Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cluster Computing 2/2019

12-03-2018

Deep belief network based approach to recognize handwritten Kannada characters using distributed average of gradients

Authors: S. Karthik, K. Srikanta Murthy

Published in: Cluster Computing | Special Issue 2/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Even though various advances have been made in recent years, the recognition of handwritten characters is still an open challenge in the Pattern Recognition field. Different approaches are invented for the recognition of printed characters of Indian languages. However, few attempts are done for the recognition of handwritten characters. A high degree of recognition accuracy for the handwritten characters is yet to be achieved. In this paper, a new approach based on deep belief network with the distributed average of gradients feature is presented for the recognition of isolated handwritten characters of Kannada, which is the official language of Karnataka state in India. In the proposed methods, a better accuracy is achieved.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Mori, S., Suen, C.Y., Yamamoto, K.: Historical review of OCR research and development. IEEE Proc. 80(7), 1029–1057 (1992) Mori, S., Suen, C.Y., Yamamoto, K.: Historical review of OCR research and development. IEEE Proc. 80(7), 1029–1057 (1992)
2.
go back to reference Plamandon, R., Lopresti, D., Schomaker, L.R.B., Srihari, R.: On-line handwriting recognition. In: Webster, J.G. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 123–146. Wiley, New York (1999) Plamandon, R., Lopresti, D., Schomaker, L.R.B., Srihari, R.: On-line handwriting recognition. In: Webster, J.G. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 123–146. Wiley, New York (1999)
3.
go back to reference Amin, A.: Off-line Arabic character recognition: the state of the Art. Pattern Recogn. 31, 517–530 (1998) Amin, A.: Off-line Arabic character recognition: the state of the Art. Pattern Recogn. 31, 517–530 (1998)
4.
go back to reference Nagy, G.: Chinese character recognition—a twenty five years retrospective. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 109–114 (1988) Nagy, G.: Chinese character recognition—a twenty five years retrospective. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 109–114 (1988)
5.
go back to reference Majumdar, A., Chaudhuri, B.B.: A MLP classifier for both printed and handwritten Bangla Numeral Recognition. In: Kalra, P.K., Peleg, S. (eds.) ICVGIP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4338, pp. 796–804. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) Majumdar, A., Chaudhuri, B.B.: A MLP classifier for both printed and handwritten Bangla Numeral Recognition. In: Kalra, P.K., Peleg, S. (eds.) ICVGIP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4338, pp. 796–804. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
6.
go back to reference Chaudhuri, B.B., Majumdar, A.: Curvelet-based multi SVM recognizer for offline handwritten Bangla: a major Indian script. In: Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007), pp. 491–495 (2007) Chaudhuri, B.B., Majumdar, A.: Curvelet-based multi SVM recognizer for offline handwritten Bangla: a major Indian script. In: Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007), pp. 491–495 (2007)
7.
go back to reference M. A. Naser, A. Mahmud, T. M. Arefin, G. Sarowar, M. M. Naushad Ali, Comparative analysis of radon and fan-beam based feature extraction techniques for Bangla character recognition. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Security (IJCSNS), 9(9), 287-289, 2009 M. A. Naser, A. Mahmud, T. M. Arefin, G. Sarowar, M. M. Naushad Ali, Comparative analysis of radon and fan-beam based feature extraction techniques for Bangla character recognition. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Security (IJCSNS), 9(9), 287-289, 2009
8.
go back to reference Shrivastava, S.K., Gharde, S.S.: Support vector machine for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 7(11), 9–14 (2010) Shrivastava, S.K., Gharde, S.S.: Support vector machine for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 7(11), 9–14 (2010)
9.
go back to reference Rajput, G.G., Mali, S.M.: Fourier descriptor based isolated Marathi handwritten numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 10, 9-13 (2010) Rajput, G.G., Mali, S.M.: Fourier descriptor based isolated Marathi handwritten numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 10, 9-13 (2010)
10.
go back to reference Maloo, M., Kale, K.V.: Support vector machine based Gujarati numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJCSE) 3(7), 2595–2600 (2011) Maloo, M., Kale, K.V.: Support vector machine based Gujarati numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJCSE) 3(7), 2595–2600 (2011)
11.
go back to reference Lehal, G.S., Singh, C.: A post processor for Gurmukhi OCR. Sadhana 27(2002), 99–111 (2002) Lehal, G.S., Singh, C.: A post processor for Gurmukhi OCR. Sadhana 27(2002), 99–111 (2002)
12.
