Skip to main content
Top
Published in:

01-09-2024 | Original Paper

Determination of the engineering characteristics of calciclastic submarine fan systems in the Tonya Formation (Hacımehmet, Trabzon, NE Türkiye) using integrated geophysical and geological methods

Authors: Zeynep Öğretmen Aydın, Fatih Köroğlu, Aysel Şeren

Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment | Issue 9/2024

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this study, structural elements and engineering parameters were determined for ‘Calciclastic Submarine Fan system (CSFs)’ deposits with complex sedimentology and stratigraphy in the Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene Tonya Formation (Hacımehmet, Trabzon province, NE Türkiye). Several geophysical methods, including ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction tomography and multi-channel analysis of surface waves were applied to calciclastic submarine fan systems of the Tonya Formation. This study represents the first time that these characteristics have been examined in the study area. Common offset ground penetrating radar was performed on 17 lines, the common midpoint was determined at 31 points, electrical resistivity tomography was conducted on seven profiles, and seismic refraction tomography and multichannel surface wave analysis measurements were undertaken on three profiles in the study area. In addition, ground penetrating radar well tomography modelling was performed. The engineering parameters for the study area were determined by evaluating one- and two-dimensional images obtained by considering both the forward and inverse solutions of geophysical data and drilling information. This study shows that when subsurface sections obtained from geophysical studies and drilling information are evaluated together, alternations at up to 15 m depth can be observed in pelagic weak units (marls) and neritic solid units (calcarenite and calcirudite).

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Agbodike IIC, Igboekwe MU, Chiemeke C (2015) Use of seismic refraction tomography to obtain velocity and thickness of the weathered zone of Oru, in Imo State. FUTO J Ser (FUTOJNLS) 1:2 Agbodike IIC, Igboekwe MU, Chiemeke C (2015) Use of seismic refraction tomography to obtain velocity and thickness of the weathered zone of Oru, in Imo State. FUTO J Ser (FUTOJNLS) 1:2
go back to reference Akin H (1978) Geologie, Magmatismus und Lagerstaettenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge-Turkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geol Rundsch 68:253–283 (in German)CrossRef Akin H (1978) Geologie, Magmatismus und Lagerstaettenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge-Turkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geol Rundsch 68:253–283 (in German)CrossRef
go back to reference Al-Heety AJM, Shanshal ZM (2016) Integration of seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography in engineering geophysics for soil characterization. Arab J Geosci 9:73CrossRef Al-Heety AJM, Shanshal ZM (2016) Integration of seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography in engineering geophysics for soil characterization. Arab J Geosci 9:73CrossRef
go back to reference Al-Heety AJM, Hassouneh M, Fathi MA (2021) Application of MASW and ERT methods for geotechnical site characterization: a case study for roads construction and infrastructure assessment in Abu Dhabi, UAE. J Appl Geophys 193:104408CrossRef Al-Heety AJM, Hassouneh M, Fathi MA (2021) Application of MASW and ERT methods for geotechnical site characterization: a case study for roads construction and infrastructure assessment in Abu Dhabi, UAE. J Appl Geophys 193:104408CrossRef
go back to reference Amanatidou E, Vargemezis G, Tsourlos P (2022) Combined application of seismic and electrical geophysical methods for karst cavities detection: A case study at the campus of the new University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece. J Appl Geophys 196:104499CrossRef Amanatidou E, Vargemezis G, Tsourlos P (2022) Combined application of seismic and electrical geophysical methods for karst cavities detection: A case study at the campus of the new University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece. J Appl Geophys 196:104499CrossRef
go back to reference Annan AP (2001) Ground Penetrating Radar Workshop Notes. Ontario Sensors and Software Inc, Mississauga Annan AP (2001) Ground Penetrating Radar Workshop Notes. Ontario Sensors and Software Inc, Mississauga
go back to reference Annan AP (2005a) Ground-Penetrating Radar. In: Butler DK (ed) Near Surf Geophys pp 357–438 Annan AP (2005a) Ground-Penetrating Radar. In: Butler DK (ed) Near Surf Geophys pp 357–438
go back to reference Annan AP (2005b) GPR Methods for Hydrogeological Studies. In: Rubin Y, Hubbard S (eds) Hydrogeophysics pp 185–214 Annan AP (2005b) GPR Methods for Hydrogeological Studies. In: Rubin Y, Hubbard S (eds) Hydrogeophysics pp 185–214
go back to reference Araffa SAS, Gobashy MM, Khalil MH, Abdelaal A (2021) Integration of geophysical techniques to detect geotechnical hazards: a case study in Mokattam Cairo, Egypt. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:8021–8041CrossRef Araffa SAS, Gobashy MM, Khalil MH, Abdelaal A (2021) Integration of geophysical techniques to detect geotechnical hazards: a case study in Mokattam Cairo, Egypt. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:8021–8041CrossRef
go back to reference Arnaud H, Arnaud-Vanneau A (1989) Séquences de dépôt et variations du niveau relatif de la mer au Barrémien et à l’Aptien inférieur dans les massifs subalpins septentrionaux et le Jura (SE de la France). Bull Soc Geol Fr 8:651–660CrossRef Arnaud H, Arnaud-Vanneau A (1989) Séquences de dépôt et variations du niveau relatif de la mer au Barrémien et à l’Aptien inférieur dans les massifs subalpins septentrionaux et le Jura (SE de la France). Bull Soc Geol Fr 8:651–660CrossRef
go back to reference Aydin F (2014) Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Maçka subvolcanic intrusions: implications for the Late Cretaceous magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, northeastern Turkey. Int Geol Rev 56:1246–1275CrossRef Aydin F (2014) Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Maçka subvolcanic intrusions: implications for the Late Cretaceous magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, northeastern Turkey. Int Geol Rev 56:1246–1275CrossRef
go back to reference Aydin F, Oğuz-Saka S, Şen Ç, Dokuz A, Aiglsperger T, Uysal İ, Kandemir R, Karslı O, Sarı B, Başer R (2020) Temporal, geochemical and geodynamic evolution of the Late Cretaceous subduction zone volcanism in the eastern Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle-crust interaction in an arc setting. J Asian Earth Sci 192:104217CrossRef Aydin F, Oğuz-Saka S, Şen Ç, Dokuz A, Aiglsperger T, Uysal İ, Kandemir R, Karslı O, Sarı B, Başer R (2020) Temporal, geochemical and geodynamic evolution of the Late Cretaceous subduction zone volcanism in the eastern Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle-crust interaction in an arc setting. J Asian Earth Sci 192:104217CrossRef
