
Kronborg, D., & Thomsen, S. (2009). Foreign ownership and long-term survival. Strategic Management Journal, 30(2), 207–219.CrossRef
Laamanen, T., Simula, T., & Torstila, S. (2012). Cross-border relocations of headquarters in Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(2), 187–210.CrossRef
Lampon, J. F., Cabanelas, P., & Carballo-Cruz, F. (2017). A model for international production relocation: Multinationals’ operational flexibility and requirements at production plant level. Journal of Business Research, 77, 95–101.CrossRef
Lee, H., Chung, C. C., & Beamish, P. W. (2019). Configurational characteristics of mandate portfolios and their impact on foreign subsidiary survival. Journal of World Business, 54(5), 100999.CrossRef
Li, J. (1995). Foreign entry and survival: Effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets. Strategic Management Journal, 16(5), 333–351.CrossRef
Li, R., & Liu, Z. (2015). What causes the divestment of multinational companies in China? A subsidiary perspective. Journal of Business Theory and Practice, 3(1), 81–89.CrossRef
Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal, 9(S1), 41–58.CrossRef
Liesch, P. W., Welch, L. S., & Buckley, P. J. (2011). Risk and uncertainty in internationalisation and international entrepreneurship studies: Review and conceptual development. Management International Review, 51(6), 851–873.CrossRef
Liu, C., & Li, D. (2020). Divestment response to host-country terrorist attacks: Inter-firm influence and the role of temporal consistency. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(8), 1331–1346.CrossRef
Love, J. H., & Ganotakis, P. (2013). Learning by exporting: Lessons from high-technology SMEs. International Business Review, 22(1), 1–17.CrossRef
Love, J. H., & Máñez, J. A. (2019). Persistence in exporting: Cumulative and punctuated learning effects. International Business Review, 28(1), 74–89.CrossRef
Lu, J. W., & Hébert, L. (2005). Equity control and the survival of international joint ventures: A contingency approach. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 736–745.CrossRef
Lu, J. W., & Ma, X. (2015). Partner resource asymmetry and IJV survival. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(4), 1039–1064.CrossRef
Lu, J. W., & Xu, D. (2006). Growth and survival of international joint ventures: An external-internal legitimacy perspective. Journal of Management, 32(3), 426–448.CrossRef
Lu, Y., Hu, S., Liang, Q., Lin, D., & Peng, C. (2013). Exit, voice and loyalty as firm strategic responses to institutional pressures: A comparative case study of Google and Baidu in mainland China. Chinese Management Studies, 7(3), 419–446.CrossRef
Luo, Y. (1998). Joint venture success in China: How should we select a good partner? Journal of World Business, 33(2), 145–166.CrossRef
Makino, S., & Beamish, P. W. (1998). Performance and survival of joint ventures with non-conventional ownership structures. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(4), 797–818.CrossRef
Makino, S., Chan, C. M., Isobe, T., & Beamish, P. W. (2007). Intended and unintended termination of international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 28(11), 1113–1132.CrossRef
Malik, T. H., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Cultural distance and its implication for the duration of the international alliance in a high technology sector. International Business Review, 22(4), 699–712.CrossRef
Mariotti, S., & Piscitello, L. (1999). Is divestment a failure or part of a restructuring strategy? The case of Italian transnational corporations. Transnational Corporations, 8(3), 25–51.
