Top

Published in:

2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Distribution, Ecology and Ecophysiology of Mangroves in Pakistan

Authors : Irfan Aziz, Farzeen Khan

Published in: Sabkha Ecosystems

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Mangroves refer to an ecological group of evergreen woody plants distributed in a zone of tidal influence – both on sheltered coasts and at the banks of estuaries. They provide a variety of ecosystem goods and services to human society and also prevent coastal areas from hazards of hurricanes and Tsunamis. Mangroves usually grow in variable flooding regimes but salinity appears to be the most important factor affecting their growth and distribution. Best growth of mangroves is found in half strength seawater while a 50 % growth reduction is found in full strength seawater. However, survival of different mangrove species in hyper-saline conditions could vary with different morphological and physiological adaptations. This review is an attempt to gather information on distribution, growth dynamics and eco-physiology of mangroves in Pakistan. Information gathered with the help of past and present researches would help in the restoration and methodical care of the mangroves along the coast of Pakistan besides developing them as source of commercial products and spot for a burgeoning ecotourism industry.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Gypsum Crystals Formation and Habits, Umm Said Sabkha, Qatar

next chapter Halophytes for the Production of Liquid Biofuels

Aksornkoae S (1993) Ecology and management of mangrove. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Bangkok

Wang L, Mu M, Li X, Lin P, Wang W (2011) Differentiation between true mangroves and mangrove associates based on leaf traits and salt contents. J Plant Ecol. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtq008

Hogarth PJ (1999) The biology of mangroves. Oxford University Press, New York

Tomlinson PB (1986) The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, London

Saenger P (2002) Mangrove ecology silvi culture and conservation. Kluwer, DordrechtCrossRef

Wang W, Yan Z, You A, Zhang Y, Chen L, Lin G (2011) Mangroves: obligate or facultative halophytes? A review. Trees. doi:10.1007/s00468-011-0570-x

Ball MC (2002) Interactive effects of salinity and irradiance on growth: implications for mangrove forest structure along salinity gradients. Trees Struct Funct 16:126–139CrossRef

Aziz I, Khan MA (2001) Experimental assessment of salinity tolerance of Ceriops tagal seedlings and saplings from the Indus delta, Pakistan. Aquat Bot 70:259–268CrossRef

Ball MC (1988) Ecophysiology of mangroves. Trees Struct Funct 2:129–142CrossRef

10.

Clough BF (1984) Growth and salt balance of the mangroves Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa in relation to salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 11:419–430CrossRef

11.

Downton WJS (1982) Growth and osmotic relations of the mangrove Avicennia marina, as influenced by salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol 9:519–528CrossRef

12.

Parida AK, Jha B (2010) Salt tolerance mechanisms in mangroves: a review. Trees 24:199–217CrossRef

13.

Wang S-Y, Deng X-P, Xue S, Xue SL (2003) Comparative research on water transportation of non-drought and drought stressed tomato root system. J Northwest Sci Tech Univ Agric For 31:105–108

14.

Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M et al (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821–827CrossRef

15.

Krauss KW, Lovelock CE, McKee KL, Lo´pez-Hoffman L, Ewe SML, Sousa WP (2008) Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: a review. Aquat Bot 89:105–127CrossRef

16.

Ball MC (1996) Comparative ecophysiology of mangrove forest and tropical lowland moist forest. In: Mulkey SS, Chazdon RL, Smith AO (eds) Tropical forest plant ecophysiology. Chapman and Hall, New York

17.

Alongi DM (2009) The energetic of mangrove forests. Springer, Dordrecht

18.

Duke NC, Ball MC, Ellison JC (1998) Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Global Ecol Biogeogr 7:27–47CrossRef

19.

Duke NC (1992) In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Coastal and estuarine studies: tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC

20.

Ricklefs RE, Latham RE (1993) Global patterns in diversity in mangrove floras. In: Ricklefs RE, Schluter D (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

21.

FAO (2007) The World’s mangroves 1980–2005. A thematic study prepared in the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment. In: FAO forestry paper 153. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

22.

NFRRAS (2004) National forest & range resources assessment. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

23.

Abbas S, Qamer FM, Hussain M, Saleem R, Nitin KT (2011) National level assessment of mangrove forest cover in Pakistan. In: Workshop Proceedings Earth Observation for terrestrial ecosystem, pp 187–192

24.

Nasir E, Ali SI (1972) Flora of Pakistan. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi University Printing Press, Karachi

25.

Qureshi T (2005) Mangroves of Pakistan: status and management. IUCN Pakistan 2005

26.

Memon S (2012). An overview of mangrove restoration efforts in Pakistan. In: Mangroves for the future: sharing lessons on mangrove restoration. Proceedings and a call for action from an MFF regional colloquium, Mamallapuram, India, 30–31 August 2012. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland with Mangroves for the Future, Bangkok, Thailand

27.

Blasco F (1984) Climatic factors and the biology of mangroves. In: Snedaker SC, Snedaker JG (eds) The mangrove ecosystem research methods, vol 8, Monographs on oceanographic methodology. UNESCO, Paris

28.