go back to reference Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: A system for off-line Oriya handwritten character recognition using curvature feature. In: 10th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, pp. 227–229 (2007) Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: A system for off-line Oriya handwritten character recognition using curvature feature. In: 10th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, pp. 227–229 (2007)
13.
go back to reference Srinivas, A., Agarwal, A., Rao, C.R.: Telugu character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Hyderabad, pp. 654–659 (2007) Srinivas, A., Agarwal, A., Rao, C.R.: Telugu character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Hyderabad, pp. 654–659 (2007)
14.
go back to reference Suresh, R.M., Arumugam, S.: Fuzzy technique based recognition of handwritten characters. Image Vis. Comput. 25, 230–239 (2007) Suresh, R.M., Arumugam, S.: Fuzzy technique based recognition of handwritten characters. Image Vis. Comput. 25, 230–239 (2007)
15.
go back to reference Abdul Rahiman, M., Rajasree, M.S.: Printed Malayalam character recognition using backpropagation neural networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, Patiala, pp. 1140–1144, March 2009 Abdul Rahiman, M., Rajasree, M.S.: Printed Malayalam character recognition using backpropagation neural networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, Patiala, pp. 1140–1144, March 2009
16.
go back to reference Sanjeev, R.: Kunte and R.D. Sudhaker Samuel A simple and efficient optical character recognition system for basic symbols in printed Kannada text. Sadhana 32, 521–533 (2007) Sanjeev, R.: Kunte and R.D. Sudhaker Samuel A simple and efficient optical character recognition system for basic symbols in printed Kannada text. Sadhana 32, 521–533 (2007)
17.
go back to reference Rajaput, G.G., Hangarge, M.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada numerals based on image fusion method. In: PReMI07, LNCS, vol. 4815, pp. 153–160 (2007) Rajaput, G.G., Hangarge, M.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada numerals based on image fusion method. In: PReMI07, LNCS, vol. 4815, pp. 153–160 (2007)
18.
go back to reference Ragha, L., Sasikumar, M: Adapting moments for handwritten Kannada Kagunita recognition. In: Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing, pp. 125–129 (2010) Ragha, L., Sasikumar, M: Adapting moments for handwritten Kannada Kagunita recognition. In: Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing, pp. 125–129 (2010)
19.
go back to reference Abdul Rahiman, M., Rajasree, M.S.: A detailed study and analysis of OCR research in South Indian scripts. In: International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing, pp. 31–38 (2009) Abdul Rahiman, M., Rajasree, M.S.: A detailed study and analysis of OCR research in South Indian scripts. In: International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing, pp. 31–38 (2009)
20.
go back to reference Sheshadri, K., Ambekar, T., Kumar, P., Prasad, D.P., Kumar, R.P.: An OCR system for printed Kannada using K-means clustering. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 183–187 (2010) Sheshadri, K., Ambekar, T., Kumar, P., Prasad, D.P., Kumar, R.P.: An OCR system for printed Kannada using K-means clustering. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 183–187 (2010)
21.
go back to reference Rajput, G.G., Horakeri, R., Chandrakant, S.: Printed and handwritten mixed Kannada numerals recognition using SVM. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJCSE) 2(5), 1622–1626 (2010) Rajput, G.G., Horakeri, R., Chandrakant, S.: Printed and handwritten mixed Kannada numerals recognition using SVM. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJCSE) 2(5), 1622–1626 (2010)
22.
go back to reference Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Sharma, N., Kimura, F.: Handwritten numeral recognition of six popular Indian scripts. In: Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 749–753 (2007) Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Sharma, N., Kimura, F.: Handwritten numeral recognition of six popular Indian scripts. In: Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 749–753 (2007)
23.
go back to reference Suresh, R.M., Arumugam, S.: Fuzzy technique based recognition of handwritten characters. Image Vis. Comput. 25, 230–239 (2007) Suresh, R.M., Arumugam, S.: Fuzzy technique based recognition of handwritten characters. Image Vis. Comput. 25, 230–239 (2007)
24.
go back to reference Majumdar, A., Chaudhuri, B.B.: A MLP Classifier for both printed and handwritten Bangla numeral recognition. In: Proceedings of ICVGIP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4338, pp. 796–804 (2006) Majumdar, A., Chaudhuri, B.B.: A MLP Classifier for both printed and handwritten Bangla numeral recognition. In: Proceedings of ICVGIP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4338, pp. 796–804 (2006)
25.
