Ecological Footprints of Climate Change
Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability
- 2022
- Book
- Editors
- Uday Chatterjee
- Angela Oyilieze Akanwa
- Suresh Kumar
- Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Abira Dutta Roy
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This book explores global implications of human activities that trigger changes in climate and the appropriate scientific, adaptive, and sustainable approaches as a proven information tool. It reveals that the ecological, social, and economic dynamics of the changing earth encompasses huge uncertainties coupled with its ability to be linked to other forms of global change. From a scientific perspective, multiple efforts are expedient to integrate the many aspects of global changes. Increases in science and technology have afforded nations the ability to plan for the future by investing in adaptive and mitigative measures to monitor present and future changes. Just as the climatic and ecological impacts of climate change are unequally distributed, so is the adaptive capacity to cope with these impacts in different nations. Considering that wealth, infrastructure, and political stability all contribute to a nation's capacity to anticipate and respond to change. So, global South nations who are disadvantaged in these areas are faced with more inequalities and more unique adaptive strategies. There is need for increased aggregate efforts and interaction between scientists, stakeholders, and policy makers to improve both decision-making and global change in science. Scientists and researchers need to work on expanding the range of polices that are proposed, debated, and implemented. This way, novelty, new ideas and methodologies are infused into the society. At this point of multiple climate footprints, there is an immense need to explore all ideas evaluating their possibilities in presenting alternative futures, developing alternative policies, and adaptive options to solve the intractable ecological footprints of climate change.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Introduction
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Ecological Footprints in Changing Climate: An Overview
Suresh Kumar, Uday Chatterjee, Anu David RajThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between ecological footprints and changing climate, emphasizing the importance of biological capacity and ecological footprint in various ecosystems. It discusses the impact of climate change on natural resources such as land, forest, and aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the need for sustainable practices to mitigate these effects. The text also explores the concept of carbon footprint and its role in climate change, providing insights into how human activities contribute to the degradation of natural resources. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of nature-based solutions and their potential in combating climate change, making it a valuable resource for professionals and researchers in the field of environmental science and sustainability.AI Generated
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AbstractHuman exploitation on the natural resources is continuing in an overwhelming rate. Nonrenewable natural resources are expected to deplete in the near future; in addition, humans are consuming the nonrenewable resources at a rate which is far above the time required for regeneration. The exponential growing population and global economic competency drive the overexploitation of natural resources. Apart from this, the climate change also possesses boundless threat for the natural resources as well as human habitats. Overexploitation of the natural fuels and other resources also amplifies the climate change and can act as a positive cyclic feedback mechanism. These activities drastically decrease the biocapacity and efficiency of the Earth which leads to higher ecological footprint for the products industrialized from the natural resources. The carbon emission is the one of the major contributors of ecological footprint which contributes to global warming- and climate change-related disasters as well as natural resource degradations. This demands the sustainability for land or soil, forest, and aquatic ecosystems as well as for human habitats. Sustainability is the quintessential solution which can supply the remedies for the abovementioned issues. The integrated approach of climate resilience acquiring from the adaptation and mitigation strategies, nature-based solutions, and UN sustainable development goals can deliver minimum ecological footprint generations in milieu of changing climate. -
Chapter 2. Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Change
Aman Srivastava, Rajib Maity, Venkappayya R. DesaiThis chapter delves into the complex interplay between adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development in the context of projected climate change. It begins by introducing the observational evidence of human influence on climate change, highlighting the rapid increase in global temperatures and the widespread impacts on various systems. The chapter then explores the key drivers of future climate changes, including economic development, demographic shifts, and technological advancements. It discusses projected changes in global mean surface temperature, precipitation patterns, ocean warming, sea-level rise, and carbon cycle feedbacks. The text also emphasizes the importance of integrated response options that combine adaptation and mitigation strategies to effectively address climate change risks. It concludes by underscoring the necessity of urgent and coordinated action to limit the rate and magnitude of climate change, highlighting the potential for synergistic approaches to achieve sustainable development goals.AI Generated
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AbstractThe theoretical idea of a “greenhouse effect” has existed for centuries; however, the human influence via greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is realized post-mid-twentieth century. The resultant – “global warming” – has been evidently observed in causing intensified hydrological cycle and recurrent extreme climatic events. Consequently, unprecedented rise in glacier melting at a rate of 3.5–4.1% per decade, ocean warming due to >90% energy accumulation, ocean acidification due to falling in pH by 0.1, and mean sea-level rise of ~19 cm due to aforesaid changes are observed globally, which are further endangering associated livelihoods, ecosystem, biodiversity, and coastal environment. This study evaluates key drivers of long-term future climate change, risk, and impacts at a global scale. The GCM data (a subset of the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble snapshot) has been used, comprising monthly means of climate variables from 1850 to 2100. The assessment is conducted considering two distinct future periods (2046–2065 and 2081–2100) under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Major findings indicated irreversible and pervasive impacts of continued GHG emission across all components of the climate system. As projected climate change will largely be driven by CO2 emissions, mere reduction of GHGs to zero will not prevent climate change during and post-twenty-first century. To combat future climate change, substantial and sustained GHG reductions by exploiting co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation are needed. The findings presented here can be useful for decision-making, climate policy drafting, and decentralized governance for enhancing mitigation shifts and adaptive capacity across all spatial scales. -
Chapter 3. Global Warming Impacts on the Environment in the Last Century