Markides, C. C. (1995). Diversification, restructuring and economic performance. Strategic Management Journal, 16(2), 101–118.CrossRef
Mata, J., & Freitas, E. (2012). Foreignness and exit over the life cycle of firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(7), 615–630.CrossRef
Mata, J., & Portugal, P. (2000). Closure and divestiture by foreign entrants: The impact of entry and post-entry strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 549–562.CrossRef
Mata, J., & Portugal, P. (2002). The survival of new domestic and foreign-owned firms. Strategic Management Journal, 23(4), 323–343.CrossRef
Mata, J., & Portugal, P. (2004). Patterns of entry, post-entry growth and survival. Small Business Economics, 22(3-4), 283–298.CrossRef
Mata, J., & Portugal, P. (2015). The termination of international joint ventures: Closure and acquisition by domestic and foreign partners. International Business Review, 24(4), 677–689.CrossRef
Matthyssens, P., & Pauwels, P. (2000). Uncovering international market-exit processes: A comparative case study. Psychology and Marketing, 17(8), 697–719.CrossRef
Merrett, D. (2007). Sugar and copper: Postcolonial experiences of Australian multinationals. Business History Review, 81(2), 213–236.CrossRef
Meschi, P.-X. (2005). Environmental uncertainty and survival of international joint ventures: The case of political and economic risk in emerging countries. European Management Review, 2(2), 143–152.CrossRef
Meschi, P.-X., & Métais, E. (2015). Too big to learn: The effects of major acquisition failures on subsequent acquisition divestment. British Journal of Management, 26(3), 408–423.CrossRef
Meschi, P.-X., & Ricclo, E. L. (2008). Country risk, national cultural differences between partners and survival of international joint ventures in Brazil. International Business Review, 17(3), 250–266.CrossRef
Meschi, P.-X., Thanh Tu, P., & Wassmer, U. (2016). Transactional and institutional alignment of entry modes in transition economies. A survival analysis of joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries in Vietnam. International Business Review, 25(4), 946–959.CrossRef
Meschi, P.-X., & Wassmer, U. (2013). The effect of foreign partner network embeddedness on international joint venture failure: Evidence from European firms’ investments in emerging economies. International Business Review, 22(4), 713–724.CrossRef
Meyer, K. E. (2006). Globalfocusing: From domestic conglomerates to global specialists. Journal of Management Studies, 43(5), 1109–1144.CrossRef
Meyer, K. E., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. K., & Peng, M. W. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic Management Journal, 30(1), 61–80.CrossRef
Mitchell, W., Shaver, J. M., & Yeung, B. (1992). Getting there in a global industry: Impacts on performance of changing international presence. Strategic Management Journal, 13(6), 419–432.CrossRef
Mitchell, W., Shaver, J. M., & Yeung, B. (1994). Foreign entrant survival and foreign-market share: Canadian companies’ experience in united-states medical sector markets. Strategic Management Journal, 15(7), 555–567.CrossRef
Mohr, A., Batsakis, G., & Stone, Z. (2018). Explaining the effect of rapid internationalization on horizontal foreign divestment in the retail sector: An extended Penrosean perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(7), 779–808.CrossRef
Mohr, A., Konara, P., & Ganotakis, P. (2020). Explaining the performance of divested overseas subsidiaries. International Business Review, 29(1), 101602.CrossRef
Mohr, A., Wang, C., & Fastoso, F. (2016). The contingent effect of state participation on the dissolution of international joint ventures: A resource dependence approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(4), 408–426.CrossRef
Mudambi, R., & Zahra, S. A. (2007). The survival of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 333–352.CrossRef
Murray, J. Y., Ju, M., & Gao, G. Y. (2012). Foreign market entry timing revisited: Trade-off between market share performance and firm survival. Journal of International Marketing, 20(3), 50–64.CrossRef
Nachum, L., & Song, S. (2011). The MNE as a portfolio: Interdependencies in MNE growth trajectory. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(3), 381–405.CrossRef
Nemeth, A., & Nippa, M. (2013). Rigor and relevance of IJV exit research. Management International Review, 53(3), 449–475.CrossRef
Norbäck, P.-J., Tekin-Koru, A., & Waldkirch, A. (2015). Multinational firms and plant divestiture. Review of International Economics, 23(5), 811–845.CrossRef
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Nyuur, R. B., & Debrah, Y. A. (2014). Predicting foreign firms’ expansion and divestment intentions in host countries: Insights from Ghana. Thunderbird International Business Review, 56(5), 407–419.CrossRef
Ogasavara, M. H., & Hoshino, Y. (2008). The effects of entry strategy and inter-firm trust on the survival of Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Brazil. Asian Business and Management, 7(3), 353–380.CrossRef
