Skip to main content
Top

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Digitization of Television in Kenya: Changing Trends in Content and Consumption

Authors : Protus Murunga, Rachael Diang’a

Published in: Television in Africa in the Digital Age

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter examines the digitization of television in Kenya and its influence on the production, dissemination, consumption as well as the functions of television broadcast. The liberalization of the airwaves, the relaxation of ownership and content regulations, and advancements in technology invited new entrants into the market. It led to changes in market dynamics, resulting in extended privatization and commercialization of the media industry. From the review of the literature and in-depth interviews, there is an increase in new sources of information, audience segmentation and adoption of convergence. Further, there is increased interaction between the audience and media organizations. Also, the functions of the media have been tilted as citizen journalists now play the information role of the media by posting incidents on social media. Pegged on uses and gratifications theory, the study establishes the salience of digitization on Kenyan television media.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Alejandro, Jennifer. “Journalism in the age of social media.” Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper 5 (2010). Alejandro, Jennifer. “Journalism in the age of social media.” Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper 5 (2010).
go back to reference Aljasir, Shuaa, Ayman Bajnaid, Tariq Elyas, and Mustafa Alnawasrah. “Facebook’s compatibility, reasons for disclosure, and discussion of social and political issues: The case of university students using Facebook.” Journal of Management and Strategy 8, no. 5 (2017): 1–17. Aljasir, Shuaa, Ayman Bajnaid, Tariq Elyas, and Mustafa Alnawasrah. “Facebook’s compatibility, reasons for disclosure, and discussion of social and political issues: The case of university students using Facebook.” Journal of Management and Strategy 8, no. 5 (2017): 1–17.
go back to reference Ambala, A. Terah. “Reimagining the Kenyan television broadcasting scape: Active user-generated content (AUGC) as an emancipating platform.” Ecquid novi: African Journalism Studies 35, no. 3 (2014): 39–53. Ambala, A. Terah. “Reimagining the Kenyan television broadcasting scape: Active user-generated content (AUGC) as an emancipating platform.” Ecquid novi: African Journalism Studies 35, no. 3 (2014): 39–53.
go back to reference Ambala, Anthony Terah. “Mediating the nation-building agenda in public service broadcasting: Convergence active user-generated content (AUGC) for television in Kenya.” PhD diss., 2017. Ambala, Anthony Terah. “Mediating the nation-building agenda in public service broadcasting: Convergence active user-generated content (AUGC) for television in Kenya.” PhD diss., 2017.
go back to reference Baecker, Dirk. “Who qualifies for communication? A systems perspective on human and other possibly intelligent beings taking part in the next society.” Technikfolgenabschätzung: Theorie und Praxis 20, no. 1 (2011): 17–26. Baecker, Dirk. “Who qualifies for communication? A systems perspective on human and other possibly intelligent beings taking part in the next society.” Technikfolgenabschätzung: Theorie und Praxis 20, no. 1 (2011): 17–26.
go back to reference Beal, M. “Analog to Digital migration for Africa, Concept Paper, African Media Initiative” (2013). Beal, M. “Analog to Digital migration for Africa, Concept Paper, African Media Initiative” (2013).
go back to reference Berger, Guy. “Problematizing’ media development as a bandwagon gets rolling.” International Communication Gazette 72, no. 7 (2010): 547–565. Berger, Guy. “Problematizing’ media development as a bandwagon gets rolling.” International Communication Gazette 72, no. 7 (2010): 547–565.
go back to reference Bevan, David. Globalization and Organization—World Society and Organizational Change, ed. G.S. Drori, J.W. Meyer, and H. Hwang, pp. 75–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press. £ 22.50, 322 pages, ISBN: 9780199284535. Bevan, David. Globalization and Organization—World Society and Organizational Change, ed. G.S. Drori, J.W. Meyer, and H. Hwang, pp. 75–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press. £ 22.50, 322 pages, ISBN: 9780199284535.
go back to reference Boyle, Raymond. “Battle for control? Copyright, football and European media rights.” Media, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (2015): 359–375. Boyle, Raymond. “Battle for control? Copyright, football and European media rights.” Media, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (2015): 359–375.