go back to reference Chaudhuri, B.B., Majumdar, A.: Curvelet-based Multi SVM recognizer for offline handwritten Bangla: a major Indian script. In: Proceedings of 9th Bibliography, International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007), vol. 1, pp. 491–495 (2007) Chaudhuri, B.B., Majumdar, A.: Curvelet-based Multi SVM recognizer for offline handwritten Bangla: a major Indian script. In: Proceedings of 9th Bibliography, International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007), vol. 1, pp. 491–495 (2007)
26.
go back to reference Shrivastava, S.K., Gharde, S.S.: Support vector machine for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 7(11), 9–14 (2010) Shrivastava, S.K., Gharde, S.S.: Support vector machine for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 7(11), 9–14 (2010)
27.
go back to reference Arora, S., Bhattacharjee, D., Nasipuri, M., Basu, D.K., Kundu, M.: Combining multiple feature extraction techniques for handwritten Devanagari character recognition. In: Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 and the Third international Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS 2008), pp. 342/1-6, 8–10 December 2008 Arora, S., Bhattacharjee, D., Nasipuri, M., Basu, D.K., Kundu, M.: Combining multiple feature extraction techniques for handwritten Devanagari character recognition. In: Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 and the Third international Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS 2008), pp. 342/1-6, 8–10 December 2008
28.
go back to reference Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: Comparative study of Devanagari handwritten character recognition using different feature and classifiers. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1111–1115 (2009) Pal, U., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: Comparative study of Devanagari handwritten character recognition using different feature and classifiers. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1111–1115 (2009)
29.
go back to reference Lehal, G.S., Singh, C.: A post processor for Gurmukhi OCR. Sadhana 27(Part 1), 99–111 (2002) Lehal, G.S., Singh, C.: A post processor for Gurmukhi OCR. Sadhana 27(Part 1), 99–111 (2002)
30.
go back to reference Srinivas, A., Agarwal, A., Rao, C.R.: Telugu character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Hyderabad, pp. 654–659 (2007) Srinivas, A., Agarwal, A., Rao, C.R.: Telugu character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Hyderabad, pp. 654–659 (2007)
31.
go back to reference Seethalakshmi, R., Sreeranjani, T.R., Balachandar, T., Singh, A., Singh, M., Ratan, R., Kumar, S.: Optical character recognition for printed Tamil text using unicode. J. Zhejiang Univ. SCI 6A(11), 1297–1305 (2005) Seethalakshmi, R., Sreeranjani, T.R., Balachandar, T., Singh, A., Singh, M., Ratan, R., Kumar, S.: Optical character recognition for printed Tamil text using unicode. J. Zhejiang Univ. SCI 6A(11), 1297–1305 (2005)
32.
go back to reference Kunte, R.S., Samuel, R.D.S.: A simple and efficient optical character recognition system for basic symbols in printed Kannada text. Sadhana 32(Part 5), 521–533 (2007) Kunte, R.S., Samuel, R.D.S.: A simple and efficient optical character recognition system for basic symbols in printed Kannada text. Sadhana 32(Part 5), 521–533 (2007)
33.
go back to reference Rajashekararadhya, S.V., Ranjan, P.V.: Support vector machine based handwritten numeral recognition of Kannada script. In: Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009) Patiala, India, pp. 381–386, 6–7 March 2009 Rajashekararadhya, S.V., Ranjan, P.V.: Support vector machine based handwritten numeral recognition of Kannada script. In: Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC 2009) Patiala, India, pp. 381–386, 6–7 March 2009
34.
go back to reference Rajput, G.G., Horakeri, R., Chandrakant, S.: Printed and handwritten mixed Kannada numerals recognition using SVM. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 2(5), 1622–1626 (2010) Rajput, G.G., Horakeri, R., Chandrakant, S.: Printed and handwritten mixed Kannada numerals recognition using SVM. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 2(5), 1622–1626 (2010)
35.
go back to reference Sandhya, N., Krishnan, R.: Broken Kannada character recognition—a neural network based approach. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT)—2016, pp. 2047–2050 (2016) Sandhya, N., Krishnan, R.: Broken Kannada character recognition—a neural network based approach. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT)—2016, pp. 2047–2050 (2016)
36.
go back to reference Sushma, A., Veena, G.S.: Kannada handwritten word conversion to electronic textual format using HMM model. In: International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Systems for Sustainable Solutions, pp. 330–335 (2016) Sushma, A., Veena, G.S.: Kannada handwritten word conversion to electronic textual format using HMM model. In: International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Systems for Sustainable Solutions, pp. 330–335 (2016)
37.