Onkelinx, J., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. (2016). The consequences of de-internationalization: Empirical evidence from Belgium. In T. M. Devinney, G. Markman, T. Pedersen, & L. Tihanyi (Eds.), Global Entrepreneurship: Past, Present & Future (pp. 45–66). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRef
Ott, U., Liu, X., & Buck, T. (2014). How long will the marriage of Sino-Foreign JVs in China last? A theoretical and empirical investigation. International Business Review, 23(5), 873–886.CrossRef
Ozkan, K. S. L. (2020). International market exit by firms: Misalignment of strategy with the foreign market risk environment. International Business Review, 29(6), 101741.CrossRef
Pajunen, K., & Fang, L. (2013). Dialectical tensions and path dependence in international joint venture evolution and termination. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(2), 577–600.CrossRef
Pal, R., Harper, S., & Vellesalu, A. (2018). Competitive manufacturing for reshoring textile and clothing supply chains to high-cost environment. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 29(4), 1147–1170.CrossRef
Pan, Y., & Chi, P. S. K. (1999). Financial performance and survival of multinational corporations in China. Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 359–374.CrossRef
Papyrina, V. (2007). When how, and with what success? The joint effect of entry timing and entry mode on survival of Japanese subsidiaries in China. Journal of International Marketing, 15(3), 73–95.CrossRef
Park, H., & Chung, C. C. (2019). The role of subsidiary learning behavior and absorptive capacity in foreign subsidiary expansion. International Business Review, 28(4), 685–695.CrossRef
Park, S. H., & Russo, M. V. (1996). When competition eclipses cooperation: An event history analysis of joint venture failure. Management Science, 42(6), 875–890.CrossRef
Park, S. H., & Ungson, G. R. (1997). The effect of national culture, organizational complementarity, and economic motivation on joint venture dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), 279–307.CrossRef
Park, Y.-R., Lee, J. Y., & Hong, S. (2011). Effects of international entry-order strategies on foreign subsidiary exit: The case of Korean chaebols. Management Decision, 49(9-10), 1471–1488.CrossRef
Parkhe, A. (1991). Interfirm diversity, organizational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(4), 579–601.CrossRef
Pattnaik, C., & Lee, J. Y. (2014). Distance and divestment of Korean MNC affiliates: The moderating role of entry mode and experience. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(1), 174–196.CrossRef
Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know? International Business Review, 29(4), 101717.CrossRef
Pauwels, P., & Matthyssens, P. (1999). A strategy process perspective on export withdrawal. Journal of International Marketing, 7(3), 10–37.CrossRef
Peng, G. Z., & Beamish, P. W. (2014). The effect of host country long term orientation on subsidiary ownership and survival. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(2), 423–453.CrossRef
Peng, G. Z., & Beamish, P. W. (2019). Subnational FDI legitimacy and foreign subsidiary survival. Journal of International Management, 25(3), 100662.CrossRef
Pons, J. P. (2008). Multinational enterprises and institutional regulation in the life-insurance market in Spain, 1880–1935. Business History Review, 82(1), 87–114.CrossRef
Porter, M. E. (1976). Please note location of nearest exit: Exit barriers and planning. California Management Review, 19(2), 21.CrossRef
Procher, V. D., & Engel, D. (2018). The investment-divestment relationship: Resource shifts and intersubsidiary competition within MNEs. International Business Review, 27(3), 528–542.CrossRef
Requena-Silvente, F. (2005). The decision to enter and exit foreign markets: Evidence from UKSMEs. Small Business Economics, 25(3), 237–253.CrossRef
Reuer, J. J. (2000). Parent firm performance across international joint venture life-cycle stages. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1), 1–20.CrossRef
Rodrigues, S. B., & Dieleman, M. (2018). The internationalization paradox: Untangling dependence in multinational state hybrids. Journal of World Business, 53(1), 39–51.CrossRef
Sandberg, S., Sui, S., & Baum, M. (2019). Effects of prior market experiences and firm-specific resources on developed economy SMEs’ export exit from emerging markets: Complementary or compensatory? Journal of Business Research, 98, 489–502.CrossRef
Sartor, M. A., & Beamish, P. W. (2020). Integration-oriented strategies, host market corruption and the likelihood of foreign subsidiary exit from emerging markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 51, 414–431.CrossRef
Schmid, D., & Morschett, D. (2020). Decades of research on foreign subsidiary divestment: What do we really know about its antecedents? International Business Review, 29(4), 101653.CrossRef
Sedziniauskiene, R., Sekliuckiene, J., & Zucchella, A. (2019). Networks’ impact on the entrepreneurial internationalization: A literature review and research agenda. Management International Review, 59(5), 779–823.CrossRef
Shaver, J. M. (1998). Accounting for endogeneity when assessing strategy performance: Does entry mode choice affect FDI survival? Management Science, 44(4), 571–585.CrossRef