go back to reference Burnett, Robert, and P. David Marshall. Web theory: An introduction. Psychology Press, 2003. Burnett, Robert, and P. David Marshall. Web theory: An introduction. Psychology Press, 2003.
go back to reference Caers, Ralf, Tim De Feyter, Marijke De Couck, Talia Stough, Claudia Vigna, and Cind Du Bois. “Facebook: A literature review.” New media & society 15, no. 6 (2013): 982–1002. Caers, Ralf, Tim De Feyter, Marijke De Couck, Talia Stough, Claudia Vigna, and Cind Du Bois. “Facebook: A literature review.” New media & society 15, no. 6 (2013): 982–1002.
go back to reference Cameron, Jaclyn, and Nick Geidner. “Something old, something new, something borrowed from something blue: Experiments on dual viewing TV and Twitter.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 58, no. 3 (2014): 400–419. Cameron, Jaclyn, and Nick Geidner. “Something old, something new, something borrowed from something blue: Experiments on dual viewing TV and Twitter.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 58, no. 3 (2014): 400–419.
go back to reference Cleland, Jamie. “The English Premier League in a global context.” In The English Premier League, pp. 70–83. Routledge, 2017. Cleland, Jamie. “The English Premier League in a global context.” In The English Premier League, pp. 70–83. Routledge, 2017.
go back to reference Creswell, John W. A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage, 2014. Creswell, John W. A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage, 2014.
go back to reference DeShan, Jay Brent, Chad Ric Gray, and Huong Thi Do. “Method and system for managing digital content including streaming media.” U.S. Patent 7,421,454, issued 2 September 2008. DeShan, Jay Brent, Chad Ric Gray, and Huong Thi Do. “Method and system for managing digital content including streaming media.” U.S. Patent 7,421,454, issued 2 September 2008.
go back to reference Deuze, Mark, and Mirjam Prenger. “Making media: Production, practices, and professions.” Making Media: Production, Practices, and Professions (2018): 13–28. Deuze, Mark, and Mirjam Prenger. “Making media: Production, practices, and professions.” Making Media: Production, Practices, and Professions (2018): 13–28.
go back to reference Diang’a, Rachael. History of Film in Kenya. Kenyatta University, 2007. Diang’a, Rachael. History of Film in Kenya. Kenyatta University, 2007.
go back to reference Dolan, Rebecca, Jodie Conduit, John Fahy, and Steve Goodman. “Social media engagement behaviour: A uses and gratifications perspective.” Journal of Strategic Marketing 24, no. 3–4 (2016): 261–277. Dolan, Rebecca, Jodie Conduit, John Fahy, and Steve Goodman. “Social media engagement behaviour: A uses and gratifications perspective.” Journal of Strategic Marketing 24, no. 3–4 (2016): 261–277.
go back to reference Drezner, Daniel, and Henry Farrell. “The power and politics of blogs.” American Political Science Association, 2004. Drezner, Daniel, and Henry Farrell. “The power and politics of blogs.” American Political Science Association, 2004.
go back to reference Eugene, T. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February. Eugene, T. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February.
go back to reference Evans, Elizabeth. Transmedia television: Audiences, new media, and daily life. Taylor & Francis, 2011. Evans, Elizabeth. Transmedia television: Audiences, new media, and daily life. Taylor & Francis, 2011.
go back to reference Freire, Paulo. Education for critical consciousness. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1973. Freire, Paulo. Education for critical consciousness. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1973.
go back to reference Galily, Yair, and Tamir Ilia. “A match made in heaven?! sport, television, and new media in the beginning of the third millennia.” Television & New Media 15, no. 8 (2014). 699–702. Galily, Yair, and Tamir Ilia. “A match made in heaven?! sport, television, and new media in the beginning of the third millennia.” Television & New Media 15, no. 8 (2014). 699–702.
go back to reference Giglietto, Fabio, and Donatella Selva. Second screen and participation: A content analysis on a full season dataset of tweets. Journal of Communication 64, no. 2 (2014): 260-277 Giglietto, Fabio, and Donatella Selva. Second screen and participation: A content analysis on a full season dataset of tweets. Journal of Communication 64, no. 2 (2014): 260-277
go back to reference Glaser, B. G., and A. Strauss. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London).” Google Scholar (1967). Glaser, B. G., and A. Strauss. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London).” Google Scholar (1967).
