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2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Development and Progress

Authors : Bryan Cheang, Tom G. Palmer

Published in: Institutions and Economic Development

Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction to the topic of development studies. It starts by arguing that development is essential for human flourishing and highlights the tremendous economic progress—understood as the ‘Great Enrichment’—that humanity has achieved in recent centuries. Progress, however, is by no means inevitable and requires the right ‘ingredients’, which may be divided into proximate vs deep determinants of development. The wealth of nations, on a proximate level, is increased through gains from trade and the gains from innovation, both of which increase the productive capacity of an economy and thus material well-being. These gains, however, may be affected by deeper factors, such as culture, geography, institutions and the nature of political leadership. Accordingly, this handbook approaches the challenge of development from an institutional perspective and asks ‘what are the rules and cultural values most conducive to encouraging wealth creation, production and innovation’?

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Footnotes
1
The authors of the 2022 Environmental Progress Index for instance have usefully shown that some nations are not pulling their weight in climate action. Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy (2022). Environmental Performance Index 2022. Yale University. https://​epi.​yale.​edu/​downloads/​epi2022policymak​erssummary.​pdf.
 
2
It should also be clarified though that the communist regimes mentioned are large-scale, state-sponsored attempts at socialism, and should not be conflated with a variety of Marxist or socialist positions taken today. There are indeed a number of reasonable positions in this regard, for example, analytical Marxism (see Leopold, 2022), and recent proposals of democratic socialism or liberal solidarity (Hodgson, 2021).
 
3
We recommend reading Michael Hulme’s (2021) latest book on climate change, which transcends the narrow scientism in mainstream discourse and shows how normative commitments, social meanings and the humanities shape climate discourse.
 
4
The inter-connections and overlaps between all three of them are vast and interested parties should consult other sources to understand them better. We recommend the following accounts. Boettke, P. J., & Mitchell, M. D. (2017). Applied Mainline Economics. Mercatus Center. Aligica, P. D., Boettke, P. J., & Tarko, V. (2019). Public governance and the classical-liberal perspective: Political economy foundations. Oxford University Press.
 
5
Notwithstanding internal differences, all three scholars generally do not subscribe to a hard form of methodological individualism and allow for an analysis of how social structures, cultures and belief systems influence individual preferences and decision-making. For example, Hayek’s defence of the liberal order rests neither on the poles of methodological individualism or methodological holism, but on a middle way: a ‘holistic individualism’, as explained by Paul Lewis (2014).
 
6
I wish to acknowledge that this helpful tri-fold classification is obtained from Peter Boettke et al. (2005).
 
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Metadata
Title
Development and Progress
Authors
Bryan Cheang
Tom G. Palmer
Copyright Year
2023
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0844-8_1

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