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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Distributed Ledger Enabled Internet of Things Platforms: Symbiosis Evaluation

Authors : Daniel Burkhardt, Patrick Frey, Simon Hiller, Alexander Neff, Heiner Lasi

Published in: Business Transformation through Blockchain

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

With the emergence of Internet platforms in the manufacturing domain, new implications have evolved for existing businesses which force them to find new business areas or adapt their products and services in order to create added value. Furthermore, generic platforms build on these domain specific platforms to offer services across business areas, which creates additional disruption potential. Manufacturing companies need to decide if they are to develop their own platform in order to connect machines on the shop floor to the internet or to other domains. Some of the requirements that appear for such platforms in the Internet of Things are explained in this chapter. Based on these requirements, technology classifications are thus designed.
The technology of Distributed Ledger will offer new opportunities to replace existing components at all levels of industrial IT architecture. Therefore, platforms can be reshaped by using a different technology portfolio, which acts as a counterpoint to the defined technology classifications of platforms. The Industrial Internet Reference Architecture is used to illustrate the described comparison of technology portfolios.

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previous chapter Blockchain and the Internet of Things: A Software Architecture Perspective
next chapter Blockchain-Based Decentralized Accountability and Self-Sovereignty in Healthcare Systems
Footnotes
1
The edge tier describes the physical layer where sensors and actors are placed to collect data from the real-world processes.
 
2
Further principles, to define the term “Distributed Ledger”, are explained in the paper from Burkhardt et al. (2018).
 
3
According to Moore (1993), in a business ecosystem companies create capabilities around an innovation by working competitively and cooperatively to develop new solutions around it.
 
4
All DApps run on the same underlying structure, for example using the same virtual machine or language. Thus, no integration of proprietary APIs is needed. Following this, new DApps will create indirect network effects in other existing DApps as they can seamlessly be integrated into each other. Thus, new users of a DApp will increase the value of this DApp and indirectly the value of every other DApp on the DL generic platform Kasireddy (2017).
 
5
The development of interoperability between ecosystems is in contrast to long-term subscription relationships that current manufacturers seek Dickson (2016).
 
6
See Burkhardt and Werling for functional details of Ethereum Burkhardt et al. (2018).
 
7
A program logic built to conduct virtual contract terms agreed upon by parties and autonomously runs on the DL.
 
8
Through cross-chain interoperability the exchange of assets or transactions between private and public Neo blockchains is implemented, Levenson (2017).
 
9
An analysis of the implications is not part of this chapter.
 
10
Again, an analysis of the implications is not part of this chapter.
 
11
A block is divided into cycles, a cycle consists of threads, each thread contains transactions that contains a set of messages (EOSIO/Github 2018).
 
12
Considering the performance of achieving consensus on transaction order and timestamps, not included is the processing of transactions (Baird et al. 2018).
 
13
Transactions are of 100 bytes.
 
14
For more information, see Baird (2016) or Burkhardt et al. (2018).
 
15
The codebase of Hedera is open for review but not opensource, whereas open innovation on top of the platform is enabled.
 
16
Each round a node processes the hashgraph (shared/global state) by receiving all transactions of this round; it digitally signs the hashgraph and gossips it over the network. It collects all gossips from the other nodes and thus can construct a consensus hashgraph which can be used as a verifiable proof. Because the proof is organized as a Merkle tree, a proof can be given in an efficient way to a third party. Furthermore, the proof includes an address book which lists the public keys of all members together with their stake and the address book history that is a sequence of address books signed by members with more than two-thirds of the stake from the previous address book, going back to the genesis address book. In this way it serves as a unique identifier of the DL Baird (2016), Baird et al. (2018). (stake proof).
 
17
Hedera uses PoS to weigh a node’s vote in the hashgraph virtual voting algorithm. See Baird (2016), Burkhardt et al. (2018). Proxy staking is used to give a person the possibility to transfer its coins to another node using the person’s stake. Baird et al. (2018).
 
18
Sharding is used to gain performance when a network grows in number of nodes. It splits the nodes into separate shards containing a subset of the state of the entire ledger and communicating over messages. Consensus in a shard is reached by the hashgraph consensus algorithm leading to aBFT of the “multi-shared ledger” Baird et al. (2018).
 
19
Formal proofs are in development to guarantee the stability of smart contracts. Swirlds and Baird (2018).
 
20
Blockchain systems can only have at most two of the following features: decentralization, scalability and security Ethereum/Github (2018b).
 
21
Only key DL points from the Figs. 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 are explained. For a detailed explanation of the features and challenges, please refer to the sections “Analysis of DL Platform Components and DL Generic Platforms” and “Analysis of Conducted Interviews”.
 
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Metadata
Title
Distributed Ledger Enabled Internet of Things Platforms: Symbiosis Evaluation
Authors
Daniel Burkhardt
Patrick Frey
Simon Hiller
Alexander Neff
Heiner Lasi
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Book
Business Transformation through Blockchain

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99057-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-99058-3

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99058-3_4

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