Ecological Aspects in the Creation and Application of New Oil and Gas Production Technologies

This chapter delves into the ecological challenges posed by hydraulic fracturing, a prevalent method for extracting oil and gas from low-permeability reservoirs. It highlights the environmental drawbacks, such as water usage, chemical contamination, and the creation of large fractures that can lead to significant ecological damage. The text introduces innovative, environmentally safe technologies, including the wave action method and the geomechanical approach, which aim to restore rock permeability in the bottom-hole zone. A notable focus is on the Directional Unloading Reservoir (DUR) method, which creates a system of micro- and macro-cracks to enhance well productivity without the environmental hazards associated with hydraulic fracturing. The chapter also discusses the importance of preliminary studies and the use of specialized equipment like the Triaxial Independent Loading Test System for effective implementation. The conclusion emphasizes the potential of geomechanical technologies to reduce environmental risks in oil and gas field development, supported by successful pilot tests in various regions.