Shaver, J. M., & Flyer, F. (2000). Agglomeration economies, firm heterogeneity, and foreign direct investment in the United States. Strategic Management Journal, 21(12), 1175–1193.CrossRef
Shaver, J. M., Mitchell, W., & Yeung, B. (1997). The effect of own-firm and other-firm experience on foreign direct investment survival in the United States, 1987–92. Strategic Management Journal, 18(10), 811–824.CrossRef
Shenkar, O., & Yan, A. (2002). Failure as a consequence of partner politics: Learning from the life and death of an international cooperative venture. Human Relations, 55(5), 565–601.CrossRef
Singer, A. E., & Vanderwalt, N. T. (1987). Corporate conscience and foreign divestment decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(7), 543–552.CrossRef
Sleuwaegen, L., & Onkelinx, J. (2014). International commitment, post-entry growth and survival of international new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 106–120.CrossRef
Song, J. (2002). Firm capabilities and technology ladders: Sequential foreign direct investments of Japanese electronics firms in East Asia. Strategic Management Journal, 23(3), 191–210.CrossRef
Song, S. (2014a). Entry mode irreversibility, host market uncertainty, and foreign subsidiary exits. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(2), 455–471.CrossRef
Song, S. (2014b). Subsidiary divestment: The role of multinational flexibility. Management International Review, 54(1), 47–70.CrossRef
Song, S. (2014c). Unfavorable market conditions, institutional and financial development, and exits of foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Management, 20(3), 279–289.CrossRef
Song, S. (2015). Exchange rate challenges, flexible intra-firm adjustments, and subsidiary longevity. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 36–45.CrossRef
Song, S., & Lee, J. Y. (2017). Relationship with headquarters and divestments of foreign subsidiaries: The Hysteresis Perspective. Management International Review, 57(4), 545–570.CrossRef
Sort, J. C., & Turcan, R. V. (2019). De-internationalization: A business model perspective. Journal of Business Models, 7(4), 39–44.
Soule, S. A., Swaminathan, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2014). The diffusion of foreign divestment from Burma. Strategic Management Journal, 35(7), 1032–1052.CrossRef
Sousa, C. M. P., & Tan, Q. (2015). Exit from a foreign market: Do poor performance, strategic fit, cultural distance, and international experience matter? Journal of International Marketing, 23(4), 84–104.CrossRef
Srai, J. S., & Ané, C. (2016). Institutional and strategic operations perspectives on manufacturing reshoring. International Journal of Production Research, 54(23), 7193–7211.CrossRef
Steensma, H. K., & Lyles, M. A. (2000). Explaining IJV survival in a transitional economy through social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 831–851.CrossRef
Stentoft, J., Mikkelsen, O. S., Jensen, J. K., & Rajkumar, C. (2018). Performance outcomes of offshoring, backshoring and staying at home manufacturing. International Journal of Production Economics, 199, 199–208.CrossRef
Sui, S., & Baum, M. (2014). Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the export market. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(7), 821–841.CrossRef
Sui, S., Baum, M., & Malhotra, S. (2018). How home-peers affect the export market exit of small firms: Evidence from Canadian exporters. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(5), 1018–1045.CrossRef
Surdu, I., Mellahi, K., Glaister, K. W., & Nardella, G. (2018). Why wait? Organizational learning, institutional quality and the speed of foreign market re-entry after initial entry and exit. Journal of World Business, 53(6), 911–929.CrossRef
Surdu, I., Mellahi, K., & Glaister, K. W. (2019). Once bitten, not necessarily shy? Determinants of foreign market re-entry commitment strategies. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(3), 393–422.CrossRef
Swoboda, B., Olejnik, E., & Morschett, D. (2011). Changes in foreign operation modes: Stimuli for increases versus reductions. International Business Review, 20(5), 578–590.CrossRef
Tan, J., & Tan, A. E. (2012). Business under threat, technology under attack, ethics under fire: The experience of Google in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(4), 469–479.CrossRef
Tan, Q., & Sousa, C. M. P. (2018). Performance and business relatedness as drivers of exit decision: A study of MNCs from an emerging country. Global Strategy Journal, 8(4), 612–634.CrossRef
Tan, Q., & Sousa, C. M. P. (2019). Why poor performance is not enough for a foreign exit: The importance of innovation capability and international experience. Management International Review, 59(3), 465–498.CrossRef
Tang, R. W. (2019). FDI expansion speed of state-owned enterprises and the moderating role of market capitalism: Evidence from China. International Business Review, 28(6), 1–14.CrossRef
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350.CrossRef
The Economist. (2020). Goodbye globalisation. The Economist, 435(9194), 7.