go back to reference Babacan AE, Gelisli G, Tweeton D (2018) Refraction and amplitude attenuation tomography for bedrock characterization: Trabzon case (Turkey). Eng Geol 245:344–355CrossRef Babacan AE, Gelisli G, Tweeton D (2018) Refraction and amplitude attenuation tomography for bedrock characterization: Trabzon case (Turkey). Eng Geol 245:344–355CrossRef
go back to reference Balkaya Ç (2010) Karşılıklı Kuyu Yer Radarı Verisinin İki Boyutlu Seyahat Zamanı Tomografisi, Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir (in Turkish with English Abstract) Balkaya Ç (2010) Karşılıklı Kuyu Yer Radarı Verisinin İki Boyutlu Seyahat Zamanı Tomografisi, Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir (in Turkish with English Abstract)
go back to reference Bektaş O, Yılmaz C, Taslı K, Akdağ K, Özgür S (1995) Cretaceous rifting of the eastern Pontide carbonate platform (NE Turkey): the formation of carbonates breccias and turbidites as evidences of a drowned platform. Geologia 57(1–2):233–244 Bektaş O, Yılmaz C, Taslı K, Akdağ K, Özgür S (1995) Cretaceous rifting of the eastern Pontide carbonate platform (NE Turkey): the formation of carbonates breccias and turbidites as evidences of a drowned platform. Geologia 57(1–2):233–244
go back to reference Ben Yaïch A, Hervouët Y, Duée G (1991) Les turbidites calcaires du passage Jurassique-Crétacé du Rif externe occidental (Maroc): processus et contrôle de dépôt. Bull Soc Geol Fr 162:841–850CrossRef Ben Yaïch A, Hervouët Y, Duée G (1991) Les turbidites calcaires du passage Jurassique-Crétacé du Rif externe occidental (Maroc): processus et contrôle de dépôt. Bull Soc Geol Fr 162:841–850CrossRef
go back to reference Benedetto A, Fabio T, Ciampoli LB, D’Amico F (2016) An overview of ground-penetrating radar signal processing techniques for road inspections. Signal Process 132:201–209CrossRef Benedetto A, Fabio T, Ciampoli LB, D’Amico F (2016) An overview of ground-penetrating radar signal processing techniques for road inspections. Signal Process 132:201–209CrossRef
go back to reference Benedetto A, Tosti F, Bianchini Ciampoli L, D’Amico F (2017) An overview of ground-penetrating radar signal processing techniques for road inspections. Signal Process 132: 201–209 Benedetto A, Tosti F, Bianchini Ciampoli L, D’Amico F (2017) An overview of ground-penetrating radar signal processing techniques for road inspections. Signal Process 132: 201–209
go back to reference Bernecker T, Partridge A, Webb JA (1997) Mid-Late Tertiary deep-water temperate carbonate deposition, offshore Gippsland Basin, Southeastern Australia. In: James NP, Clarke JAD (eds) Cool-water Carbonates, vol 56. SEPM Spec Publ, pp 221–236 Bernecker T, Partridge A, Webb JA (1997) Mid-Late Tertiary deep-water temperate carbonate deposition, offshore Gippsland Basin, Southeastern Australia. In: James NP, Clarke JAD (eds) Cool-water Carbonates, vol 56. SEPM Spec Publ, pp 221–236
go back to reference Bernoulli D (1988) Ternate formation, a Late Eocene bioclastic submarine fan of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps). AAPG Bull 72:988 Bernoulli D (1988) Ternate formation, a Late Eocene bioclastic submarine fan of the Lombardian Basin (Southern Alps). AAPG Bull 72:988
go back to reference Bersezio R, Barbieri P, Mozzi R (2002) Redeposited limestones in the Upper Cretaceous succession of the Helvetic Argentera Massif at the Italy-France border. Eclogae Geol Helv 95:15–30 Bersezio R, Barbieri P, Mozzi R (2002) Redeposited limestones in the Upper Cretaceous succession of the Helvetic Argentera Massif at the Italy-France border. Eclogae Geol Helv 95:15–30
go back to reference Betzler C, Reijmer JJ, Bernet K, Eberli G, Anselmett FV (1999) Sedimentary patterns and geometries of the Bahamian outer carbonate ramp (Miocene–Lower Pliocene, Great Bahama Bank). Sedimentology 46:1127–1143CrossRef Betzler C, Reijmer JJ, Bernet K, Eberli G, Anselmett FV (1999) Sedimentary patterns and geometries of the Bahamian outer carbonate ramp (Miocene–Lower Pliocene, Great Bahama Bank). Sedimentology 46:1127–1143CrossRef
go back to reference Betzler C, Pfeiffer M, Saxena S (2000) Carbonate shedding and sedimentary cycles of a distally steepened carbonate ramp (Miocene, Great Bahama Bank). Int J Earth Sci 89:140–153CrossRef Betzler C, Pfeiffer M, Saxena S (2000) Carbonate shedding and sedimentary cycles of a distally steepened carbonate ramp (Miocene, Great Bahama Bank). Int J Earth Sci 89:140–153CrossRef
go back to reference Blindow N (2006) Ground Penetrating Radar. In: Kirsch R (ed) Groundwater Geophysics pp 357–438 Blindow N (2006) Ground Penetrating Radar. In: Kirsch R (ed) Groundwater Geophysics pp 357–438
go back to reference Boggs S (2009) Principle of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey Boggs S (2009) Principle of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 4th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey
go back to reference Braga JC, Martin JM, Wood JL (2001) Submarine lobes and feeder channels of redeposited, temperate carbonate and mixed siliciclastic–carbonate platform deposits (Vera Basin, Almeria, southern Spain). Sedimentology 48:99–116CrossRef Braga JC, Martin JM, Wood JL (2001) Submarine lobes and feeder channels of redeposited, temperate carbonate and mixed siliciclastic–carbonate platform deposits (Vera Basin, Almeria, southern Spain). Sedimentology 48:99–116CrossRef
go back to reference Brett CE, Baird G (2002) Revised stratigraphy of the Trenton Group in its type area, central New York State: sedimentology and tectonics of a Middle Ordovician shelf-to-basin succession. Phys Chem Earth 27:231–263CrossRef Brett CE, Baird G (2002) Revised stratigraphy of the Trenton Group in its type area, central New York State: sedimentology and tectonics of a Middle Ordovician shelf-to-basin succession. Phys Chem Earth 27:231–263CrossRef
go back to reference Brookfield ME, Blechsmidt I, Hannigan R, Coniglio M, Simonson B, Wilson G (2006) Sedimentology and geochemistry of extensive very coarse deepwater submarine fan sediments in the Middle Jurassic of Oman, emplaced by giant tsunami triggered by submarine mass flows. Sediment Geol 192:75–98CrossRef Brookfield ME, Blechsmidt I, Hannigan R, Coniglio M, Simonson B, Wilson G (2006) Sedimentology and geochemistry of extensive very coarse deepwater submarine fan sediments in the Middle Jurassic of Oman, emplaced by giant tsunami triggered by submarine mass flows. Sediment Geol 192:75–98CrossRef
go back to reference Buchner K, Grapes R (2011) Metamorphic rocks. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer, Germany, pp 21–56 Buchner K, Grapes R (2011) Metamorphic rocks. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer, Germany, pp 21–56
go back to reference Busato L, Boaga J, Peruzzo L, Himi M, Cola S, Bersan S, Cassiani G (2016) Combined geophysical surveys for the characterization of a reconstructed river embankment. Eng Geol 211:74–84CrossRef Busato L, Boaga J, Peruzzo L, Himi M, Cola S, Bersan S, Cassiani G (2016) Combined geophysical surveys for the characterization of a reconstructed river embankment. Eng Geol 211:74–84CrossRef