go back to reference Gordon, Rich. “Implications of Convergence.” Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the Changing Horizons of Journalism 57 (2003). Gordon, Rich. “Implications of Convergence.” Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the Changing Horizons of Journalism 57 (2003).
go back to reference Gray, Jonathan. “Television pre-views and the meaning of hype.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 11, no. 1 (2008): 33–49. Gray, Jonathan. “Television pre-views and the meaning of hype.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 11, no. 1 (2008): 33–49.
go back to reference Henderson-King, Donna, Eaaron Henderson-King, and Lisa Hoffmann. “Media images and women’s self-evaluations: Social context and importance of attractiveness as moderators.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, no. 11 (2001): 1407–1416. Henderson-King, Donna, Eaaron Henderson-King, and Lisa Hoffmann. “Media images and women’s self-evaluations: Social context and importance of attractiveness as moderators.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, no. 11 (2001): 1407–1416.
go back to reference Herbert, John. “Journalism in the Digital Age: Theory and Practise for Broadcast.” Print and Online Media (2000). Herbert, John. “Journalism in the Digital Age: Theory and Practise for Broadcast.” Print and Online Media (2000).
go back to reference Huesca, Robert. “Tracing the History of Participatory Communication Approaches to Development: A Critical Appraisal.” In Approaches to Development Communication, ed. Jan Servaes. Paris: UNESCO (2002). Huesca, Robert. “Tracing the History of Participatory Communication Approaches to Development: A Critical Appraisal.” In Approaches to Development Communication, ed. Jan Servaes. Paris: UNESCO (2002).
go back to reference Humphreys, Peter J. Mass media and media policy in Western Europe. Vol. 2. Manchester University Press, 1996. Humphreys, Peter J. Mass media and media policy in Western Europe. Vol. 2. Manchester University Press, 1996.
go back to reference Hutchins, Brett, and David Rowe. Sport beyond television: The internet, digital media and the rise of networked media sport. Vol. 40. Routledge, 2012. Hutchins, Brett, and David Rowe. Sport beyond television: The internet, digital media and the rise of networked media sport. Vol. 40. Routledge, 2012.
go back to reference Iosifidis, Steemer. “Wheeler (2005): European Television Industries.” British Film Institute, London. Iosifidis, Steemer. “Wheeler (2005): European Television Industries.” British Film Institute, London.
go back to reference Ipsos-Synovate, KARF Audience Research Establishment Survey: Q1 2011. Ipsos-Synovate Kenya, Nairobi, 201. (2013). Ipsos-Synovate, KARF Audience Research Establishment Survey: Q1 2011. Ipsos-Synovate Kenya, Nairobi, 201. (2013).
go back to reference Ithiel de Sola, P. O. O. L. Technologies of freedom. Harvard University Press, 1983. Ithiel de Sola, P. O. O. L. Technologies of freedom. Harvard University Press, 1983.
go back to reference Jenkins, H. “Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. 336 pp. $29.95 (hardbound).” Social Science Computer Review 26, no. 2 (2006a): 252–254. Jenkins, H. “Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. 336 pp. $29.95 (hardbound).” Social Science Computer Review 26, no. 2 (2006a): 252–254.
go back to reference Jenkins, Henry. “Welcome to convergence culture.” Confessions of an Aca-Fan. Official Weblog of Henry Jenkins (2006b). Jenkins, Henry. “Welcome to convergence culture.” Confessions of an Aca-Fan. Official Weblog of Henry Jenkins (2006b).
go back to reference Jenkins, Henry, and Mark Deuze. Convergence Culture (2008): 5–12. Jenkins, Henry, and Mark Deuze. Convergence Culture (2008): 5–12.
go back to reference Katz, Elihu. “Mass communications research and the study of popular culture: An editorial note on a possible future for this journal.” Departmental Papers (ASC) (1959): 165. Katz, Elihu. “Mass communications research and the study of popular culture: An editorial note on a possible future for this journal.” Departmental Papers (ASC) (1959): 165.