Sankar Mariappan, Anu David Raj, Suresh Kumar, Uday ChatterjeeThis chapter delves into the multifaceted impacts of global warming on the environment over the last century. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and the role of greenhouse gases in trapping heat, leading to global warming. The chapter then examines the consequences of global warming on various sectors, such as agriculture, soil, water resources, forests, biodiversity, air quality, and coastal regions. It highlights how these sectors are affected by changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. The chapter also includes a case study on climate change projections over the Indian Himalayas, providing insights into the potential future impacts of global warming on this fragile region. Throughout the chapter, the author emphasizes the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the challenges posed by global warming and to ensure the sustainability of various environmental sectors.AI Generated
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AbstractGlobal warming is continuing to occur globally as result of fossil fuel burning and no signs of decreasing concentration of greenhouse gases. The environment is highly dependent on the climate of a particular region. Any variation may negatively impact the proper functioning and processes of the ecosystem. Every sector is severely under threat of global warming and its associated impacts. The consequences include reduced agricultural productivity, forest degradation, biodiversity loss, species shift, sea level rise, habitat loss, enhanced land degradation, increased occurrences of cyclones, floods and heat waves, and so on. In recent decades the impact of climate change is observed more frequently. The preparedness against the adverse impact is vital. It indicates the development of a climate-resilient sustainable community for tackling the climate change and associated issues. Policies and proper implementation generated through site-specific impact studies will help us achieve the targets. A case study conducted at various watersheds of Himalayan region showed increase in temperature and rainfall under various IPCC emission scenarios. Hence, the fragile Himalayas necessitate the development of climate-resilient sustainable communities. -
Chapter 4. Analysis of Low-Flow Indices in the Era of Climate Change: An Application of CanESM2 Model
Mohammadreza Goodarzi, Alireza FarajiThe chapter delves into the critical issue of low-flow regimes under climate change, emphasizing their significance in watershed management and planning. It introduces the CanESM2 model and statistical downscaling methods to project future low-flow indices in the Karkheh catchment basin, Iran. The study highlights the impact of climate change on hydrological variables and the necessity of accurate climate data resolution for hydrological modeling. By comparing historical and future low-flow indices, the chapter offers valuable insights into the potential challenges and adaptations needed for sustainable water management in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractLow-flow hydrology shifts can change streamflow criteria such as dissolved oxygen content, nutrient concentration, and terrestrial and aquatic qualities, as well as different water and wastewater functions, including water allocation, power plant generation, navigation, and waste load allocation. Climate changes play a significant role in the low-flow hydrology regime among various factors. Therefore, sustainable water resources planning and restoration of ecosystems depend on low-flow extremes and their consequent impacts. This research aimed to assess the consequences of climate change on the low-flow indices (7Q10, Q80) in a subbasin so-called Gharesou located in Iran employing the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff modeling and the general population circulation outputs (CanESM2). For this purpose, the precipitation, temperature, and streamflow datasets in 1970–2000 were applied in the current chapter. The results revealed that the subbasin would experience a reduced average flow in all scenarios for the low-flow seasons. The 7Q10 index approached 0.008 m3/s and zero for the SDSM model and change factor, respectively, for the future period; these values were 0.724 and 1.429 m3/s in the corresponding historical periods, respectively. Furthermore, Q80 decreased from 4.27 to 0.1 for SDSM and from 5.3 to 0.3 m3/s for the change factor method in future projection studies.
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Climate Change and Contemporary Issues, Challenges and Sustainability
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 5. Climate Change Impact on Land Degradation and Soil Erosion in Hilly and Mountainous Landscape: Sustainability Issues and Adaptation Strategies
Suresh Kumar, Anu David Raj, Justin George Kalambukattu, Uday ChatterjeeThe chapter discusses the multifaceted issue of land degradation and soil erosion, particularly in hilly and mountainous regions. It begins by defining land degradation and its various causes, including human-induced factors and climate change. The text highlights the significant impact of soil erosion on agricultural productivity, water quality, and ecological balance. It delves into the mechanisms of soil erosion, types of erosion processes, and their quantification methods. The chapter also explores the role of climate change in exacerbating soil erosion, presenting various climate models and downscaling techniques to predict future erosion scenarios. Two case studies from the Himalayan region are included to illustrate the practical implications of climate change on soil erosion. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the importance of sustainable soil management practices and the relevance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in addressing these issues. The text concludes with a call for site-specific, integrated approaches to mitigate and adapt to the challenges posed by soil erosion and climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractSoil degradation declines the inherent soil quality, resistance and stability which leads to less productive and highly vulnerable soil. The world’s population is increasing in an exponential rate and through this pressure on land is increasing rapidly. Consequently, to meet the food requirement, cultivation is shifting towards hilly and mountainous terrain where the susceptibility to soil erosion is very high. Soil erosion is a major land degradation issue, which decreases the soil productivity and causes soil carbon loss, which in turn accelerate various climate change processes. The studies reported that, in the context of climate change and due to its ancillary effects, soil erosion is anticipated to intensify at a higher rate in future periods than the baseline. Hence, it was evidenced that climate change has an enormous potential to increase the soil erosion rates. The hilly and mountainous regions are most and first affected regions due to changes in climate. The unsustainable land use practices, steep slopes and climate change are the prime factors which enhance the soil erosion in hilly and mountainous region. Sustainability is the prime key, which can solve the concern of soil erosion. Soil erosion identification, monitoring and quantification using remote sensing and GIS coupled with various erosion models can provide a comprehensive information about the soil erosion processes and its quantity. Studying impact of climate change on soil erosion provides an in-depth knowledge about possible future erosion scenarios. These kinds of impact studies at local scale can generate more beneficial and site-specific measures to overcome soil erosion. Adoption of various site-specific adaptation and mitigation strategies based on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework, nature-based solutions and appropriate local government policies can weaken the soil erosion driving forces through a more viable and environment-friendly pathway. -
Chapter 6. Vulnerability Assessment of the Inherent Hazards of Climate Change on the Coastal Environment of the Mahanadi Delta, East Coast of India
