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Published in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 2/2019

18-06-2019 | Aufsätze

Definitions and measures of party institutionalization in new personal politics: The case of the 5 star movement

Authors: Prof. Fortunato Musella, Michelangelo Vercesi

Published in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft | Issue 2/2019

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Abstract

The emergence of personalized party organizations has called for a redefinition of the concept of party institutionalization (PI). This article brings different strands of literature together and proposes a new multidimensional index of PI. PI is conceived of as the interplay of objective and internal party features with the external environment. The viability of the index is tested through its application to a prominent case of personal party, the Italian Five Star Movement (5SM). Through a detailed analysis of its history, we show that the 5SM has become more institutionalized over time; however, this has especially affected its external facet, while other specific party traits have been less involved. Findings suggest that the stabilization of internal structures to connect party echelon and rank-and-file remains a challenge.

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Appendix
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Footnotes
1
According to Calise (2015, p. 130) “the personal party marks a sharp departure from the legal-rational, bureaucratic, and collective form of authority, which has been dominant in the development of political parties all through the 20th century, whereas bringing back the role of patrimonial and charismatic resources” (see also Calise 2000). Gunther and Diamond (2003, p. 187) use the notion of personalistic parties to analyze the most recent type of electoral party, which aims to provide “a vehicle for the leader to win an election and exercise power”.
 
2
We rely on the minimal Sartori’s (1976, p. 64) definition of the political party as “any political group that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections, candidates for public office.”.
 
3
It is debatable what façade congress means. It seems safe to say that a congress is a façade when the incumbent leader autonomously proposes him or herself or a successor for leadership and others approve by acclamation or unanimous vote. If a multi-candidate contest takes place, a solution could be instead to use the index of competitiveness of Kenig (2008), which divides Laakso-Taagepera index calculated on the electoral strength of candidates by the number of real candidates. This index ranges from 0 (no competitiveness) to 1. A value below 0.33 (i.e., about 1 divided by 3) can be considered as a proxy of a façade congress. See De Luca (2016, p. 29) for a justification of this measurement.
 
4
It is worth noting that rootedness is analytically distinct from reification. Both dimensions refer to (actual or potential) electoral achievements. However, the former takes in consideration performances over time and the presence of a stable group of supporters. In contrast, the latter points to voters’ attitudes at a given point in time.
 
5
Given that I is the Index, v the score on a ith rank ordering and nv the highest additive score obtainable, in formal terms each sub-index is \(I=\frac{\sum _{i}v_{i}}{n_{v}}\). The calculation is based on the assumption that institutionalization is a multidimensional concept and therefore each dimension contributes in a crucial way. For each dimension, we have proposed a couple of indicators, which are theoretically derived and should be taken all into account. The final index weights equally all the components of institutionalization, whose possible differences in terms of relevance are substantially collapsed by normalizing the values of the three dimensions.
 
6
The rise of single leaders in the new democratic landscape may be considered as the result of three interrelated processes: a) the development of a direct—not mediated by parties and often emotional—relationship with citizens, so that the leader assumes the role of a political representative “above the party” and the main channel for collecting the popular vote; b) the trend towards a monocratic principle of political action, so that leaders tend to become the true domini of party organizations, while also increasing their control over governmental activities; c) the tendency of political leaders to use their role for private ends, mainly as a springboard for future careers in the business and financial world (see Musella 2018).
 
7
“Le nuove regole del Movimento 5 Stelle”, Il Post, 30 December 2017.
 
8
According to the aforementioned Kenig’s index, about 0.18. Data are drawn from “Di Maio candidato premier M5S. Alle primarie grilline 37mila votanti”. Il Messaggero, 23 settembre 2017.
 
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Metadata
Title
Definitions and measures of party institutionalization in new personal politics: The case of the 5 star movement
Authors
Prof. Fortunato Musella
Michelangelo Vercesi
Publication date
18-06-2019
Publisher
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Published in
Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft / Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 1865-2646
Electronic ISSN: 1865-2654
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-019-00422-8

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