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Published in:
01-04-2025 | Original Paper
Development of a Semi-IPN xerogel composite from eggshell, hydroxyapatite, and chitosan for efficient dye removal in aqueous media
Authors: Hichem Moulahoum, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani
Published in: Journal of Polymer Research | Issue 4/2025
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Abstract
The article delves into the critical challenge of wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on the removal of synthetic dyes, which pose significant environmental and health risks due to their complex chemical structures. The study highlights the textile industry's substantial contribution to global dye usage and the consequent environmental footprint, emphasizing the need for effective wastewater treatment strategies. The development of a semi-IPN xerogel composite from eggshell, hydroxyapatite, and chitosan is presented as a promising solution. This composite leverages the adsorptive properties of chitosan, the pH-stabilizing effects of eggshells, and the strong ionic interaction capabilities of hydroxyapatite to enhance dye removal efficiency. The article provides a detailed analysis of the structural and morphological characteristics of the material, its swelling properties, and kinetic analysis of adsorption toward various dyes. The study also explores the adsorption properties of the xerogel adsorbent under different conditions, including dye concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH. Furthermore, the composite's ability to address a broad spectrum of dyes and its potential for regeneration and reuse are discussed, offering a sustainable solution to a pressing environmental problem. The integration of natural, sustainable materials like eggshells and hydroxyapatite into chitosan hydrogels represents a novel approach that enhances dye removal efficiency, making it a significant contribution to the field of wastewater treatment.
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Abstract
Water pollution from the textile industry poses severe environmental and public health challenges due to the presence of toxic and persistent synthetic dyes. Effective wastewater treatment is crucial to mitigate these impacts. This study addresses the issue by developing a sustainable and cost-effective semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) xerogel composite incorporating eggshell, hydroxyapatite (HAp), and chitosan for efficient dye removal. Ultrasonic-activated eggshell powder (UAESP), HAp, or their combination was integrated with chitosan-containing poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA)-based xerogels to enhance adsorption capacities. Characterization using FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRF, BET, and tensile strength testing confirmed significant structural, textural, and mechanical enhancements. Adsorption experiments demonstrated high efficiency in removing dyes such as methylene blue, Congo red, crystal violet, and methyl orange, with the chitosan/UAESP + HAp composite achieving the highest adsorption capacity (98.4 mg/g) for Congo red. Kinetic studies revealed that adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order model, with chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Furthermore, intraparticle diffusion analysis indicated that the adsorption process involved multiple stages, including boundary layer diffusion followed by intraparticle diffusion. Simulated textile wastewater tests confirmed the practical applicability of the xerogels, maintaining high dye removal capacities over multiple cycles. In conclusion, this study offers a sustainable and versatile solution for wastewater treatment, contributing to cleaner water resources and environmental sustainability.