go back to reference Gowda, P.K., Chethan, S., Harsha, J., Rakesh, J., Tanushree, K.N.: Offline Kannada handwritten word recognition using locality preserving projections (LPP). Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng. 5(5), 9955–9960 (2017) Gowda, P.K., Chethan, S., Harsha, J., Rakesh, J., Tanushree, K.N.: Offline Kannada handwritten word recognition using locality preserving projections (LPP). Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng. 5(5), 9955–9960 (2017)
38.
go back to reference Mamatha, H.R., Srikanta Murthy, K., Sudan, S., Raj, V.G., Jois, S.S.: Fan beam projection based features to recognize handwritten Kannada numerals. In: International Conference on Software and Computer Applications (2011) Mamatha, H.R., Srikanta Murthy, K., Sudan, S., Raj, V.G., Jois, S.S.: Fan beam projection based features to recognize handwritten Kannada numerals. In: International Conference on Software and Computer Applications (2011)
39.
go back to reference Mamatha, H.R., Srirangaprasad, S., Srikantamurthy, K.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada numerals based on decision fusion approach. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 5(6), 465–473 (2013) Mamatha, H.R., Srirangaprasad, S., Srikantamurthy, K.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada numerals based on decision fusion approach. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 5(6), 465–473 (2013)
40.
go back to reference Hinton, G.: NIPS Tutorial On: Deep Belief Nets. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research & Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (2007) Hinton, G.: NIPS Tutorial On: Deep Belief Nets. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research & Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto (2007)
41.
go back to reference Deng, L., Yu, D.: Deep learning methods and applications, foundations and trends. Signal Process. 7(3–4), 242–247 (2013) Deng, L., Yu, D.: Deep learning methods and applications, foundations and trends. Signal Process. 7(3–4), 242–247 (2013)
42.
go back to reference Hossein Mirabdollah, M., Mohamed, M.A., Mertsching, B.: Distributed average of gradients: a fast alternative for histogram of oriented gradients. In: 20th Robocup International Symposium, Germany (20160 Hossein Mirabdollah, M., Mohamed, M.A., Mertsching, B.: Distributed average of gradients: a fast alternative for histogram of oriented gradients. In: 20th Robocup International Symposium, Germany (20160
43.
go back to reference Pal, U., Sharma, N., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: Handwritten Character Recognition of Popular South Indian Scripts. In: Doermann, D., Jaeger, S. (eds.) SACH 2006. LNCS, vol. 4768, pp. 251–264 (2008) Pal, U., Sharma, N., Wakabayashi, T., Kimura, F.: Handwritten Character Recognition of Popular South Indian Scripts. In: Doermann, D., Jaeger, S. (eds.) SACH 2006. LNCS, vol. 4768, pp. 251–264 (2008)
44.
go back to reference Sangame, S.K., Ramteke, R.J., Yogesh, V.G.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada characters using invariant moments and chain code. World J. Sci. Technol. 1(8), 115–120 (2011) Sangame, S.K., Ramteke, R.J., Yogesh, V.G.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada characters using invariant moments and chain code. World J. Sci. Technol. 1(8), 115–120 (2011)
45.
go back to reference Sangame, S.K., Ramteke, R.J., Benne, R.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada vowels. Adv. Comput. Res. 1(2), 52–55 (2009) Sangame, S.K., Ramteke, R.J., Benne, R.: Recognition of isolated handwritten Kannada vowels. Adv. Comput. Res. 1(2), 52–55 (2009)
46.
go back to reference Karthik, S., Srikanta Murthy, K.: Handwritten Kannada characters recognition using BRISK descriptors. In: International Conference on Innovations in Computer Science & Information Technology (ICICSIT) (2015) Karthik, S., Srikanta Murthy, K.: Handwritten Kannada characters recognition using BRISK descriptors. In: International Conference on Innovations in Computer Science & Information Technology (ICICSIT) (2015)
47.
go back to reference Karthik, S., Srikanta Murthy, K.: Deep belief network based approach to recognize handwritten Kannada characters using histogram of oriented gradients and raw pixel features. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 10(5), 3979–3982 (2015) Karthik, S., Srikanta Murthy, K.: Deep belief network based approach to recognize handwritten Kannada characters using histogram of oriented gradients and raw pixel features. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 10(5), 3979–3982 (2015)
Metadata
Title
Deep belief network based approach to recognize handwritten Kannada characters using distributed average of gradients
Authors
S. Karthik
K. Srikanta Murthy
Publication date
12-03-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cluster Computing / Issue Special Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 1386-7857
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7543
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2274-0

Other articles of this Special Issue 2/2019

Cluster Computing 2/2019 Go to the issue

Premium Partner