go back to reference Kavanaugh, Andrea L., Seungwon Yang, Steven D. Sheetz, Lin Tzy Li, and Edward A. Fox. Between a rock and a cell phone: Social media use during mass protests in Iran, Tunisia and Egypt. Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 2011. Kavanaugh, Andrea L., Seungwon Yang, Steven D. Sheetz, Lin Tzy Li, and Edward A. Fox. Between a rock and a cell phone: Social media use during mass protests in Iran, Tunisia and Egypt. Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 2011.
go back to reference Kelleher, Tom. “Conversational voice, communicated commitment, and public relations outcomes in interactive online communication.” Journal of Communication 59, no. 1 (2009): 172–188. Kelleher, Tom. “Conversational voice, communicated commitment, and public relations outcomes in interactive online communication.” Journal of Communication 59, no. 1 (2009): 172–188.
go back to reference Kimanthi, Ignatius. “Framework for government ICT disruptive innovation projects: A case study of digital TV migration in Kenya.” PhD diss., Strathmore University, 2016. Kimanthi, Ignatius. “Framework for government ICT disruptive innovation projects: A case study of digital TV migration in Kenya.” PhD diss., Strathmore University, 2016.
go back to reference Kreiss, Daniel, and Scott Brennen. “Digitalization and digitization.” Culture Digitally 8 (2014). Kreiss, Daniel, and Scott Brennen. “Digitalization and digitization.” Culture Digitally 8 (2014).
go back to reference Kubey, Robert W., and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. “Television as escape: Subjective experience before an evening of heavy viewing.” Communication Reports 3, no. 2 (1990): 92–100. Kubey, Robert W., and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. “Television as escape: Subjective experience before an evening of heavy viewing.” Communication Reports 3, no. 2 (1990): 92–100.
go back to reference Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage, 1996. Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: an introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage, 1996.
go back to reference Lando, Agnes Lucy, and S. Mwangi. “Social media and mobile phones are bonding and vilification tools: Exposing Kenya’s 2013 post-election violence.” From Twitter to Tahrir Square: Ethics in Social and New Media Communication. Wesport, CT: Praeger (2014). Lando, Agnes Lucy, and S. Mwangi. “Social media and mobile phones are bonding and vilification tools: Exposing Kenya’s 2013 post-election violence.” From Twitter to Tahrir Square: Ethics in Social and New Media Communication. Wesport, CT: Praeger (2014).
go back to reference Langlois, Ganaele. “Participatory culture and the new governance of communication: The paradox of participatory media.” Television & New Media 14, no. 2 (2013): 91–105. Langlois, Ganaele. “Participatory culture and the new governance of communication: The paradox of participatory media.” Television & New Media 14, no. 2 (2013): 91–105.
go back to reference Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix. “Radio and the printed page; an introduction to the study of radio and its role in the communication of ideas.” (1940). Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix. “Radio and the printed page; an introduction to the study of radio and its role in the communication of ideas.” (1940).
go back to reference Latzer, Michael. “Media convergence.” In Handbook on the digital creative economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. Latzer, Michael. “Media convergence.” In Handbook on the digital creative economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
go back to reference Leaver, T. Artificial culture. New York: Routledge. 2012. Leaver, T. Artificial culture. New York: Routledge. 2012.
go back to reference Littlejohn, Robert G., Matthew Cargo, Tucker Carrington Jr, Kevin A. Mitchell, and Bill Poirier. “A general framework for discrete variable representation basis sets.” The Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 20 (2002): 8691–8703. Littlejohn, Robert G., Matthew Cargo, Tucker Carrington Jr, Kevin A. Mitchell, and Bill Poirier. “A general framework for discrete variable representation basis sets.” The Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 20 (2002): 8691–8703.