go back to reference Chandran D, Anbazhagan P (2017) Subsurface Profiling Using Integrated Geophysical Methods for 2D Site Response Analysis in Bangalore City, India: A New Approach. J Geophys Eng 14:1300–1314CrossRef Chandran D, Anbazhagan P (2017) Subsurface Profiling Using Integrated Geophysical Methods for 2D Site Response Analysis in Bangalore City, India: A New Approach. J Geophys Eng 14:1300–1314CrossRef
go back to reference Coniglio M, Dix GR (1992) Carbonate slopes. In: Walker RG, James NP (eds) Facies Models: Response to Sea-Level Changes. Geological Association of Canada, St John’s, Newfoundland, pp 349–374 Coniglio M, Dix GR (1992) Carbonate slopes. In: Walker RG, James NP (eds) Facies Models: Response to Sea-Level Changes. Geological Association of Canada, St John’s, Newfoundland, pp 349–374
go back to reference Consorti L, Köroğlu F (2019) Maastrichtian-Paleocene larger Foraminifera biostratigraphy and facies of the Şahinkaya Member (NE Sakarya Zone, Turkey): insights for the Eastern Pontides arc sedimentary cover. J Asian Earth Sci 183:103965CrossRef Consorti L, Köroğlu F (2019) Maastrichtian-Paleocene larger Foraminifera biostratigraphy and facies of the Şahinkaya Member (NE Sakarya Zone, Turkey): insights for the Eastern Pontides arc sedimentary cover. J Asian Earth Sci 183:103965CrossRef
go back to reference Conyers LB, Goodman D (1997) Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. Altamira Press, California Conyers LB, Goodman D (1997) Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. Altamira Press, California
go back to reference Cook HE (1983) Ancient carbonate platform margins, slopes and basins. In: Cook HE, Hine AC, Mullins HT (eds) Platform Margin and Deep-water Carbonates, vol 12. SEPM Short Course, 5.1–5.189 Cook HE (1983) Ancient carbonate platform margins, slopes and basins. In: Cook HE, Hine AC, Mullins HT (eds) Platform Margin and Deep-water Carbonates, vol 12. SEPM Short Course, 5.1–5.189
go back to reference Cook HE, Egbert RM (1981) Carbonate submarine fan facies along a Paleozoic prograding continental margin, western United States. AAPG Bull 65:913 Cook HE, Egbert RM (1981) Carbonate submarine fan facies along a Paleozoic prograding continental margin, western United States. AAPG Bull 65:913
go back to reference Cook HE, Mullins HT (1983) Basin margin. In: Scholle PA, Bebout DG, Moore CH (eds) Carbonate depositional environments, vol 33. AAPG Mem, pp 539–617 Cook HE, Mullins HT (1983) Basin margin. In: Scholle PA, Bebout DG, Moore CH (eds) Carbonate depositional environments, vol 33. AAPG Mem, pp 539–617
go back to reference Cooper DJW (1989) A longitudinal carbonate fan from the Jurassic of the Oman Mountains: the Guweyza Limestone Formation of the Hamrat ad Duru. Sediment Geol 61:253–275CrossRef Cooper DJW (1989) A longitudinal carbonate fan from the Jurassic of the Oman Mountains: the Guweyza Limestone Formation of the Hamrat ad Duru. Sediment Geol 61:253–275CrossRef
go back to reference Davis JL, Annan AP (1989) Ground-Penetrating Radar for High-Resolution Mapping of Soil and Rock Stratigraphy. Geophys Prospect 37:531–551CrossRef Davis JL, Annan AP (1989) Ground-Penetrating Radar for High-Resolution Mapping of Soil and Rock Stratigraphy. Geophys Prospect 37:531–551CrossRef
go back to reference Deparis J, Jongmans D, Garambois S, Levy C, Baillet L (2011) Geophysical Detection and Structural Characterization of Discontinuities in Rock Slopes. Rockfall Engineering pp 1–38 Deparis J, Jongmans D, Garambois S, Levy C, Baillet L (2011) Geophysical Detection and Structural Characterization of Discontinuities in Rock Slopes. Rockfall Engineering pp 1–38
go back to reference Di Giulio A, Carrapa B, Fantoni R, Gorla L, Valdisturlo A (2001) Middle Eocene to Early Miocene sedimentary evolution of the western Lombardian segment of the South Alpine foredeep (Italy). Int J Earth Sci 90:534–548CrossRef Di Giulio A, Carrapa B, Fantoni R, Gorla L, Valdisturlo A (2001) Middle Eocene to Early Miocene sedimentary evolution of the western Lombardian segment of the South Alpine foredeep (Italy). Int J Earth Sci 90:534–548CrossRef
go back to reference Dokuz A, Aydin F, Karslı O (2019) Postcollisional transition from subduction- to intraplate-type magmatism in the eastern Sakarya zone, Turkey: Indicators of northern Neotethyan slab breakoff. GSA Bull 131:1623–1642CrossRef Dokuz A, Aydin F, Karslı O (2019) Postcollisional transition from subduction- to intraplate-type magmatism in the eastern Sakarya zone, Turkey: Indicators of northern Neotethyan slab breakoff. GSA Bull 131:1623–1642CrossRef
go back to reference Donohue S, Tolooiyan A, Gavin K (2009) Geophysical and geotechnical assessment of a railway embankment failure, near surf. Geophys 9:1–13 Donohue S, Tolooiyan A, Gavin K (2009) Geophysical and geotechnical assessment of a railway embankment failure, near surf. Geophys 9:1–13
go back to reference Ercan A, Yağmurlu F, Uz B (1988) Çatalca (İstanbul) yöresinde kömür içeren Tersiyer tortullarının çökelme özellikleri ve jeofizik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 31:1–12 Ercan A, Yağmurlu F, Uz B (1988) Çatalca (İstanbul) yöresinde kömür içeren Tersiyer tortullarının çökelme özellikleri ve jeofizik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 31:1–12
go back to reference Ersoy H (2007) Trabzon İli Katı Atıkları İçin Düzenli Depolama Yeri Seçimi ve Önerilen Düzyurt Düzenli Depolama Alanının Mühendislik Jeolojisi Açısından İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. (in Turkish with English Abstract) Ersoy H (2007) Trabzon İli Katı Atıkları İçin Düzenli Depolama Yeri Seçimi ve Önerilen Düzyurt Düzenli Depolama Alanının Mühendislik Jeolojisi Açısından İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. (in Turkish with English Abstract)
go back to reference Ersoy H, Bulut F, Ersoy AF, Berkun M (2008) Municipal solid waste management and practices in coastal cities of the eastern Black Sea: a case study of Trabzon City. NE Turkey, Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(3):321–333CrossRef Ersoy H, Bulut F, Ersoy AF, Berkun M (2008) Municipal solid waste management and practices in coastal cities of the eastern Black Sea: a case study of Trabzon City. NE Turkey, Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(3):321–333CrossRef
go back to reference Ersoy H, Bulut F (2009) Spatial and multi-criteria decision analysis-based methodology for landfill site selection in growing urban regions. Waste Manage Res 27(5):489–500CrossRef Ersoy H, Bulut F (2009) Spatial and multi-criteria decision analysis-based methodology for landfill site selection in growing urban regions. Waste Manage Res 27(5):489–500CrossRef
go back to reference Ferry S (1979) Les turbidites bioclastiques: mode de transport dusable calcaire des plates-formes Urgoniennes a la cuvette Vocontienne (SE de la France). Geobios. Mem Spec 3:149–158 Ferry S (1979) Les turbidites bioclastiques: mode de transport dusable calcaire des plates-formes Urgoniennes a la cuvette Vocontienne (SE de la France). Geobios. Mem Spec 3:149–158