Hutchings P, Saenger P (1987) Ecology of mangroves. University of Queensland press, St. Lucia

29.

Vareschi V (1980) Vegetations ökologie der Tropen. Ulmer, Stuttgart

30.

Chapman VJ (1977) Wet coastal ecosystems. Elsevier Scientific, New York/Amsterdam/Oxford/New York

31.

Robert EMR, Koedam N, Beeckman H, Schmitz N (2009) A safe hydraulic architecture as wood anatomical explanation for the difference in distribution of the mangroves Avicennia and Rhizophora. Funct Ecol 23:649–657CrossRef

32.

Khan MA, Aziz I (2001) Salinity tolerance of some mangrove species from Pakistan. Wetl Ecol Manag 9:219–223

33.

Popp M, Albert R (1995) The role of organic solutes in salinity adaptation of mangroves and herbaceous halophytes. In: Khan MA, Ungar IA (eds) Biology of salt tolerant plants. University of Karachi, Karachi

34.

Scholander PF (1968) How mangroves desalinate sea water. Physiol Plant 21:25–26CrossRef

35.

Roth L (1992) Hurricane and mangrove regeneration: effects of Hurricane Joan. October 1988, on the vegetation of Isla del Venado, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Biotropica 24:375–384CrossRef

36.

Popp M, Larher F, Weigel P (1985) Osmotic adaptations in Australian mangroves. Vegetatio 61:247–253CrossRef

37.

Popp M (1984) Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. II. Low molecular weight carbohydrates. Z Pflanzenphysiol 113:411–421CrossRef

38.

Clough BF (1992) Primary productivity and growth of mangrove forests. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Coastal and estuarine studies: tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC

39.

Parida AK, Das AB, Sanada Y et al (2004) Effects of salinity on biochemical components of the mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum. Aquat Bot 80:77–87CrossRef

40.

Patel NT, Pandey AN (2009) Salinity tolerance of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco from Gujarat coasts of India. Ann Biol 31:93–104

41.

Karim J, Karim A (1993) Effect of salinity on the growth of some mangrove plants in Bangladesh. In: Al Masoom A, Lieth H (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, vol I. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

42.

Greenway H, Munns R (1980) Mechanisms of salt tolerance in non-halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:149–190CrossRef

43.

Carrow RN, Duncan RR (1998) Salt-affected turfgrass sites-assessment and management. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea

44.

Kinzel H (1982) Pflanzenökologie und Minerals toffwechsel. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

45.

Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Env 25:239–250CrossRef

46.

Koyro H-W, Geissler N, Hussin S, Huchzermeyer B (2006) Mechanisms of cash crop halophytes to maintain yields and reclaim saline soils in arid areas. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds) Tasks for vegetation science: ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants. Springer, Dordrecht

47.

Reid SD, Koski AJ, Hughes HG (1993) Buffalograss seedling screening in vitro for Na Chloride tolerance. Hort Sci 28:356

48.

Dudeck AE, Peacock CH (1993) Salinity effects on growth and nutrient uptake of selected warm- season turf. Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 7:680–686

49.

Marcum KB (2006) Saline tolerance physiology in grasses. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds) Tasks for vegetation science: ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants. Springer, Dordrecht

50.

Koyro H-W, Eisa SS, Lieth H (2008) Salt tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd., grains of the Andes: influence of salinity on biomass production, yield, composition of reserves in the seeds, water and solute relations. In: Lieth H et al (eds) Mangroves and halophytes. Springer, Dordrecht

51.

Khan MA, Ungar IA, Showalter AM (2000) Effect of sodium chloride treatments on growth and ion accumulation of the halophyte Haloxylon recurvum. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 31:2763–2774CrossRef

52.

Karimi SH (1984) Ecophysiological studies of Atriplex triangularis Willd. to environmental stress. Dissertation, Ohio University, Athens, USA

53.

Gul B, Khan MA, Weber DJ (2000) Alleviation of salinity and dark-enforced dormancy in Allenrolfea occidentalis seeds under various thermoperiod. Aust J Bot 48:745–752CrossRef

54.

Aziz I, Gulzar S, Noor M, Khan MA (2005) Seasonal variation in water relations of Halopyrum mucronatum (L) Stapf. Growing near Sandspit, Karachi. Pak J Bot 37:141–148

55.

Werner A, Stelzer A (1990) Physiological responses of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle grown in the absence of presence of NaCl. Plant Cell Environ 13:243–255CrossRef

56.

Gordon DM (1993) Diurnal water relations and salt content of two contrasting mangroves growing in hypersaline soils in tropical-arid Australia. In: Lieth H, Al Masoom A (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, vol 1. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

57.

Ball MC, Farquhar GD (1984) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of two mangrove species, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina to long-term salinity and humidity conditions. Plant Physiol 74:1–6CrossRef

58.

Rhodes D, Hanson AD (1993) Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44:357–384CrossRef

59.

Raven JA (1985) Regulation of pH and generation of osmolarity in vascular plants: a cost-benefit analysis in relation to efficiency use of energy, nitrogen and water. New Phytol 101:25–77CrossRef

60.