go back to reference McMillan, Sally J., and Jang-Sun Hwang. Measures of Perceived Interactivity: An Exploration of the Role of Direction of Communication, User Control, and Time in Shaping Perceptions of Interactivity. Journal of Advertising 31, no. 3 (2013): 29–42. McMillan, Sally J., and Jang-Sun Hwang. Measures of Perceived Interactivity: An Exploration of the Role of Direction of Communication, User Control, and Time in Shaping Perceptions of Interactivity. Journal of Advertising 31, no. 3 (2013): 29–42.
go back to reference Malmelin, Nando, and Mikko Villi. “Media work in change: Understanding the role of media professionals in times of digital transformation and convergence.” Sociology Compass 11, no. 7 (2017): e12494. Malmelin, Nando, and Mikko Villi. “Media work in change: Understanding the role of media professionals in times of digital transformation and convergence.” Sociology Compass 11, no. 7 (2017): e12494.
go back to reference Markus, Hazel. “Unresolved issues of self-representation.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 14, no. 2 (1990): 241–253. Markus, Hazel. “Unresolved issues of self-representation.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 14, no. 2 (1990): 241–253.
go back to reference McLuhan, Marshall. “The medium is the message” (1964): 129–38. McLuhan, Marshall. “The medium is the message” (1964): 129–38.
go back to reference McQuail, Denis. “The rise of media of mass communication.” Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction (1994): 1–29. McQuail, Denis. “The rise of media of mass communication.” Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction (1994): 1–29.
go back to reference Mefalopulos, Paolo. Development communication sourcebook: Broadening the boundaries of communication. The World Bank, 2008. Mefalopulos, Paolo. Development communication sourcebook: Broadening the boundaries of communication. The World Bank, 2008.
go back to reference Mboya, Tom Michael. Rapping with a Forked Tongue, Code-switching and the Tribalized Kenya of the end of the Twentieth Century in ‘Otongolo Tyme’ by Poxi Presha. Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies 4, no. 2 (2018): 85–104. Mboya, Tom Michael. Rapping with a Forked Tongue, Code-switching and the Tribalized Kenya of the end of the Twentieth Century in ‘Otongolo Tyme’ by Poxi Presha. Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies 4, no. 2 (2018): 85–104.
go back to reference Melkote, Srinivas R. Communication for development and social change: An introduction. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 13, no. 2, (2018): 77–86. Melkote, Srinivas R. Communication for development and social change: An introduction. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 13, no. 2, (2018): 77–86.
go back to reference Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from” Case Study Research in Education.”. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome St, San Francisco, CA 94104, 1998. Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from” Case Study Research in Education.”. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome St, San Francisco, CA 94104, 1998.
go back to reference Mittell, Jason. “Narrative complexity in contemporary American television.” The Velvet Light Trap 58, no. 1 (2006): 29–40. Mittell, Jason. “Narrative complexity in contemporary American television.” The Velvet Light Trap 58, no. 1 (2006): 29–40.
go back to reference Muhatia, C. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February. Muhatia, C. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February.
go back to reference Mwita, Chacha. ICT trends and their role in shaping the media industry in Kenya. (2015). Mwita, Chacha. ICT trends and their role in shaping the media industry in Kenya. (2015).
go back to reference Ndlela, Martin Nkosi. “Social media and elections in Kenya.” In The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, pp. 460–470. Routledge, 2016. Ndlela, Martin Nkosi. “Social media and elections in Kenya.” In The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, pp. 460–470. Routledge, 2016.
go back to reference Ndonye, Michael M., Josephine Khaemba, and Phylis Bartoo. “Digital Migration and the Battle of Terrestrial Titans in Kenya: Issues and Prospects.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 2, no. 3 (2015): 2302–2308. Ndonye, Michael M., Josephine Khaemba, and Phylis Bartoo. “Digital Migration and the Battle of Terrestrial Titans in Kenya: Issues and Prospects.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 2, no. 3 (2015): 2302–2308.
go back to reference Newhagen, John E. “Interactivity, dynamic symbol processing, and the emergence of content in human communication.” The Information Society 20, no. 5 (2004): 395–400. Newhagen, John E. “Interactivity, dynamic symbol processing, and the emergence of content in human communication.” The Information Society 20, no. 5 (2004): 395–400.
go back to reference Ngugi, N. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February. Ngugi, N. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February.