Monalisha Mishra, Gopal Krishna Panda, Kishor Dandapat, Uday ChatterjeeThe chapter delves into the vulnerability assessment of the Mahanadi Delta's coastal environment, focusing on the inherent hazards exacerbated by climate change. It explores the impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human activities, using the Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW) model to identify and map risks. The study covers the geological layout, wave exposure, tidal range, coastal vegetation, sediment balance, and storm climate, providing a detailed analysis of the delta's vulnerability. The findings emphasize the urgent need for mitigation and protection measures to safeguard the coastal environment and its resources.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study makes a vulnerability assessment of the coastal hazards of the Mahanadi delta across Bay of Bengal using coastal hazard wheel model which is a multi-hazard assessment and management tool in a changing global climate. This paper analyses the coastal environment of the Mahanadi delta to evaluate the vulnerability profile by assessing its inherent hazards such as ecosystem disruption, gradual coastal inundation, intrusion of salt water into the freshwater aquifers, coastal flooding and beach erosion. The study uses the bio-geophysical parameters such as geomorphological layout, nature of wave exposure, range of tidal amplitude, coastal vegetation, balance and deficit of coastal sediments and presence or absence of storm climate which are also used in assessing hazards of climate change which are inherent to a coastal zone. The model has used remote sensing data from the open sources and a GIS framework to assess the problem from the management perspective. The study has generated data and maps about the degree to which a particular location along the coast is vulnerable to the hazards inherent to the coast dividing the coastline into several morphological segments. The study reveals that the deltaic and pro-grading shoreline of the Mahanadi delta has undergone erosion and accretion in a phased manner with erosion exceeding the rate of accretion. The rate of erosion has varied from 4 m to 15 m per year at different sites along the delta front. The study has generated vulnerability data and maps for the different coastal hazards inherent to the coast, i.e. saltwater intrusion, saline inundation, coastal erosion, flooding, ecosystem disruption and associated risk levels at the regional level for the 279 km of coastline of the delta. The study reveals that 28.6% of Mahanadi delta’s coastline has a very high risk, 47.6% has high risk, 16.99% has moderate risk and 6.81% has a lower risk in respect of different inherent hazards. The study reveals an increasing magnitude of vulnerability to the coastal environment from the inherent hazards than previous assessments by different researchers. The study has also identified a number of possible environmentally adoptable management interventions as a part of its sustainable solutions. The findings of this study are significant in understanding the retardation in the growth of the delta and environmental problems arising out of the inherent hazards of the coastal zone in a deltaic region. The study also suggests the significance of using open-source satellite data and geo-informatics-based CHW and DSAS in assessing the vulnerability of environmental degradation for integrated coastal zone management. -
Chapter 7. Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Climate Change of Jalgaon District (M.S.), India, Using GIS Techniques
Kalyani Mawale, Jaspreet Kaur Chhabda, Arati Siddharth PetkarThe chapter focuses on the assessment of groundwater vulnerability to climate change in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. It introduces the critical issue of freshwater scarcity and the significant role of groundwater as a primary source for drinking and irrigation. The study highlights the impacts of urbanization and climate change on groundwater levels and recharge, identifying vulnerable areas through detailed analysis of parameters such as land use, slope, drainage density, and rainfall. The methodology includes the use of satellite data and expert surveys to assign weights and create a groundwater vulnerability index. The results show spatial and temporal variations in groundwater levels and recharge, with the northern part of the district being particularly vulnerable. The chapter concludes with suggestions for measures to mitigate groundwater vulnerability, making it a valuable resource for professionals and researchers in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractJalgaon District falls in the northwestern region of Maharashtra state in India. Groundwater is a primary source for drinking and irrigation in this region. The study aims at identifying the various parameters affecting groundwater of Jalgaon District and demarcates vulnerable zones using weighted overlay analysis with the application of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS). This study has primarily understood groundwater depletion trends, and eight parameters such as distance from major residential area, distance from major roads, LULC, slope, drainage density, rainfall, net groundwater recharge, and average groundwater level which have been identified are responsible for groundwater vulnerability. The subordinate stage was to assign weights to the parameters by the Delphi technique.Further, using weighted overlay analysis, eight thematic maps were generated and superimposed to demarcate vulnerable areas. The results show that 17% of the total study area is under high or more vulnerability zones. Vulnerability within the region increases while moving toward the north of the study region. The southern part is under very low to low vulnerability, the central part is under low to moderate vulnerability, and the northern part of the district comes under the high vulnerability zone. Suggestions have been provided for the immediate improvement of the highly vulnerable groundwater zones. -
Chapter 8. Impact of Climate Change on Water Crisis in Gujarat (India)
Nairwita BandyopadhyayThe chapter delves into the severe water crisis in Gujarat, India, exacerbated by climate change, focusing on the unsustainable use of groundwater resources. It analyzes the impact of meteorological droughts on groundwater levels, the deterioration of water quality due to increased salinity and fluoride content, and the correlation between rainfall patterns and groundwater depletion. The study also examines the influence of population growth and urbanization on water scarcity, emphasizing the need for effective water management strategies to combat the escalating water crisis.AI Generated
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AbstractGujarat, an economically developed state of India, is under severe threat of water scarcity due to rising population, rapid urbanisation, growing water demand and overextraction of its limited groundwater resources. Recurrent droughts have further aggravated the situation as the aquifers are under intense water stress due to inadequate recharge owing to change in meteorological dynamics. With more than 60 million population, the state has already utilised 68% of its groundwater resource, and the trend is ever increasing. Rapid urbanisation, prolific industrialisation and multiple cropping practice have increased the water demand and consumption manifold over the years. At the same time, frequency of heatwaves and intensity of droughts have increased resulting in severe water scarcity. The state suffers from water scarcity every year, particularly during the summer. In the present study, spatiotemporal variations of groundwater recharge and quality have been examined in a GIS environment. Pre- to post-monsoon groundwater storage change in various districts of Gujarat has been analysed to evaluate aquifer recharge. Besides, the impact of meteorological drought on groundwater has been assessed. The study has revealed that water table in Northern Gujarat is falling steadily and has declined by 70 m below ground level (BGL) over the last 30 years. In many parts of the state, the groundwater level has reached 200 m BGL, leading to an irreversible risk of salinisation of aquifers. A significant increase in total dissolved solids (TDS) during droughts have made groundwater unsuitable for drinking, resulting in a different type of water crisis. A correlation analysis between population change and groundwater fluctuation has revealed a direct adverse impact of rising population on groundwater resource. Findings of this study predict that water supply in Gujarat may be in jeopardy in the near future and sustainable use of water and adaptation to climate change is the only way forward. -