Thomas, D. E., Eden, L., Hitt, M. A., & Miller, S. R. (2007). Experience of emerging market firms: The role of cognitive bias in developed market entry and survival. Management International Review, 47(6), 845–867.CrossRef
Tjemkes, B. V., Furrer, O., Adolfs, K., & Aydinlik, A. U. (2012). Response strategies in an international strategic alliance experimental context: Cross-country differences. Journal of International Management, 18(1), 66–84.CrossRef
Trapczynski, P. (2016). De-internationalisation: A review of empirical studies and implications for international business research. Baltic Journal of Management, 11(4), 350–379.CrossRef
Tsang, E. W. K., & Yip, P. S. L. (2007). Economic distance and the survival of foreign direct investments. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1156–1168.
Tsetsekos, G. P., & Gombola, M. J. (1992). Foreign and domestic divestments: Evidence on valuation effects of plant closings. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 203–223.CrossRef
Turcan, R. V. (2003). De-internationalization and the small firm. In C. Wheeler, F. McDonald, & I. Greaves (Eds.), Internationalization: Firm strategies and management (pp. 208–222). Palgrave Macmillan UK.CrossRef
Turcan, R. V. (2006). De-internationalisation of small high technology firms: An international entrepreneurship perspective. Hunter Centre for Entrepreneurship, University of Strathclyde.
Turcan, R. V. (2011). De-internationalization: A conceptualization, unpublished, Aalborg University.
Turcan, R. V. (2013). The philosophy of turning points: A case of de-internationalization. In M. D. Timothy, P. Torben, & T. Laszlo (Eds.), Philosophy of science and meta-knowledge in international business and management (pp. 219–235). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRef
Turner, C., & Gardiner, P. D. (2007). De-internationalisation and global strategy: The case of British Telecommunications (BT). Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 22(7), 489–497.CrossRef
UNCTAD. (2017). World investment report 2017: Investment and the digital economy. The United Nations.
UNCTAD. (2020). World investment report 2020: International production beyond the pandemic. The United Nations.
Valentino, A., Schmitt, J., Koch, B., & Nell, P. C. (2019). Leaving home: An institutional perspective on intermediary HQ relocations. Journal of World Business, 54(4), 273–284.CrossRef
Van de Ven, A. H. (2007). Engaged scholarship: A guide for organizational and social research. Oxford University Press.