go back to reference Forte E, Dossi M, Colucci PM, RR, (2014) Velocity Analysis from Common Offset GPR Data Inversion: Theory and Application to Synthetic and Real data. Geophys J Int 197(3):1471–1483CrossRef Forte E, Dossi M, Colucci PM, RR, (2014) Velocity Analysis from Common Offset GPR Data Inversion: Theory and Application to Synthetic and Real data. Geophys J Int 197(3):1471–1483CrossRef
go back to reference Gallagher SJ, Smith AJ, Jonasson K, Wallace MW, Holdgate GR, Daniels J, Taylor D (2001) The Miocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic evolution of the Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia: a record of Southern Ocean change. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 172:53–80CrossRef Gallagher SJ, Smith AJ, Jonasson K, Wallace MW, Holdgate GR, Daniels J, Taylor D (2001) The Miocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic evolution of the Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia: a record of Southern Ocean change. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 172:53–80CrossRef
go back to reference Garcia-Garcia F, Valls-Ayuso A, Benlloch-Marco J, Valcuende-Paya M (2017) An optimization of the work disruption by 3D cavity mapping using GPR: a new sewerage project in Torrente (Valencia, Spain). Constr Build Mater 154:1226–1233CrossRef Garcia-Garcia F, Valls-Ayuso A, Benlloch-Marco J, Valcuende-Paya M (2017) An optimization of the work disruption by 3D cavity mapping using GPR: a new sewerage project in Torrente (Valencia, Spain). Constr Build Mater 154:1226–1233CrossRef
go back to reference Gedikoğlu A, Pelin S, Özsayar T (1979) The main lines of geotectonic development of the East Pontides in the Mesozoic era. In: Proceedings of the 1st Geol. Congr Middle East. GEOCOME pp 555–580 Gedikoğlu A, Pelin S, Özsayar T (1979) The main lines of geotectonic development of the East Pontides in the Mesozoic era. In: Proceedings of the 1st Geol. Congr Middle East. GEOCOME pp 555–580
go back to reference Geometrics Inc (2009) SeisImager/2D software manual; version 3.3, p 257 Geometrics Inc (2009) SeisImager/2D software manual; version 3.3, p 257
go back to reference Gökten YE (1986) Paleocene carbonate turbidites of the Sarkisla region, Turkey: their significance in an orogenic basin. Sediment Geol 49:143–165CrossRef Gökten YE (1986) Paleocene carbonate turbidites of the Sarkisla region, Turkey: their significance in an orogenic basin. Sediment Geol 49:143–165CrossRef
go back to reference Gomez C, Lavigne F, Hadmoko DS, Wassmer P (2018) Insights into lahar deposition processes in the Curah Lengkong (Semeru Volcano, Indonesia) using photogrammetry-based geospatial analysis, near-surface geophysics and CFD modelling. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 353:102–113CrossRef Gomez C, Lavigne F, Hadmoko DS, Wassmer P (2018) Insights into lahar deposition processes in the Curah Lengkong (Semeru Volcano, Indonesia) using photogrammetry-based geospatial analysis, near-surface geophysics and CFD modelling. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 353:102–113CrossRef
go back to reference Hamann G, Tronicke J (2014) Global inversion of GPR traveltimes to assess uncertainties in CMP velocity models. Near Surf Geophys 12:505–514 Hamann G, Tronicke J (2014) Global inversion of GPR traveltimes to assess uncertainties in CMP velocity models. Near Surf Geophys 12:505–514
go back to reference Hardin BO, Black WL (1968) Vibration modulus of normally consolidated clay. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 94(SM2):353–369CrossRef Hardin BO, Black WL (1968) Vibration modulus of normally consolidated clay. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 94(SM2):353–369CrossRef
go back to reference Hardin BO, Drnevich VP (1972) Shear modulus and damping in soils. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 98(SM7):667–692CrossRef Hardin BO, Drnevich VP (1972) Shear modulus and damping in soils. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 98(SM7):667–692CrossRef
go back to reference Hippolyte JC, Müller C, Sangu E, Kaymakci N (2015) Stratigraphic comparisons along the Pontides (Turkey) based on new nannoplankton age determinations in the Eastern Pontides: geodynamic implications. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 428:323–358CrossRef Hippolyte JC, Müller C, Sangu E, Kaymakci N (2015) Stratigraphic comparisons along the Pontides (Turkey) based on new nannoplankton age determinations in the Eastern Pontides: geodynamic implications. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 428:323–358CrossRef
go back to reference Holdgate GR, Wallace MW, Daniels J, Gallagher SJ, Keene JB, Smith AJ (2000) Controls on Sea spray Group sonic velocities in the Gippsland Basin-a multidisciplinary approach to the canyon seismic velocity problem. APPEA J 40:295–313CrossRef Holdgate GR, Wallace MW, Daniels J, Gallagher SJ, Keene JB, Smith AJ (2000) Controls on Sea spray Group sonic velocities in the Gippsland Basin-a multidisciplinary approach to the canyon seismic velocity problem. APPEA J 40:295–313CrossRef
go back to reference Hubbard JL (2009) Use of electrical resistivity and multichannel analysis of surface wave geophysical tomography in geotechnical site characterization of Dam. Master Thesis, The University Of Texas at Arlington Hubbard JL (2009) Use of electrical resistivity and multichannel analysis of surface wave geophysical tomography in geotechnical site characterization of Dam. Master Thesis, The University Of Texas at Arlington
go back to reference Hunt D, Tucker ME (1993a) Sequence stratigraphy of carbonate shelves with an example from the mid-Cretaceous (Urgonian) of southeast France. In: Posamentier HW, Summerhayes CP, Haq BU, Allen GP (eds) Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, vol 18. IAS Spec Publ, pp 307–341 Hunt D, Tucker ME (1993a) Sequence stratigraphy of carbonate shelves with an example from the mid-Cretaceous (Urgonian) of southeast France. In: Posamentier HW, Summerhayes CP, Haq BU, Allen GP (eds) Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, vol 18. IAS Spec Publ, pp 307–341
go back to reference Hunt D, Tucker ME (1993b) The Middle Cretaceous Urgonian platform of southeastern France. In: Simo T, Scott RW, Masse JP (eds) Atlas of Cretaceous Carbonate Platforms, vol 56. AAPG Mem, pp 409–453 Hunt D, Tucker ME (1993b) The Middle Cretaceous Urgonian platform of southeastern France. In: Simo T, Scott RW, Masse JP (eds) Atlas of Cretaceous Carbonate Platforms, vol 56. AAPG Mem, pp 409–453
go back to reference Iqbal I, Xiong B, Tian G, Lu Y, Yang Y (2022) Analysis of subsurface velocity using CMP gathers picked up by unshielded GPR system: results from an experimental NAPL contaminated test site. Explor Geophys 54(3):261–270CrossRef Iqbal I, Xiong B, Tian G, Lu Y, Yang Y (2022) Analysis of subsurface velocity using CMP gathers picked up by unshielded GPR system: results from an experimental NAPL contaminated test site. Explor Geophys 54(3):261–270CrossRef