go back to reference Ochieng, Robi Koki. Impact of digital migration on broadcast television in Kenya (2015). Ochieng, Robi Koki. Impact of digital migration on broadcast television in Kenya (2015).
go back to reference Onyancha, N. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February. Onyancha, N. Telephone interview. 2020, 14th February.
go back to reference Pavlik, John V. “Digital television: the promise and the peril.” Television Quarterly 32, no. 2/3 (2001): 28–36. Pavlik, John V. “Digital television: the promise and the peril.” Television Quarterly 32, no. 2/3 (2001): 28–36.
go back to reference Rafaeli, Sheizf. “From new media to communication.” Sage annual review of communication research: Advancing communication science 16 (1988): 110–134. Rafaeli, Sheizf. “From new media to communication.” Sage annual review of communication research: Advancing communication science 16 (1988): 110–134.
go back to reference Rafaeli, Sheizaf, and Fay Sudweeks. “Networked interactivity.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2, no. 4 (1997): JCMC243. Rafaeli, Sheizaf, and Fay Sudweeks. “Networked interactivity.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2, no. 4 (1997): JCMC243.
go back to reference Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th Edition. New York: The Free Press. 1995. Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th Edition. New York: The Free Press. 1995.
go back to reference Rowe, David, Andy Ruddock, and Brett Hutchins. “Cultures of complaint: Online fan message boards and networked digital media sport communities.” Convergence 16, no. 3 (2010): 298–315. Rowe, David, Andy Ruddock, and Brett Hutchins. “Cultures of complaint: Online fan message boards and networked digital media sport communities.” Convergence 16, no. 3 (2010): 298–315.
go back to reference Rubin, Alan M. Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective (1994). Rubin, Alan M. Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective (1994).
go back to reference Ruggiero, Thomas E. “Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century.” Mass Communication & Society 3, no. 1 (2000): 3–37. Ruggiero, Thomas E. “Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century.” Mass Communication & Society 3, no. 1 (2000): 3–37.
go back to reference Rust, Roland T., and Sajeev Varki. “Rising from the ashes of advertising.” Journal of Business Research 37, no. 3 (1996): 173–181. Rust, Roland T., and Sajeev Varki. “Rising from the ashes of advertising.” Journal of Business Research 37, no. 3 (1996): 173–181.
go back to reference Secretariat, Commonwealth. “Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group: Kenya General Elections” (2013). Secretariat, Commonwealth. “Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group: Kenya General Elections” (2013).
go back to reference Selva, Donatella. “Social television: Audience and political engagement.” Television & New Media 17, no. 2 (2016): 159–173. Selva, Donatella. “Social television: Audience and political engagement.” Television & New Media 17, no. 2 (2016): 159–173.
go back to reference Servaes, Jan, and Patchanee Malikhao. “Development communication approaches in an international perspective.” Communication for Development and Social Change 158 (2008). Servaes, Jan, and Patchanee Malikhao. “Development communication approaches in an international perspective.” Communication for Development and Social Change 158 (2008).
go back to reference Severin, Werner Joseph, and James W. Tankard. Communication theories: Origins, methods, and uses in the mass media. New York: Longman, 1997. Severin, Werner Joseph, and James W. Tankard. Communication theories: Origins, methods, and uses in the mass media. New York: Longman, 1997.
go back to reference Sørensen, Inge Ejbye. “The revival of live TV: liveness in a multiplatform context.” Media, Culture & Society 38, no. 3 (2016): 381–399. Sørensen, Inge Ejbye. “The revival of live TV: liveness in a multiplatform context.” Media, Culture & Society 38, no. 3 (2016): 381–399.
go back to reference Spence, Patric R., David Westerman, Paul D. Skalski, Matthew Seeger, Timothy L. Sellnow, and Robert R. Ulmer. “Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11.” Communication Research Reports 23, no. 3 (2006): 217–223. Spence, Patric R., David Westerman, Paul D. Skalski, Matthew Seeger, Timothy L. Sellnow, and Robert R. Ulmer. “Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11.” Communication Research Reports 23, no. 3 (2006): 217–223.