Van Tulder, R. (2010). Toward a renewed stages theory for BRIC multinational enterprises? A home country bargaining approach. In K. P. Sauvant, G. McAllister, & W. A. Maschek (Eds.), Foreign direct investments from emerging markets: The challenges ahead (pp. 61–74). Palgrave Macmillan US.CrossRef
Varum, C., Rocha, V. C., & da Silva, H. V. (2014). Economic slowdowns, hazard rates and foreign ownership. International Business Review, 23(4), 761–773.CrossRef
Vissak, T., & Francioni, B. (2013). Serial nonlinear internationalization in practice: A case study. International Business Review, 22(6), 951–962.CrossRef
Wan, W. P., Chen, H. S., & Yiu, D. W. (2015). Organizational image, identity, and international divestment: A theoretical examination. Global Strategy Journal, 5(3), 205–222.CrossRef
Wang, Y., & Larimo, J. (2017). Ownership strategy and subsidiary survival in foreign acquisitions: The moderating effects of experience, cultural distance, and host country development. In V. Alain, P. Jonas, & T. van Rob (Eds.), Distance in international business: Concept, cost and value (pp. 157–182). Emerald Publishing Limited.CrossRef
Wang, Y., & Larimo, J. (2019). Survival of full versus partial acquisitions: The moderating role of firm’s internationalization experience, cultural distance, and host country context characteristics. International Business Review, 29(1), 101605.
Wei, W., Tang, R. W., & Yang, J. Y. (2018). Independent directors in Asian firms: An integrative review and future directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(3), 671–696.CrossRef
Welch, C. L., & Welch, L. S. (2009). Re-internationalisation: Exploration and conceptualisation. International Business Review, 18(6), 567–577.CrossRef
Wilkins, M. (2009). Multinational enterprise in insurance: An historical overview. Business History, 51(3), 334–363.CrossRef
Williamson, O. E. (1979). Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations. Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 233–261.CrossRef
Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting. Free Press; Collier Macmillan.
Wu, X., & Zhang, F. (2014). Home or overseas? An analysis of sourcing strategies under competition. Management Science, 60(5), 1223–1240.CrossRef
Xia, J. (2011). Mutual dependence, partner substitutability, and repeated partnership: The survival of cross-border alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 32(3), 229–253.CrossRef
Xia, J., & Li, S. (2013). The divestiture of acquired subunits: A resource dependence approach. Strategic Management Journal, 34(2), 131–148.CrossRef
Xu, D., & Lu, J. W. (2007). Technological knowledge, product relatedness, and parent control: The effect on IJV survival. Journal of Business Research, 60(11), 1166–1176.CrossRef
Yamakawa, Y., & Cardon, M. S. (2017). How prior investments of time, money, and employee hires influence time to exit a distressed venture, and the extent to which contingency planning helps. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(1), 1–17.CrossRef
Yang, J. Y., Li, J., & Delios, A. (2015). Will a second mouse get the cheese? Learning from early entrants’ failures in a foreign market. Organization Science, 26(3), 908–922.CrossRef
Yayla, S., Yeniyurt, S., Uslay, C., & Cavusgil, E. (2018). The role of market orientation, relational capital, and internationalization speed in foreign market exit and re-entry decisions under turbulent conditions. International Business Review, 27(6), 1105–1115.CrossRef
Zaheer, S., & Mosakowski, E. (1997). The dynamics of the liability of foreignness: A global study of survival in financial services. Strategic Management Journal, 18(6), 439–463.CrossRef
Zeng, Y., Shenkar, O., Lee, S.-H., & Song, S. (2013a). Cultural differences, MNE learning abilities, and the effect of experience on subsidiary mortality in a dissimilar culture: Evidence from Korean MNEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(1), 42–65.CrossRef
Zeng, Y. P., Shenkar, O., Song, S., & Lee, S.-H. (2013b). FDI experience location and subsidiary mortality. Management International Review, 53(3), 477–509.CrossRef
Zhang, W., Alon, I., & Lattemann, C. (2018). China’s belt and road initiative: Changing the rules of globalization. Palgrave Macmillan.
Zhong, W., Lin, Y., Gao, D., & Yang, H. (2019). Does politician turnover affect foreign subsidiary performance? Evidence in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(7), 1184–1212.CrossRef
Zschoche, M. (2016). Performance effects of divesting foreign production affiliates: A network perspective. Long Range Planning, 49(2), 196–206.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
De-internationalization: A Thematic Review and the Directions Forward
Authors
Ryan W. Tang
Ying Zhu
Hongbo Cai
Jinrong Han
Publication date
02-07-2021
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Management International Review / Issue 3/2021
Print ISSN: 0938-8249
Electronic ISSN: 1861-8901
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-021-00446-x