go back to reference Jacob RW, Urban TM (2016) Groundpenetrating radar velocity determination and precision estimates using common-midpoint (CMP) collection with hand-picking semblance analysis and cross-correlation analysis: a case study and tutorial for archaeologists Archaeometry 58(6):987–1002 Jacob RW, Urban TM (2016) Groundpenetrating radar velocity determination and precision estimates using common-midpoint (CMP) collection with hand-picking semblance analysis and cross-correlation analysis: a case study and tutorial for archaeologists Archaeometry 58(6):987–1002
go back to reference Jacquin T, Arnaud-Vanneau A, Arnaud H, Ravenne C, Vail PR (1991) Systems tracts and depositional sequences in a carbonate setting: study of continuous outcrops from platform to basin at the scale of seismic lines. Mar Pet Geol 8:122–139CrossRef Jacquin T, Arnaud-Vanneau A, Arnaud H, Ravenne C, Vail PR (1991) Systems tracts and depositional sequences in a carbonate setting: study of continuous outcrops from platform to basin at the scale of seismic lines. Mar Pet Geol 8:122–139CrossRef
go back to reference Jiang L, Tian G, Wang B, Guo X, He X, Zou A, Chen H, Yang T, EI-Raouf AA, (2021) Application of three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography in urban zones by arbitrary electrode distribution survey design. J Appl Geophys 194:104460CrossRef Jiang L, Tian G, Wang B, Guo X, He X, Zou A, Chen H, Yang T, EI-Raouf AA, (2021) Application of three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography in urban zones by arbitrary electrode distribution survey design. J Appl Geophys 194:104460CrossRef
go back to reference Johnston K, Ver Hoef JM, Krivoruchko K, Lucas N (2001) Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. ESRI, Redlands, CA Johnston K, Ver Hoef JM, Krivoruchko K, Lucas N (2001) Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. ESRI, Redlands, CA
go back to reference Jol HM (2009) Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam Jol HM (2009) Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
go back to reference Kandemir Ö, Akbayram K, Çobankaya M, Kanar F, Pehlivan Ş, Tok T, Hakyemez A, Ekmekçi E, Danacı F, Temiz U (2019) From arc evolution to arc-continent collision: late Cretaceous–middle Eocene geology of the Eastern Pontides, northeastern Turkey. GSA Bull 131:1889–1906CrossRef Kandemir Ö, Akbayram K, Çobankaya M, Kanar F, Pehlivan Ş, Tok T, Hakyemez A, Ekmekçi E, Danacı F, Temiz U (2019) From arc evolution to arc-continent collision: late Cretaceous–middle Eocene geology of the Eastern Pontides, northeastern Turkey. GSA Bull 131:1889–1906CrossRef
go back to reference Ketin İ (1961) Türkiye'de magmatik faaliyet. T.J.K. Bülteni, 7,2, 1–15. (in Turkish) Ketin İ (1961) Türkiye'de magmatik faaliyet. T.J.K. Bülteni, 7,2, 1–15. (in Turkish)
go back to reference Ketin İ (1966) Anadolu’nun tektonik üniteleri. Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 66. (in Turkish) Ketin İ (1966) Anadolu’nun tektonik üniteleri. Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 66. (in Turkish)
go back to reference Kırmacı Z, Akdağ K (2005) Origin of dolomite in the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene limestone turbidite, Eastern Pontides Turkey. Sediment Geol 181:39–57CrossRef Kırmacı Z, Akdağ K (2005) Origin of dolomite in the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene limestone turbidite, Eastern Pontides Turkey. Sediment Geol 181:39–57CrossRef
go back to reference Korkmaz S (1993) Stratigraphy of the Tonya-Çayırbağı (SW Trabzon) area. NE Turkey Geol Bull Turkey 36:151–158 (in Turkish) Korkmaz S (1993) Stratigraphy of the Tonya-Çayırbağı (SW Trabzon) area. NE Turkey Geol Bull Turkey 36:151–158 (in Turkish)
go back to reference Leckebusch J (2003) Ground-penetrating radar: a modern three-dimensional prospection method. Archaeol Prospect 10:213–240CrossRef Leckebusch J (2003) Ground-penetrating radar: a modern three-dimensional prospection method. Archaeol Prospect 10:213–240CrossRef
go back to reference Lehmann D, Brett CE, Cole R, Baird G (1995) Distal sedimentation in a peripheral foreland basin: Ordovician black shales and associated flysch of the western Taconic foreland, New York State and Ontario. GSA Bull 107:708–724CrossRef Lehmann D, Brett CE, Cole R, Baird G (1995) Distal sedimentation in a peripheral foreland basin: Ordovician black shales and associated flysch of the western Taconic foreland, New York State and Ontario. GSA Bull 107:708–724CrossRef
go back to reference Loke MH (2000) Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies. A practical guide to2-D and 3-D surveys, pp 31–35 Loke MH (2000) Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies. A practical guide to2-D and 3-D surveys, pp 31–35
go back to reference Loke MH (2010) Res2Dinv ver. 3.59 for Windows XP/Vista/7, 2010. Rapid 2-D Resistivity & IP Inversion Using the Least-Squares Method. Geoelectrical Imaging 2D & 3D Geotomo Software 2010, Malaysia Loke MH (2010) Res2Dinv ver. 3.59 for Windows XP/Vista/7, 2010. Rapid 2-D Resistivity & IP Inversion Using the Least-Squares Method. Geoelectrical Imaging 2D & 3D Geotomo Software 2010, Malaysia
go back to reference Mitchell CE, Goldman D, Delano JW, Samson SD, Bergström SM (1994) Temporal and spatial distribution of biozones and facies relative to geochemically correlated K-bentonites in the Middle Ordovician Taconic foredeep. Geology 22:715–718CrossRef Mitchell CE, Goldman D, Delano JW, Samson SD, Bergström SM (1994) Temporal and spatial distribution of biozones and facies relative to geochemically correlated K-bentonites in the Middle Ordovician Taconic foredeep. Geology 22:715–718CrossRef
go back to reference Mori G (2009) The use of ground penetrating radar and alternative geophysical techniques for assessing embankments and dykes safety. Master Thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Mori G (2009) The use of ground penetrating radar and alternative geophysical techniques for assessing embankments and dykes safety. Master Thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
go back to reference Mullins HT, Cook HE (1986) Carbonate slope apron models: alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. Sediment Geol 48:37–79CrossRef Mullins HT, Cook HE (1986) Carbonate slope apron models: alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. Sediment Geol 48:37–79CrossRef
go back to reference Nikishin AM, Okay AI, Tüysüz O, Demirer A, Amelin N, Petrov E (2015a) The Black Sea basins structure and history: New model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill. Mar Petrol Geol 59:638–655CrossRef Nikishin AM, Okay AI, Tüysüz O, Demirer A, Amelin N, Petrov E (2015a) The Black Sea basins structure and history: New model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill. Mar Petrol Geol 59:638–655CrossRef