Chapter 9. Factors Affecting Governance Aspect of Disaster Management: Comparative Study of the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh
Srijita ChakrabartyThe chapter explores the factors affecting the governance aspect of disaster management in the Sundarbans region, shared between India and Bangladesh. It delves into the institutional structures, coordination mechanisms, and the impact of climate change on disaster risk management. The study highlights the need for improved cross-border cooperation and adaptation strategies, emphasizing the significance of effective governance in mitigating disaster risks. The comparative analysis offers valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of disaster management frameworks in both countries, paving the way for enhanced resilience and sustainable development in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is closely associated with disaster risk reduction. More extreme weather events are predicted to increase the scale and number of disasters in the days to come. Frequency of extreme events like tidal surges and super cyclones in the Bay of Bengal are predicted to go up as per climatological simulations. Given that natural disasters transcend national boundaries, transboundary issues of disaster management become critical and need to be addressed through enhanced regional cooperation.This research’s main objective was to study the factors affecting governance aspect of disaster management. Though disaster management is a multi-faceted interdisciplinary subject by itself, this research, based on mixed method literature review, tries to focus on the governance aspect of the same. Even though transboundary ecosystems are not limited only to the case of the Sundarbans, this particular region is considered here as an overarching topic to understand the governance aspect of disaster management for both the countries in concern – India and Bangladesh – in the Bay of Bengal region, particularly in the context of climate change.A gap in the literature exists, such that it does not detail out the result of enhanced binational cooperation in better management of this region. Based on the outcomes of this research, a more detailed study can be conducted on field to analyse the role of various stakeholders in effective management of transboundary ecosystems for the case of the Sundarbans and also utilise the findings of the same elsewhere. -
Chapter 10. Application of Geospatial Technology in Seasonal Flood Hazard Event in Dhemaji District of Assam
Krishna Das, A. Simhachalam, Ashok Kumar BoraThis chapter investigates the seasonal flood hazards in Dhemaji district, Assam, using advanced geospatial technology. It examines the spatiotemporal patterns of surface water, identifies the main causes of flooding, and assesses the impact of recent flood events. The study utilizes satellite-derived datasets and open-source GIS tools to map flood extents and understand the vulnerability of different land use/cover categories. The findings highlight the increasing trend of flood inundation in the district and emphasize the importance of geospatial technology in effective flood management. The use of open-source datasets and tools makes this study a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers aiming to mitigate flood hazards in similar regions.AI Generated
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AbstractFlood is a recurring natural event in Assam and Dhemaji district in particular. As per the flood hazard atlas of Assam prepared by the National Remote Sensing Centre of ISRO, Dhemaji is one of the worst flood-affected districts in the state with 46% of flood inundating land area. The repeated flood events in Dhemaji district cause havoc to the people of the district by damaging properties and agricultural lands. To understand the seasonal flood event in Dhemaji district of Assam, this study has been carried out using geospatial technology. This study focuses on the seasonal trend of rainfall, accumulated surface water extent, transitions and seasonality, seasonal flood water extent and affected land use/land cover by recent seasonal flood events in Dhemaji district. The geospatial datasets incorporated in this study are extracted from the sources such as GPM IMERG-derived data product using the Giovanni platform, the Global Surface Water dataset, the EOS Land Viewer platform and the ESA CCI Land Cover data. According to the results of the study, the study area receives more than 400 mm of mean monthly rainfall during monsoon season in June, July and August. The district has about one-fifth of accumulated surface water extent area, and about 10% of new seasonal water area is added to the district during 1984–2019. This study will help policy- and decision-makers in mitigating the frequent flood events in the study area and also provide a basis for similar studies in the coming days. -
Chapter 11. Geospatial Approach in Watershed Vulnerability to Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability
Anu David Raj, Justin George Kalambukattu, Suresh Kumar, Uday ChatterjeeThe chapter introduces the concept of watersheds as ideal units for natural resource management and highlights the importance of watershed management in sustainable development. It discusses the vulnerability of watersheds to climate change, focusing on the sensitivity of watersheds to various factors such as geology, soil, land use, and climate. The chapter emphasizes the use of geospatial technologies, including remote sensing and GIS, in characterizing watersheds and assessing their vulnerability to climate change. It also presents a case study demonstrating the application of geospatial approaches in a watershed of the Shivalik region, India, to assess soil vulnerability under changing climate conditions. The chapter concludes by stressing the need for proper vulnerability assessment and management practices to enhance the resilience of watersheds against climate change impacts.AI Generated
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AbstractWatershed is considered as a natural unit for the resource management, planning and adoption of soil and water conservation practices. Hence, it plays a vital role in social, economic and ecological functioning of a system. The hydrological processes occurring in the watershed drive major vital services to various organisms and human beings. In recent years, climate change delivers chaos to various sectors around the globe both directly and indirectly. Climate change also poses vulnerability to the watershed and its various components. The watershed vulnerability assessment is one approach which can identify the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of watershed and adopt the solutions to counter the changing climate. The spatial extent of vulnerability also showed an increase in amount with respect to the future climate change scenario. The chapter deals with various aspects of watershed vulnerability-related indicators, adaptive approaches, assessment methods and sustainability. A case study demonstrates geospatial approach in characterising natural resources and watershed vulnerability analysis in future climate scenario in the catchment of lesser Himalaya, India, in detail.
