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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Drives for Electric Vehicles

Author : Martin Doppelbauer

Published in: Introduction to Electromobility

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Abstract

The chapter begins with an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of combustion engines and electric motors, focusing on torque, speed, and power. It delves into the complex electromagnetic design of electric motors, including the critical role of the magnetic circuit, wires, and windings. The mechanical design is also highlighted, with a particular focus on the strength of the rotor due to high speeds. The chapter further explores the sophisticated cooling systems required for modern traction motors and the need for multi-physics optimization to balance performance across all domains. The text concludes with practical examples and a comparison of different electric drive configurations, making it a valuable resource for professionals in the field.

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previous chapter Introduction

next chapter Hybrid Vehicle Drives

Similarly powered electric cars generally have a much better performance than combustion engine cars. This is because their maximum torque is already available at standstill and there are no torque interruptions during acceleration as no shifting between gears is required.

Blue = continuous operation, orange = short-time operation, solid = maximum battery voltage, dashed = minimum battery voltage.

The efficiencies shown in the diagram are only the internal motor losses, i.e. I²R and remagnetization losses. Friction losses, gearbox losses, and inverter losses must also be considered to obtain the total losses of the drive train.

Source: KIT (left), Schäffler AG (right), with kind permission.

A well-known exception is the Toyota Prius, which contains two GEMs with distributed windings. A detailed discussion of the different types of windings is presented in Sect. 7.6.2.

Current TEM series motors have a top speed of up to 18,000/min. Newer near-series developments go up to over 20,000/min. Prototype motors in the research and racing sector reach up to 30,000/min with outputs of 250 kW and more.

Planetary gearboxes with three shafts are used for power-split hybrid drives and torque converter automatic transmissions. This special type of gearbox is presented in detail later, see Sect. 3.5.7.1.

Source: Schäffler AG, with kind permission.

Title: Drives for Electric Vehicles
Author: Martin Doppelbauer
Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Book: Introduction to Electromobility
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-45481-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-45482-1

Copyright Year: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-45482-1_2