go back to reference Nikishin AM, Okay A, Tüysüz O, Demirer A, Wannier M, Amelin N, Petrov E (2015b) The Black Sea basins structure and history: new model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 2: tectonic history and paleogeography. Mar Petrol Geol 59:656–670CrossRef Nikishin AM, Okay A, Tüysüz O, Demirer A, Wannier M, Amelin N, Petrov E (2015b) The Black Sea basins structure and history: new model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 2: tectonic history and paleogeography. Mar Petrol Geol 59:656–670CrossRef
go back to reference Ntarlagiannis D, Robinson J, Soupios P, Slater L (2016) Field-scale electrical geophysics over an olive oil mill waste deposition site: Evaluating the information content of resistivity versus induced polarization (IP) images for delineating the spatial extent of organic contamination. J Appl Geophys 135:418–426CrossRef Ntarlagiannis D, Robinson J, Soupios P, Slater L (2016) Field-scale electrical geophysics over an olive oil mill waste deposition site: Evaluating the information content of resistivity versus induced polarization (IP) images for delineating the spatial extent of organic contamination. J Appl Geophys 135:418–426CrossRef
go back to reference Nwokebuihe SN (2014) The description of an effective sinkhole investigation approach: a case study of two sites in Greene County. Missouri Master Thesis, U.S.A. Nwokebuihe SN (2014) The description of an effective sinkhole investigation approach: a case study of two sites in Greene County. Missouri Master Thesis, U.S.A.
go back to reference Öğretmen Aydın Z (2019) Birleşik Jeofizik Yöntemlerle Tonya Formasyonuna Ait Kaya Kütlelerinin (Akoluk Mevkii-Trabzon) Mühendislik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. (in Turkish with English Abstract) Öğretmen Aydın Z (2019) Birleşik Jeofizik Yöntemlerle Tonya Formasyonuna Ait Kaya Kütlelerinin (Akoluk Mevkii-Trabzon) Mühendislik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. (in Turkish with English Abstract)
go back to reference Okay AI, Tüysüz O (1999) Tethyan sutures of Northern Turkey. The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 156:475–515CrossRef Okay AI, Tüysüz O (1999) Tethyan sutures of Northern Turkey. The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 156:475–515CrossRef
go back to reference Okay A, Sengor C, Görur N (1994) Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology 22(3):267–270CrossRef Okay A, Sengor C, Görur N (1994) Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology 22(3):267–270CrossRef
go back to reference Okay AI, Şahintürk O (1997) Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson AG (ed) Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region, vol 68. AAPG memoir, pp 291–311 Okay AI, Şahintürk O (1997) Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson AG (ed) Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region, vol 68. AAPG memoir, pp 291–311
go back to reference Özkar İ, Kırcı E (1997) Planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the SW Trabzon area. İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 10:79–93 (in Turkish) Özkar İ, Kırcı E (1997) Planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the SW Trabzon area. İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 10:79–93 (in Turkish)
go back to reference Özsayar T (1971) Paläontologie und Geologie des Gebietes östlich Trabzon (Anatolian). Ph. D Thesis, Giesener Geologische Schriften, Heft 1, 138. (in German) Özsayar T (1971) Paläontologie und Geologie des Gebietes östlich Trabzon (Anatolian). Ph. D Thesis, Giesener Geologische Schriften, Heft 1, 138. (in German)
go back to reference Özsayar T, Pelin S, Gedikoğlu A (1981) Doğu Pontidler’de Kretase. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji 1(2):65–114 (in Turkish) Özsayar T, Pelin S, Gedikoğlu A (1981) Doğu Pontidler’de Kretase. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji 1(2):65–114 (in Turkish)
go back to reference Özsayar T, Pelin S, Gedikoğlu A, Eren A, Çapkınoğlu Ş (1982) Ardanuç (Artvin) yöresinin jeolojisi (The geology of the Ardanuç (Artvin) region). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji 2:21–38 Özsayar T, Pelin S, Gedikoğlu A, Eren A, Çapkınoğlu Ş (1982) Ardanuç (Artvin) yöresinin jeolojisi (The geology of the Ardanuç (Artvin) region). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji 2:21–38
go back to reference Panek T, Hradecký J, Šılhán K (2008) Applicatıon Of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (Ert) in The Study of Various Types of Slope Deformations in Anisotropic Bedrock: Case Studies from the Flysch Carpathıans, Studia Geomorphologica. Carpatho-Balcania 11:57–73 Panek T, Hradecký J, Šılhán K (2008) Applicatıon Of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (Ert) in The Study of Various Types of Slope Deformations in Anisotropic Bedrock: Case Studies from the Flysch Carpathıans, Studia Geomorphologica. Carpatho-Balcania 11:57–73
go back to reference Park CB, Miller RD, Xia J (1999) Multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW). Geophysics 64(3):800–808CrossRef Park CB, Miller RD, Xia J (1999) Multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW). Geophysics 64(3):800–808CrossRef
go back to reference Payros A, Pujalte V (2008) Calciclastic submarine fans: an integrated overview. Earth-Sci Rev 86(1–4):203–246CrossRef Payros A, Pujalte V (2008) Calciclastic submarine fans: an integrated overview. Earth-Sci Rev 86(1–4):203–246CrossRef
go back to reference Payros A, Pujalte V, Orue-Etxebarria X (2007) A point-sourced calciclastic submarine fan complex (Eocene Anotz Formation, western Pyrenees): facies architecture, evolution and controlling factors. Sedimentology 54:137–168CrossRef Payros A, Pujalte V, Orue-Etxebarria X (2007) A point-sourced calciclastic submarine fan complex (Eocene Anotz Formation, western Pyrenees): facies architecture, evolution and controlling factors. Sedimentology 54:137–168CrossRef
go back to reference Pellicer XM, Gibson P (2011) Electrical resistivity and ground penetrating radar for the characterisation of the internal architecture of quaternary sediments in the midlands of Ireland. J Appl Geophys 75:638–647CrossRef Pellicer XM, Gibson P (2011) Electrical resistivity and ground penetrating radar for the characterisation of the internal architecture of quaternary sediments in the midlands of Ireland. J Appl Geophys 75:638–647CrossRef
go back to reference Price I (1977) Deposition and derivation of clastic carbonates on a Mesozoic continental margin, Othris Greece. Sedimentology 24:529–546CrossRef Price I (1977) Deposition and derivation of clastic carbonates on a Mesozoic continental margin, Othris Greece. Sedimentology 24:529–546CrossRef
go back to reference Reijmer JJG, Everaars JSL (1991) Carbonate platform facies reflected in carbonate basin facies (Triassic, northern calcareous Alps, Austria). Facies 25:253–278CrossRef Reijmer JJG, Everaars JSL (1991) Carbonate platform facies reflected in carbonate basin facies (Triassic, northern calcareous Alps, Austria). Facies 25:253–278CrossRef