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Agriculture and Forestry and Climate Change
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 12. Agro-climatic Variability in Climate Change Scenario: Adaptive Approach and Sustainability
Trisha Roy, Justin George Kalambukattu, Siddhartha S. Biswas, Suresh KumarThe chapter explores the challenges posed by climate change to global and Indian agriculture, highlighting the need for increased agricultural production to meet future food demands. It discusses the vulnerabilities of the agricultural sector to climate change and the importance of adapting to new climatic conditions. The chapter also delves into the impacts of climate change on various agro-climatic zones in India and presents innovative strategies for climate-proofing agriculture. It emphasizes the role of geospatial technology in assessing crop suitability and growing periods under changing climatic conditions, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices.AI Generated
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AbstractAgriculture is the key component to support the ever-increasing population across the globe. However, the natural resources supporting agriculture, most importantly land and water resources, are shrinking at a rapid rate. Land degradation is rampant across different parts of the world, and the vagaries of climate change threaten the agricultural production. Extreme weather events in the form of increased rainfall intensity, changes in rainfall pattern, shift in the rainfall duration, increased temperature regime and more natural calamities like flood and drought threaten agricultural production. The different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) in the country face diverse challenges due to the changing climate particularly with reference to the agriculture in the area.Under climate change scenario, the increasing temperature is likely to reduce the C gain by majority crop plants due to increased respiration rates, which will have an adverse impact on crop yield. Thus, diversification of agriculture is necessary to sustain the production. Water management and input management through sensors or precision agriculture is an important tool to combat climate change. Reduced tillage practices, crop residue retention, biochar, land management through laser levelling, micro-irrigation systems, etc., are part of mitigation and climate-proofing strategies which have been highlighted in this chapter. Also, assessing the suitability of different crops in future climate change scenarios through crop simulation models like APSIM and DSSAT is important to know how they will fare in the future. This chapter highlights the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture in particular and the various mitigation and climate-proofing techniques adopted at different scales and how sustainable they are in the future scenarios. -
Chapter 13. Peri-urban Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change: Values and Perspectives – A French Case Study
Marie Asma Ben-Othmen, Juliette Canchel, Lucie Devillers, Anthony Hennart, Lucie Rouyer, Mariia OstapchukThe chapter delves into the complex relationship between peri-urban agriculture and climate change, focusing on French farmers' perceptions and attitudes. It identifies five distinct farmer types—resilient, negativist, regulation skeptics, independents, and peri-urban stewards—each with unique values and behaviors regarding climate change adaptation. The study highlights the importance of understanding these types to design effective support systems for farmers to implement adaptive measures. The research is based on a survey of farmers in Rouen Metropole, using principal component analysis and cluster analysis to classify farmers into these types. The findings suggest that while some farmers are proactive in addressing climate change, others are skeptical or passive, indicating a need for targeted interventions to enhance climate resilience in peri-urban farming systems.AI Generated
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AbstractPeri-urban agriculture often relates to sustainable agriculture and is recognized as a source of fresh and local food intended to maintain healthy populations in and around cities. It plays a significant role in dealing with pressing societal challenges such as sustainable land management, community building, economic development growth, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Understanding how peri-urban farmers perceive climate change has important implications for a adaptation measures implementation.This chapter aims to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping how peri-urban farmers process information about climate change and perceive this phenomenon. We argue that these mechanisms are complex and multidimensional, linking many attitudes (e.g., risk perceptions, trust in local policies and institutions versus skepticism and denial, etc.) and values (e.g., ecological awareness, efficient use of on-farm resources, etc.), thereby affecting farmers’ willingness to implement adaptation measures. We applied a survey-based approach to collect data from 102 farmers in Rouen Normandy Metropole in France. The questionnaire included questions that sought to understand the mechanisms that shape and underlie peri-urban farmers’ perception of climate change. The findings revealed five types of farmers: the resilient, the negativist, the peri-urban steward, the independent, and the regulation skeptic. The discussion put forward that identifying farmer types through regional studies helps explore possible adaptation measures to be implemented depending on the farming systems and the specific characteristics of each geographic area. Such granularity enables tackling climate change as a set of localized environmental challenges with localized contexts worthy of specific solutions and interventions that could help spread localized urbain food systems. -
Chapter 14. Determinants and Spatio-Temporal Drivers of Agricultural Vulnerability to Climate Change at Block Level, Darjeeling Himalayan (Hill) Region, West Bengal, India
Deepalok Banerjee, Jyotibrata Chakraborty, Bimalesh Samanta, Subrata B. DuttaThe chapter delves into the complex interplay between climate change and agricultural vulnerability in the Darjeeling Himalayan region, highlighting the unique farming systems and the region's sensitivity to weather patterns. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive vulnerability assessment to inform adaptation strategies and mitigation measures. The study uses advanced satellite imagery and multi-source data to analyze the spatio-temporal dimensions of agricultural vulnerability, offering insights into how climate change affects food security and livelihoods in the region. The chapter also discusses the potential for Climate Smart Agriculture to enhance resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Darjeeling Himalayan region is diversified with multiple cropping patterns and mostly dependent on rain-fed irrigation, hence it is very sensitive to the changes in weather parameters. The untoward impacts due to climate change are obvious on agricultural production and specially the hilly parts of the Darjeeling Himalaya report the same intimation. Therefore, it is an utmost need to identify the menace developed by such changes in weather attributes and its possible adversities on agricultural practices, food security of the large extent of populace and in this juncture, this research work attempts to figure out the determinants and spatio-temporal drivers of agricultural vulnerability in view of climate change at block level within the Darjeeling Himalayan (hill) region. The Agricultural Vulnerability Assessment (AVA) is an exclusive method as it involves numerous ideas and data factors, though initially the Principal Component Analysis has been introduced in this study to understand the magnitude of indicators contributing to the agri-vulnerability. Outcomes of the AVA come up with the Agricultural Vulnerability Index scores that range between 0.723 and 0.445 and demonstrating that high agriculturally vulnerable blocks, i.e. Kalimpong I, Rangli Rangliot, Mirik and Kurseong are facing challenges in terms of high dependency on rainfed agriculture; high percentage marginal farmers; significant yield variability. Such drivers of vulnerability help to infer the gap areas of the concerned sector and possibly pointing towards adaptive measures like integrated farm management practices to build a climate resilient agricultural society by sustaining the ecological tranquillity of the Himalayan ecosystem. -
Chapter 15. Forest Landscape Dynamic and People’s Livelihood Dependency on Forest: A Study on Bankura District, West Bengal
Abira Dutta Roy, Santanu MandalThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between forest landscapes and the livelihoods of people in Bankura District, West Bengal. It begins by defining forests and their ecological importance, then shifts to the issue of forest degradation and fragmentation, which is a global concern. The study uses multispectral satellite images and Fragstat software to analyze land use and land cover changes over four decades, revealing significant declines in forest area and increases in fragmentation. The research also incorporates a household survey to understand the perceptions and dependency of local communities on forests. The findings highlight the urgent need for conservation efforts and community-based management to mitigate the impacts of forest fragmentation on both the environment and the people who depend on it.AI Generated
