Diversity in Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil: A Comparative Study Across Different Geographical Areas

This chapter delves into the remarkable diversity of Ocimum basilicum, commonly known as sweet basil, focusing on its chemical composition and biological properties across different geographical regions. The study highlights the significant variability in the plant's essential oil content, influenced by factors such as geographical origin, environmental conditions, and extraction methods. Four primary chemotypes are identified, each characterized by dominant active compounds like linalool, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, and eugenol, which are linked to specific regions. The chapter also explores the plant's extensive pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a valuable asset in traditional medicine and the cosmetic industry. Comparative studies reveal the efficacy of different solvent extracts in antimicrobial tests, with hexane and methanol extracts showing notable results. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the potential of Ocimum basilicum as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives and its role in developing therapeutic agents.