go back to reference Reijmer JJG, Ten Kate WGHZ, Sprengrer A, Schlager W (1991) Calciturbidite composition related to exposure and flooding of a carbonate platform (Triassic, Eastern Alps). Sedimentology 38:1059–1074CrossRef Reijmer JJG, Ten Kate WGHZ, Sprengrer A, Schlager W (1991) Calciturbidite composition related to exposure and flooding of a carbonate platform (Triassic, Eastern Alps). Sedimentology 38:1059–1074CrossRef
go back to reference Reijmer JJG, Palmieri P, Groen R (2012) Compositional variations in calciturbidites and calcidebrites in response to sea-level fluctuations (Exuma Sound, Bahamas). Facies 58:493–507CrossRef Reijmer JJG, Palmieri P, Groen R (2012) Compositional variations in calciturbidites and calcidebrites in response to sea-level fluctuations (Exuma Sound, Bahamas). Facies 58:493–507CrossRef
go back to reference Reijmer JJG, Palmieri P, Groen R, Floquet M (2015a) Calciturbidites and calcidebrites: Sea-level variations or tectonic processes. Sediment Geol 317:53–70CrossRef Reijmer JJG, Palmieri P, Groen R, Floquet M (2015a) Calciturbidites and calcidebrites: Sea-level variations or tectonic processes. Sediment Geol 317:53–70CrossRef
go back to reference Reijmer JJG, Mulder T, Borgomano J (2015b) Carbonate slopes and gravity deposits. Sediment Geol 317:1–8CrossRef Reijmer JJG, Mulder T, Borgomano J (2015b) Carbonate slopes and gravity deposits. Sediment Geol 317:1–8CrossRef
go back to reference Reynolds JM (1997) An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley&Sons, Chichester Reynolds JM (1997) An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley&Sons, Chichester
go back to reference Ruiz-Ortiz PA (1983) A carbonate submarine fan in a fault-controlled basin of the Upper Jurassic, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. Sedimentology 30:33–48CrossRef Ruiz-Ortiz PA (1983) A carbonate submarine fan in a fault-controlled basin of the Upper Jurassic, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. Sedimentology 30:33–48CrossRef
go back to reference Sandmeier KJ (2016) ReflexW Version 8.1. Program for Processing of Seismic, Acoustic or Electromagnetic Reflection, Refraction and Transmission Data. Software Manual, Karlsruhe, Germany p 628 Sandmeier KJ (2016) ReflexW Version 8.1. Program for Processing of Seismic, Acoustic or Electromagnetic Reflection, Refraction and Transmission Data. Software Manual, Karlsruhe, Germany p 628
go back to reference Sarı B, Kandemir R, Özer S, Walaszegyk I, Görmüş M, Demircan H, Yilmaz C (2014) Upper Campanian calciclastic turbidite sequence from the Hacımehmet area (eastern Pontides, NE Turkey): integrated biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis. Acta Geol Pol 64:393–418 Sarı B, Kandemir R, Özer S, Walaszegyk I, Görmüş M, Demircan H, Yilmaz C (2014) Upper Campanian calciclastic turbidite sequence from the Hacımehmet area (eastern Pontides, NE Turkey): integrated biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis. Acta Geol Pol 64:393–418
go back to reference Sauvin G (2014) Integrated geophysics for mapping of quick-clay landslide-prone areas in Norway. Master Thesis, University of Oslo, Norveç Sauvin G (2014) Integrated geophysics for mapping of quick-clay landslide-prone areas in Norway. Master Thesis, University of Oslo, Norveç
go back to reference Savary B (2005) Calcareous turbidity current emplacement as an initiation mechanism for substrate brecciation and deformation. In: Hodgson DM, Flint SS (eds) Submarine slope systems: Processes and products, vol 244. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, pp 207–220 Savary B (2005) Calcareous turbidity current emplacement as an initiation mechanism for substrate brecciation and deformation. In: Hodgson DM, Flint SS (eds) Submarine slope systems: Processes and products, vol 244. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, pp 207–220
go back to reference Savary B, Ferry S (2004) Geometry and petrophysical parameters of a calcarenitic turbidite lobe (Barremian-Aptian, Pas-de-la-Cluse, France). Sediment Geol 168:281–304CrossRef Savary B, Ferry S (2004) Geometry and petrophysical parameters of a calcarenitic turbidite lobe (Barremian-Aptian, Pas-de-la-Cluse, France). Sediment Geol 168:281–304CrossRef
go back to reference Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241CrossRef Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241CrossRef
go back to reference Shirgiri N (2012) Correlation Between Geotechnical and Geophysical Properties of Soil. Master Thesis, The University of Birmingham, England Shirgiri N (2012) Correlation Between Geotechnical and Geophysical Properties of Soil. Master Thesis, The University of Birmingham, England
go back to reference Sofracıoğlu D, Kandemir R (2013) The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. J Earth Sci 22:588–610 Sofracıoğlu D, Kandemir R (2013) The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. J Earth Sci 22:588–610
go back to reference Türk-Öz E, Özyurt M (2018) Paleoenvironment reconstruction and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of Campanian (Cretaceous) carbonate succession, Çayırbağ area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Carbonates Evaporites 33:1–33 Türk-Öz E, Özyurt M (2018) Paleoenvironment reconstruction and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of Campanian (Cretaceous) carbonate succession, Çayırbağ area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Carbonates Evaporites 33:1–33
go back to reference Türk-Öz E, Kopaevich L, Vishnevskaya V, Çapkınoğlu Ş (2016) Biostratigraphy of the Maçka region: first records of upper Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera and radiolarians from the Eastern Pontides (Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey). Stratigr Geol Correl 24(2):167–187CrossRef Türk-Öz E, Kopaevich L, Vishnevskaya V, Çapkınoğlu Ş (2016) Biostratigraphy of the Maçka region: first records of upper Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera and radiolarians from the Eastern Pontides (Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey). Stratigr Geol Correl 24(2):167–187CrossRef
go back to reference Ullah F, Su LJ, Alam M, Cheng L, Rehman MU, Asghar A, Hussain G (2022) Landslide stability investigation and subsurface deformation mapping by optimizing low-frequency GPR: A mega rainfall susceptible landslide case study (Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan). Bull Eng Geol Environ 81:373CrossRef Ullah F, Su LJ, Alam M, Cheng L, Rehman MU, Asghar A, Hussain G (2022) Landslide stability investigation and subsurface deformation mapping by optimizing low-frequency GPR: A mega rainfall susceptible landslide case study (Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan). Bull Eng Geol Environ 81:373CrossRef