James RA, Munns R, von Caemmerer S, Trjo C, Miller C, Condon T (2006) Photosynthetic capacity is related to the cellular and sub-cellular partitioning of Na, K and Cl in salt-affected barley and durum wheat. Plant Cell Environ 29:2185–2197CrossRef

61.

Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681CrossRef

62.

Sobrado MA (2005) Leaf characteristics and gas exchange of the mangrove Laguncularia racemosa as affected by salinity. Photosynthetica 43:217–221CrossRef

63.

Griffiths ME, Rotjan RD, Ellmore GS (2008) Differential salt deposition and excretion on leaves of Avicennia germinans mangroves. Caribb J Sci 44:267–271CrossRef

64.

Chinnusamy V, Jagendorf A, Zhu JK (2005) Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants. Crop Sci 45:437–448CrossRef

65.

Dschida DJ, Platt-Aloia KA, Thomson WW (1992) Epidermal peels of Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn: a useful system to study the function of salt gland. Ann Bot 70:501–509

66.

Hariadi Y, Marandon K, Tian Y, Jacobsen S-E, Shabala S (2011) Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plants grown at various salinity levels. J Exp Bot 62:185–193CrossRef

67.

Mimura T, Kura-Hotta M, Tsujimura T (2003) Rapid increase of vacuolar volume in response to salt stress. Planta 216:397–402

68.

Ye Y, Tam NFY, Lu CY, Wong YS (2005) Effects of salinity on germination, seedling growth and physiology of three salt secreting mangrove species. Aquat Bot 83:193–205CrossRef

69.

Sun J, Wang M-J, Ding M-Q, Deng S-R, Liu M-Q, Lu C-F, ZhouX-Y SX, Zheng X-J, Zhang Z-K, Song J, Hu Z-M, Xu Y, Chen S-L (2010) H₂O₂ and cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals triggered by the PM H⁺-coupled transport system mediate K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in NaCl-stressed Populus euphratica cells. Plant Cell Environ 33:943–958CrossRef

70.

Hameed A, Hussain T, Gulzar S, Aziz I, Gul B, Khan MA (2012) Salt tolerance of a cash crop halophyte Suaeda fruticosa: biochemical responses to salt and exogenous chemical treatments. Acta Physiol Plant 34:2331–2340CrossRef

71.

Storey R, Wyn Jones RG (1977) Quaternary ammonium compounds in plants in relation to salt resistance. Phytochemistry 16:447–453CrossRef

72.

Yancey PH (1994) Compatible and counteracting solutes. In: Strange K (ed) Cellular and molecular physiology of cell volume regulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton

73.

Cayley S, Lewis BA, Record MT Jr (1992) Origins of the osmoprotective properties of betaine and proline in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 174:1586–1595

74.

Cuin TA, Shabala S (2005) Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol 46:1924–1933CrossRef

75.

Shabala S, Cuin TA (2006) Osmoregulation versus osmprotection: re-evaluating the role of compatible solutes. In: Teixeira da Silva J (ed) Floriculture, ornamental and plant biotechnology-advances and topical issues. Global Science Books, Tokyo

76.

Rhodes D, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Rich PJ (2002) Salinity, osmolytes and compatible solutes. In: Lauchli A, Lüttge U (eds) Salinity: environment – plants – molecules. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

77.

Gadallah MAA (1999) Effects of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress. Biol Plant 42:249–257CrossRef

78.

Gil R, Lull C, Boscaiu M, Bautista I, Lidon A, Vicente O (2011) Soluble carbohydrates as osmolytes in several halophytes from the Mediterranean Salt Marsh. Not Bot Horti Agrobot 39:9–17

79.

Hibino T, Meng YL, Kawamitsu Y, Uehara N, Matsuda N, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Baba S, Takabe T, Wada K, Ishii T, Takabe T (2001) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betaine-accumulating mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Plant Mol Biol 45:353–363CrossRef

80.

Parida AK, Das AB, Das P (2002) NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, proteins and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. J Plant Biol 45:28–36CrossRef

81.

Popp M, Polania J (1989) Compatible solutes in different organs of mangroves trees. Ann Soc For 46:842–844CrossRef

82.

Verbruggen N, Hermann C (2008) Proline accumulation in plants. Amino Acids 35:753–759CrossRef

83.

Datta PN, Ghose M (2003) Estimation of osmotic potential and free amino acids in some mangroves of the Sundarbans, India. Acta Bot Croat 62:37–45

84.

Fu XH, Huang YL, Deng SL et al (2005) Construction of a SSH library of Aegiceras corniculatum under salt stress and expression analysis off our transcripts. Plant Sci 169:147–154CrossRef

85.

Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Improving plant abiotic-stress resistance by exogenous application of osmoprotectants glycinebetaine and proline. Environ Exp Bot 59:206–216CrossRef

86.

Athar HR, Khan A, Ashraf M (2008) Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress in wheat. Environ Exp Bot 63:224–231CrossRef

Title: Distribution, Ecology and Ecophysiology of Mangroves in Pakistan
Authors: Irfan Aziz
Farzeen Khan
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Book: Sabkha Ecosystems
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7410-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-7411-7

Copyright Year: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7411-7_3