go back to reference Starr, Jerold M. “An Alternative View of the Future of Public Television.” Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting 1 (2004). Starr, Jerold M. “An Alternative View of the Future of Public Television.” Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting 1 (2004).
go back to reference Stewart, David W., and Paul A. Pavlou. “From consumer response to active consumer: Measuring the effectiveness of interactive media.” Journal of the Academy ofMarketing Science, 30 (Fall), (2002). 376–396. Stewart, David W., and Paul A. Pavlou. “From consumer response to active consumer: Measuring the effectiveness of interactive media.” Journal of the Academy ofMarketing Science, 30 (Fall), (2002). 376–396.
go back to reference Storsul, Tanja, and Anders Fagerjord. “Digitization and media convergence.” The international encyclopedia of communication (2008). Storsul, Tanja, and Anders Fagerjord. “Digitization and media convergence.” The international encyclopedia of communication (2008).
go back to reference Stubbs, Jonathan, and Shamal Y. Yaseen. Digitization Effects on Media Production and Consumption (2011). Stubbs, Jonathan, and Shamal Y. Yaseen. Digitization Effects on Media Production and Consumption (2011).
go back to reference Travis, D. “Desk research: the what, why and how.” Dostupno na http://www. userfocus. co. uk/articles/desk-research-the-what-why-and-how. html, pristupljeno 10 (2016): 2017. Travis, D. “Desk research: the what, why and how.” Dostupno na http://www. userfocus. co. uk/articles/desk-research-the-what-why-and-how. html, pristupljeno 10 (2016): 2017.
go back to reference Tryon, Chuck. On-demand culture: Digital delivery and the future of movies. Rutgers University Press, 2013. Tryon, Chuck. On-demand culture: Digital delivery and the future of movies. Rutgers University Press, 2013.
go back to reference Turner, Graeme, and Jinna Tay, eds. Television studies after TV: Understanding television in the post-broadcast era. Routledge, 2009. Turner, Graeme, and Jinna Tay, eds. Television studies after TV: Understanding television in the post-broadcast era. Routledge, 2009.
go back to reference Usha Sundar Harris. Community informatics and the power of participation. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa 13, no. 2 (2020): 29–45. Usha Sundar Harris. Community informatics and the power of participation. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa 13, no. 2 (2020): 29–45.
go back to reference Van den Bulck, Hilde. “Can PSB stake its claim in a media world of digital convergence? The case of the Flemish PSB management contract renewal from an international perspective.” Convergence 14, no. 3 (2008): 335–349. Van den Bulck, Hilde. “Can PSB stake its claim in a media world of digital convergence? The case of the Flemish PSB management contract renewal from an international perspective.” Convergence 14, no. 3 (2008): 335–349.
go back to reference Wamuyu, P., K. Ireri, and A. Mulwo. Social Media Consumption in Kenya: Trends and Practices. Nairobi: United States International University-Africa-Social Media Lab Africa. (2019). Wamuyu, P., K. Ireri, and A. Mulwo. Social Media Consumption in Kenya: Trends and Practices. Nairobi: United States International University-Africa-Social Media Lab Africa. (2019).
go back to reference Wu, Yiyan, Pierre Bouchard, Bernard Caron, Donald Tyrie, and Royce Trenholm. “Canadian digital terrestrial television system technical parameters.” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 45, no. 4 (1999): 355–364. Wu, Yiyan, Pierre Bouchard, Bernard Caron, Donald Tyrie, and Royce Trenholm. “Canadian digital terrestrial television system technical parameters.” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 45, no. 4 (1999): 355–364.
go back to reference Ziani, Abdul-Karim, Mokhtar Elareshi, and Maha Alrashid. “Social impact of digital media: Growth pattern of facebook in the Arab world.” Media Watch 8, no. 2 (2017): 177–191. Ziani, Abdul-Karim, Mokhtar Elareshi, and Maha Alrashid. “Social impact of digital media: Growth pattern of facebook in the Arab world.” Media Watch 8, no. 2 (2017): 177–191.
Metadata
Title
Digitization of Television in Kenya: Changing Trends in Content and Consumption
Authors
Protus Murunga
Rachael Diang’a
Copyright Year
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68854-7_9