go back to reference Van Konijnenburg JH, Bernoulli D, Mutti M (1999) Stratigraphic architecture of a Lower Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary carbonate base-of-slope succession: Gran Sasso d'Italia (Central Apennines, Italy). In: Harris PM, Saller AH, Simo JA (eds) Advances in Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy: Application to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models, vol 63. SEPM Spec Publ, 291–315 Van Konijnenburg JH, Bernoulli D, Mutti M (1999) Stratigraphic architecture of a Lower Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary carbonate base-of-slope succession: Gran Sasso d'Italia (Central Apennines, Italy). In: Harris PM, Saller AH, Simo JA (eds) Advances in Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy: Application to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models, vol 63. SEPM Spec Publ, 291–315
go back to reference Vigorito M, Murru M, Simone L (2005) Anatomy of a submarine channel system and related fan in a foramol/rhodalgal carbonate sedimentary setting: a case study from the Miocene syn-rift Sardinia Basin, Italy. Sediment Geol 174:1–30CrossRef Vigorito M, Murru M, Simone L (2005) Anatomy of a submarine channel system and related fan in a foramol/rhodalgal carbonate sedimentary setting: a case study from the Miocene syn-rift Sardinia Basin, Italy. Sediment Geol 174:1–30CrossRef
go back to reference Vigorito M, Murru M, Simone L (2006) Architectural patterns in a multistorey mixed carbonate-siliciclastic submarine channel, Porto Torres Basin, Miocene, Sardinia, Italy. Sediment Geol 186:213–236CrossRef Vigorito M, Murru M, Simone L (2006) Architectural patterns in a multistorey mixed carbonate-siliciclastic submarine channel, Porto Torres Basin, Miocene, Sardinia, Italy. Sediment Geol 186:213–236CrossRef
go back to reference Wallace MW, Holdgate GR, Daniels J, Gallagher SJ, Smith A (2002) Sonic velocity, submarine canyons, and burial diagenesis in Oligocene-Holocene cool-water carbonates, Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia. AAPG Bull 86:1593–1607 Wallace MW, Holdgate GR, Daniels J, Gallagher SJ, Smith A (2002) Sonic velocity, submarine canyons, and burial diagenesis in Oligocene-Holocene cool-water carbonates, Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia. AAPG Bull 86:1593–1607
go back to reference Watts KF (1987) Triassic carbonate submarine fans along the Arabian platform margin, Sumeini Group, Oman. Sedimentology 34:43–71 Watts KF (1987) Triassic carbonate submarine fans along the Arabian platform margin, Sumeini Group, Oman. Sedimentology 34:43–71
go back to reference Watts KF (1990) Mesozoic carbonate slope facies marking the Arabian platform margin in Oman: depositional history, morphology and palaeogeography. In: Robertson AHF, Searle MP, Ries AC (eds) The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region, vol 49. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, pp 139–159 Watts KF (1990) Mesozoic carbonate slope facies marking the Arabian platform margin in Oman: depositional history, morphology and palaeogeography. In: Robertson AHF, Searle MP, Ries AC (eds) The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region, vol 49. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, pp 139–159
go back to reference Watts KF, Garrison RE (1986) Sumeini Group, Oman: evolution of a Mesozoic carbonate slope on a south Tethyan continental margin. Sediment Geol 48:107–168CrossRef Watts KF, Garrison RE (1986) Sumeini Group, Oman: evolution of a Mesozoic carbonate slope on a south Tethyan continental margin. Sediment Geol 48:107–168CrossRef
go back to reference Wilchek L (2000) Ground Penetrating Radar for Detection of Rock Stucture. M.S. Thesis, Alberta University, Canada Wilchek L (2000) Ground Penetrating Radar for Detection of Rock Stucture. M.S. Thesis, Alberta University, Canada
go back to reference Wilkinson BH, McElroy BJ, Kesler SE, Peters SE, Rothman ED (2009) Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers-Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies. Geol Soc Am Bull 121(5–6):760–779CrossRef Wilkinson BH, McElroy BJ, Kesler SE, Peters SE, Rothman ED (2009) Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers-Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies. Geol Soc Am Bull 121(5–6):760–779CrossRef
go back to reference Wright VP, Wilson RCL (1984) A carbonate submarine-fan sequence from the Jurassic of Portugal. J Sediment Petrol 54:394–412 Wright VP, Wilson RCL (1984) A carbonate submarine-fan sequence from the Jurassic of Portugal. J Sediment Petrol 54:394–412
go back to reference Yelf RJ (2007) Application of ground penetrating radar to civil and geotechnical engineering. Electromagn Phenom 7:18 Yelf RJ (2007) Application of ground penetrating radar to civil and geotechnical engineering. Electromagn Phenom 7:18
go back to reference Yi L, Takahashi K, Sato M (2015) Estimation of vertical velocity profile by multistatic GPR Yakumo. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy, pp 1060–1063 Yi L, Takahashi K, Sato M (2015) Estimation of vertical velocity profile by multistatic GPR Yakumo. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy, pp 1060–1063
go back to reference Yilmaz Ö (2003) Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data; SEG Books: Tusla. OK, USA Yilmaz Ö (2003) Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data; SEG Books: Tusla. OK, USA
go back to reference Young RP, Maxwell SC (1992) Seismic characterization of a highly stressed rock mass using tomographic imaging and induced seismicity. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 97(B9):12361–12373CrossRef Young RP, Maxwell SC (1992) Seismic characterization of a highly stressed rock mass using tomographic imaging and induced seismicity. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 97(B9):12361–12373CrossRef
go back to reference Yücel C (2017) Petrography, Geochemistry, Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Campanian Volcanic Rocks in the South of Akçaabat (Trabzon) and Surrounding Area. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (GUSTIJ) 7(1):79–101 Yücel C (2017) Petrography, Geochemistry, Geochronology and Petrogenesis of the Campanian Volcanic Rocks in the South of Akçaabat (Trabzon) and Surrounding Area. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (GUSTIJ) 7(1):79–101
go back to reference Zhang T, Liu S, Cai G (2018) Correlations between electrical resistivity and basic engineering property parameters for marine clays in Jiangsu, China. J Appl Geophys 159:640–648CrossRef Zhang T, Liu S, Cai G (2018) Correlations between electrical resistivity and basic engineering property parameters for marine clays in Jiangsu, China. J Appl Geophys 159:640–648CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Determination of the engineering characteristics of calciclastic submarine fan systems in the Tonya Formation (Hacımehmet, Trabzon, NE Türkiye) using integrated geophysical and geological methods
Authors
Zeynep Öğretmen Aydın
Fatih Köroğlu
Aysel Şeren
Publication date
01-09-2024
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment / Issue 9/2024
Print ISSN: 1435-9529
Electronic ISSN: 1435-9537
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03858-9

Other articles of this Issue 9/2024

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 9/2024 Go to the issue