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AbstractForest is the key element of the environment and ecosystem. The forests of Bankura district are of deciduous type and the dominant species here is Sal (Shorea robusta). Due to the development processes and increasing demand of agricultural land, the forests have been destroyed. In this study, we have analysed the spatio-temporal change of land use land cover from the year 1990 to 2020 with 10 years of interval aided by Landsat 4-5TM and Landsat 8OLI images. The study also looked into the degree of fragmentation through various matrices such as Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Patch Number (NP), Patch Density (PD), Total Edge (TE), Edge Density (ED), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), Patch Cohesion Index (COHESION), Perimeter-Area Fractal Dimension (PAFRAC), and Aggregation Index (AI) using Fragstat 4.2 software. It was evident that agricultural land and built-up area had increased at the expense of forest. Moreover, the matrices highlight the forest areas have become more degraded and fragmented during the study period. Considerable portions of the population in the district earn their livelihood from various forest products and dwell in and around the forest areas. A household survey was conducted in different blocks of the district to understand the people’s extent of dependency on the forest and their perception on the forest fragmentation. The levels of awareness of forest degradation were though evident but keen interests in participation towards mitigating the problem were not observed among the respondents. -
Chapter 16. Forest Fire Risk Modeling Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Major Landscapes of Himachal Pradesh
Shreyasee Dutta, Akanchha Vaishali, Sadaf Khan, Sandipan DasThe chapter delves into the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies to model forest fire risks in the Chamba and Kangra districts of Himachal Pradesh. It emphasizes the significance of these tools in identifying vulnerable areas and predicting fire incidents. The study utilizes various data sources, including satellite imagery and topographical data, to create a forest fire risk index map. The methodology involves assigning weights to independent variables such as land use, slope, elevation, and proximity to human activities using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The validation of the model is conducted through time series analysis and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), demonstrating the effectiveness of the risk assessment. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of such models in developing fire management plans and reducing the impact of forest fires on both flora and fauna.AI Generated
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AbstractForest fires increase at an alarming rate destroying forest landscapes and ecosystems. Thousands of forest fire incidents occur in the foothills of the Himalayas. This study utilized remote sensing, geospatial technology, and mathematical tools to develop a “forest fire risk model” in landscapes of Himachal Pradesh, namely the Chamba and Kangra districts. This work aims to design a prototype to delineate the risk of forest fire hazards by using geospatial and geostatistics methods to evaluate forest fire impacts. Methods like multicriteria analysis and a knowledge-based AHP approach were adopted to develop a forest fire risk index map using independent variables (“slope, elevation, aspect, LULC, LST, drainage, roadways, and settlements”). Thus, the developed risk index map classifies the total area into five zones. Therefore, the created index maps were overlapped with the dependent variable (MODIS fire point data). The created hazard map finally gets validated using a statistical method like the Kernel density estimation method. About 85.62% and 4.24% of the total study area fall under the category of high and very high-risk zones, respectively. Planners study the hazardous impact of forest fire risk maps, and it helps develop fire management strategies to protect future forest fires and destruction rates.
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Food Security and Livelihoods
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 17. Climate-Smart Agriculture Interventions for Food and Nutritional Security
Manpreet Kaur, D. P. Malik, Gurdeep Singh Malhi, Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani, Amandeep Singh BrarThe chapter delves into the pressing issue of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly in India, and highlights the role of climate change in exacerbating these problems. It introduces Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) as a strategic approach to transform agricultural practices, focusing on technologies that enhance water, nutrient, carbon, energy, and knowledge efficiency. The text emphasizes the potential of CSA to increase crop yields, improve soil health, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately contributing to food and nutritional security. It also discusses the socio-economic benefits of adopting CSA technologies, including increased income and reduced poverty among farmers. The chapter concludes by underscoring the importance of CSA in adapting to climate change and ensuring sustainable food production.AI Generated
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AbstractHuman health is mainly dependent on nutrition. In this era of modern civilization, many parts of the world (countries) are still struggling with the availability of sufficient food grains. Agriculture production is largely dependent on climatic conditions of the region. Owing to large dependence of agriculture on climatic conditions, it is adversely affected by the weather vagaries, rising temperature, and fluctuations in precipitation pattern. Moreover, the growing population has placed a huge burden on agriculture production for food security. Low food demand due to low per capita household income also adds to lower consumption, consequently leading to food insecurity. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a blend of various approaches to transform and re-orient agriculture to ensure food security under changing climatic conditions. The main target of CSA is adaptability to climate change, alleviation of greenhouse gases, energy efficiency, and ultimately food security. Various smart technologies are incorporated in CSA to increase water, nutrient, and energy use efficiencies using advance knowledge and climate weather services. The adoption of CSA technologies has proven to efficiently raise agriculture production and consequently the household consumption of food items because of improved and better availability of quality food. The increased income of farming households also adds to the food security of the people and improves their food consumption pattern. -
Chapter 18. Critical Appraisal and Evaluation of India’s First Carbon Neutral Community Project – A Case of Meenangadi Panchayat, Kerala, India
Arunima KT, Mohammed Firoz CThis chapter delves into the critical appraisal and evaluation of India’s first carbon-neutral community project in Meenangadi Panchayat, Kerala. It begins by introducing the global context of climate change and the importance of carbon neutrality. The project, initiated in 2016, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration through various initiatives such as tree banking, waste management, and energy conservation. The chapter explores the baseline assessment, project initiatives, and critical appraisal of each sector, including Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU), waste management, energy, and transportation. It also discusses the project's outreach and compares it with international case studies, providing valuable lessons for future carbon-neutral initiatives. The chapter concludes by proposing a framework for translating national-level targets to local self-governments, emphasizing the importance of a bottom-up approach and public participation.AI Generated
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AbstractAlong with the sixth anniversary of the Paris Agreement on global climate change, a promising movement for carbon neutrality is taking form with the country’s enormous efforts to realize its objectives. India is a significant emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), generating 2.46 billion tons (6.8%) of carbon. The country needs to adopt a bottom-up approach involving each village, city, and town for a green economy. Hence, other than concentrating only on the country’s major urban centers, there is a need to focus on the emerging urban centers and villages. Hence, the purpose of the study is to critically value India’s first carbon-neutral community project that targeted developing the Meenangadi grama panchayat (Village) of Wayanad district within the southern state of Kerala, India as a model carbon-neutral panchayat. With an in-depth passive and participatory observation, this research analyzed every initiative taken by the core team to achieve the target within the planned timeframe. The overall performance level of the project was evaluated on the premise of appropriateness, affordability, and implementation rate. The analysis reveals that the project lacked coherence and effectiveness and could not achieve its goal within the timeframe. The result concludes that the project was satisfactory even though it fell short of expectations, but the positive results were dominating. Although Meenangadi did not succeed within the planned timeframe, it points the way ahead and would undoubtedly serve as a model to inspire heavily polluted Indian cities and emerging urban centers to achieve carbon-neutral status.
