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Life Cycle and Sustainability: Concepts and Keywords Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Defining an Innovative Design Method Based on the Life Cycle Approach

Author : Francesca Thiébat

Published in: Life Cycle Design

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter will illustrate an experimental design model that can be used to produce two different outcomes based on two levels of assessments. This tool is called the Life Cycle Design Model (LCDM).

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previous chapter Life Cycle Methodologies
next chapter Case Studies
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
The use of integrated design tools, for example BIM, Building Information Modelling, facilitates the application of the matrix. In fact, by using BIM the matrix can represent a concise graphic image of the calculations performed.
 
2
See Chap. 3 for more details on LCA.
 
3
See Chap. 3 for more details on LCC.
 
4
Always bearing in mind the suggestions expressed in ISO 14040: “LCA typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a product, but the life cycle approach and methodologies described in this International Standard may be applied to these other aspects”.
 
5
Chapter 5 illustrates several examples with different levels of design detail. E.g. case study 5.1.1 (VM House) is based on qualitative parameters, while case study 5.2.1 (the Chavonne warehouse) focuses on data in the final design.
 
6
“Global performance” is based on the merger of several quality indicators and envisages the direct involvement of actors from other disciplines throughout the design process.
 
7
See Chap. 1, paragraph “Integrated design tools”.
 
8
As recommended by UNI EN ISO 14044.
 
9
See Sect. 4.4.
 
10
“Method A” was inspired by both the “Ashby bubble plot theory” (CES—Granta Design, UK) and the “Relative life cycle portfolio” (Environmental LCC—Swarr T., Hunkeler D. “Life Cycle Costing in Life cycle management”, 2008).
 
11
“Method B” is developed using the economic principle of the emissions tax (cf. Sect. 3.5.2) and is based on the Emission Trading market mechanism (a system for greenhouse emissions allowance trading—European Directive 2003/87/CE).
 
12
“Method C” is based on monetisation factors defined by the Swedish impact evaluation method EPS 2000 and on the “ExternE” project sponsored by the European Union in 1999.
 
13
The data contained in the case study refer to 2008. Thiébat (2009), Architettura e sostenibilità: sviluppo di un modello economico-ambientale. PhD dissertation, XXI cycle, Tutor: M. Grosso, Politecnico di Torino.
 
14
The alternative building technologies used in the case studies were chosen based on their characteristics of eco-compatibility and easy assembly/disassembly.
 
15
The reference building technology of the standard case study will be indicated with a term borrowed from economics: “Business as Usual”. It will represent the typical building method used in the Piedmont-Valle d’Aosta region (Italy).
 
16
Cfr. Molinari (2002). Appendix 2 illustrated the data regarding the life cycle duration of building subsystems specified in: Dell’isola, Kirk, Life Cycle Cost data, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1983, based on the American ASTM, Building Maintenance, Repair and Replacement Database for Life Cycle Cost Analysis (dated 1995).
 
17
See Fig. 4.8: green line step 2.
 
18
Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino.
 
19
See Fig. 4.8: green line step 3.
 
20
See Chap. 3 for the impact factors.
 
21
See Fig. 4.8: green line step 4.
 
22
See Fig. 4.8: blue line step 2.
 
23
Source: price list of the Regione Piemonte (Italy), Prezzario di riferimento per opere e lavori pubblici nella Regione Piemonte (ed. 2008).
 
24
C. Molinari, op. cit.
 
25
Taking into consideration, for example, an opaque, vertical, insulated hollow wall, it will not be possible to replace the insulation after initial installation, despite the fact that the life cycle of the insulation is shorter than the bricks. This will cause a loss of thermal and physical performance and ensuing increase in heating requirements. See Appendix 1.
 
26
The price of gas was calculated based on invoices and data provided by Italian electricity companies. www.​eni.​it. Energy data (access November 2008).
 
27
Critics maintain that the cost classification method should be as transparent as possible. By ensuring traceability of the data it will be possible to make changes during the service life of the building and thereby reduce the inaccuracies of future scenarios (regarding costs, duration, number of replacements, maintenance works, etc.).
 
28
Real costs correspond to the current value, while nominal costs are obtained by multiplying real costs by the inflation/deflation factor corresponding to the percent by which prices increase every year, from the initial reference date until the year when the cost arises.
 
29
Cfr. Chap. 3.
 
30
See Fig. 4.8: blue line step 3.
 
31
See Fig. 4.8: blue line step 4.
 
32
See Fig. 4.8: step 5.
 
33
In the envelope example, consideration was given to the environmental impacts k1 = GER and k2 = GWP.
 
34
The weight will be chosen by all the actors (client brief) depending on the subjective parameters established during the early design stage.
 
35
Granta Design Limited.
 
36
The hypothetical price for the applicative phase refers to the “Point Carbon EUA OTC assessment” market price of emissions rights expressed in EUR/t. (www.​pointcarbon.​com/​news/​europe, last access 20/01/2019)
 
37
Analysing the case studied reveals that this consideration is not as obvious as it might appear. In fact, standard technologies can often be more polluting and, considering the entire life cycle, more expensive. However they are preferred to other technologies due to underestimation of “life cycle” assessments.
 
38
Directive 2003/87/CE of 13 October 2003 by the European Parliament and the Council establishing a greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading scheme within the EU.
 
39
In this example, the lifespan of the insulation is less than that of brick.
 
40
ENEA, “simplified calculation of the annual savings of energy from a primary source envisaged thanks to an energy efficient project” (http://​www.​acs.​enea.​it/​tecnici/​calcolo_​re.​pdf. Last access May 2018).
 
41
To calculate the global yield, ENEA suggests that the value be kept between 0.65 and 0.80.
 
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Metadata
Title
Defining an Innovative Design Method Based on the Life Cycle Approach
Author
Francesca Thiébat
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Life Cycle Design

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11496-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-11497-8

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11497-8_4