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Infrastructure and Resilient Cities and Settlements
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 19. Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics and Modeling Future Urban Growth Using Cellular Automata Model Over Isfahan Metropolitan Area of Iran
Bonin Mahdavi Estalkhsari, Pir Mohammad, Alireza KarimiThe chapter focuses on the dynamics of land use and land cover changes in the Isfahan metropolitan area, using remote sensing data and cellular automata models to predict future urban growth. It analyzes the transformation of land use classes, such as built areas, vegetation, bare land, and water bodies, from 1990 to 2020 and projects these changes up to 2030. The study highlights the significant expansion of built areas at the expense of vegetation and bare land, driven by industrial development and urban migration. The integration of remote sensing and advanced modeling techniques provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers to manage sustainable urban growth in Isfahan.AI Generated
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AbstractExploring changes in land use land cover (LULC) is essential to know the dynamics of urban sprawl, as rapid urbanization affects a city’s ecology and thermal environment. The present study aims to understand the spatial-temporal variability of LULC over the Isfahan metropolitan area of Iran of four different periods, every ten years, 1900, 2000, 2010, and 2020, using multispectral images of Landsat satellite. The results of LULC reveal that the built-up area witnessed a significant increase of approximately 72.9% of the study area during 1990–2020, at the expense of decreasing vegetation and bare land areas throughout the study region. The present research was also applied to simulate urban land use changes and to predict spatial patterns using an artificial neural network-based cellular automata model. The model was validated using the Kappa index statistics, resulting in 85% overall accuracy. Finally, based on the transition rules produced during the calibration process, the future land cover map for 2030 was predicted. The predicted maps suggest a significant increase in an urban built-up area of about 24.72% in a near-future scenario compared to the present year. The result of the present chapter will be helpful for urban policymakers and stakeholders in the future sustainable development plan of the city. -
Chapter 20. Analysing Spatio-temporal Changes in Land Surface Temperature of Coastal Goa Using LANDSAT Satellite Data
Venkatesh G. Prabhu Gaonkar, F. M. Nadaf, Vikas BalajiraoKapale, Siddhi Gaonkar, Sumata Shetkar, Merel D’SilvaThis chapter delves into the analysis of land surface temperature (LST) changes in coastal Goa over three decades using Landsat satellite data. It begins by defining LST and its significance in climate change studies. The methodology involves using satellite imagery to calculate LST and validate it with meteorological data. The results reveal a rise in LST across different regions of Goa, with the Southern Coast experiencing the most significant increases. The study identifies spatial pockets where LST has risen substantially, attributing these changes to global climatic trends. Statistical analysis confirms a positive trend in mean LST over the past three decades, aligning with meteorological data. The chapter concludes with recommendations for adapting to climate change in Goa, emphasizing the need for further research and nature-based mitigation strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractRising temperatures, ice cap melting, sea level rising, heatwaves, droughts, flooding, extreme cold and snow, tropical cyclones and extratropical storms are some of the key environmental concerns confronting the planet today due to climate change and anthropogenic actions. To detect climate change, and estimate the temperature, land surface temperature (LST) is a very vital parameter. Evaluation of LST helps in understanding temperature differences, which in turn, is affected by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), altitude, and land cover. At a given place and time both natural and anthropogenic activities affect LST.The studies conducted in different parts of the world including Goa and India indicate the impacts of climate change on different ecosystems. Hence, to quantify the spatio-temporal variability of the LST in Coastal Goa, Landsat series for 1991–2021 were used. A six-fold process using geospatial tools is employed to determine the land surface temperature. The present study shows that the processed mean land surface temperatures, data obtained from data access viewer as well as meteorological data exhibit a similar trend. -
Chapter 21. Analysing the Relationship Between Rising Urban Heat Islands and Climate Change of Howrah Sadar Subdivision in the Past Two Decades Using Geospatial Indicators
Parama Bannerji, Radhika BhanjaThe chapter delves into the intricate relationship between urban heat islands (UHI) and climate change in Howrah Sadar Subdivision, West Bengal, over the past two decades. Utilizing geospatial indicators and remote sensing technology, the study reveals a significant rise in land surface temperature (LST) due to urban expansion and loss of vegetation cover. The formation of UHI zones has led to microclimatic changes, impacting the local environment and human health. The research underscores the urgent need for policy interventions to regulate urban growth and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. By mapping the spatial and temporal variations in LST and land cover, the chapter offers valuable insights into the complex thermal dynamics of urban areas and their influence on the broader climatic patterns.AI Generated
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AbstractRapid urbanization, concretization and emission of heat from human activities have transformed the land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics of city peripheries, which in turn have plummeted the formation of urban heat islands in small pockets of the urban hinterlands. This study identifies the new urban zones that have emerged in Howrah Sadar subdivision in the last two decades and investigates the change in land surface temperature (LST), formation of urban heat islands and its impact on the microclimate of the surrounding areas. The spatial and temporal change in the cityscape was mapped using multispectral and thermal satellite images from Landsat imagery. Further, spectral indices like NDVI, NDBI and NDWI were used to examine the impact of rise in LST on the rates of urbanization and vegetation degradation. The results indicate a rise in urban heat islands and microclimates across the Howrah Sadar subdivision, which is further severely influenced by the global climate change events. -
Chapter 22. Assessment of Site Suitability of Wastelands for Solar Power Plants Installation in Rangareddy District, Telangana, India
Dhiroj Kumar Behera, Aman Kumari, Rajiv Kumar, Mohit Modi, Sudhir Kumar SinghThe chapter explores the assessment of site suitability for solar power plants in Rangareddy District, Telangana, India. It discusses the environmental benefits of solar energy, the methodology used for site selection, and the economic and environmental impacts of installing solar power plants in wastelands. The study employs multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS to identify suitable areas, highlighting the potential for sustainable development and job creation in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractRenewable energy in today’s growing global economies has become essential and an integral part in answering the global major problem such as mitigating climate change, promoting sustainable development and conserving natural resources. Decentralized generation of solar power with photovoltaic (PV) panel installation in the wastelands, accompanied by the setting up of grid-connected systems emerges to be the befitting solution. In this work, an effort is being made to ascertain the solar potential for Rangareddy District, Telangana, India for utilization of vast wasteland patches utmost from satellite-derived insolation data. The research contains optimum utilization of vast wasteland patches and to identify potential sites for installing solar power plants which include generating global solar radiation, global insolation (direct and diffuse), and direct duration radiation maps using Cartodem. The LISS III satellite imagery (23 m) and Cartosat-2 DEM (10 m) data are the major data sources for extracting thematic layers. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) model was designed to rank and locate the potential sites by taking various socio-economic factors such as near to town headquarters, transmission lines, built-up land, and road connectivity based on their overall performance. They are normalized and integrated using a raster calculator created from Saaty’s AHP approach, based on the appropriate weights of selected parameters. The intersection of the constraint and potential factor layers in a GIS platform was also used to extract acceptable places for solar power unit installation. The result reveals that the study region has suitable insolation conditions for establishment of photovoltaic plant (602.34–773.14 KWh/m2/day) along with vast wasteland area (981.23 km2) which is approximately 13% to the total geographical area of the district. -
Chapter 23. Integrated Study on Tsunami Impact Assessment in Cilacap, Indonesia: Method, Approach, and Practice
Ranie Dwi Anugrah, Martiwi Diah SetiawatiThis chapter explores the tsunami impact assessment in Cilacap, Indonesia, by integrating physical, social, and economic factors to evaluate tsunami risk. The study area, Cilacap City, is located on the south coast of Java and is highly vulnerable to tsunamis due to its tectonic setting and historical events. The research combines GIS, remote sensing, and numerical models to calculate tsunami inundation and vulnerability indices. The analysis reveals that the western and southern parts of Cilacap are particularly vulnerable, with six villages at significant risk. The chapter also highlights the importance of improving evacuation systems, including the development of temporary shelters and evacuation routes. The findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders in tsunami disaster prevention and mitigation, aiming to reduce damage and losses in coastal areas.AI Generated
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AbstractCilacap was one of the areas hit by the tsunami that occurred on July 17, 2006, along a subduction zone off Central and West Java, Indonesia, due to an earthquake (Mw = 7.7). The tsunami risk was assessed in this study by combining the tsunami hazard (i.e., the tsunami inundation map) with the vulnerability index based on human and economic factors. We used a numerical method to calculate tsunami inundation, considering the tsunami’s wave height, slope, and surface roughness. Meanwhile, we examined the vulnerability index using a multicriteria approach based on a weighted linear combination in a geographic information system (GIS). According to the findings, 72.8 ha of coastal regions were classified as high or very high risk, whereas 380.2 ha were moderate to very low risk. In addition, we estimated that the tsunami affected 20,850 people, with a total economic loss of USD 645,893. The commercial area was the most severely affected in this case study, followed by the agricultural sector. This risk assessment, which includes evacuation measures such as temporary evacuation shelters and evacuation routes, was developed as a countermeasure to decrease the tsunami’s impact in the future. This result could also be utilized as input and considered by stakeholders in the tsunami disaster prevention and mitigation framework, such as minimizing the damage and losses that will occur in tsunami-affected coastal areas. -
Chapter 24. The Public Health Risks of Waterborne Pathogen Exposure Under a Climate Change Scenario in Indonesia
Martiwi Diah Setiawati, Marcin Pawel Jarzebski, Fuminari Miura, Binaya Kumar Mishra, Kensuke FukushiThe chapter delves into the significant public health risks posed by waterborne pathogens under climate change scenarios in Indonesia, particularly in the cities of Surabaya and Medan. It discusses the increasing burden of diarrheal diseases due to inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, exacerbated by climate change-induced extreme weather events. The study employs a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework to estimate the likelihood of infection risk from pathogens such as norovirus, using flood simulation models and bias-corrected climate data. The research identifies high-risk areas and proposes adaptation strategies, including improving drainage systems and raising public awareness, to mitigate the health risks associated with flooding. The findings are crucial for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to develop effective climate change adaptation plans.AI Generated
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AbstractIndonesia, particularly in the urban area, is prone to extreme events, especially floods. In addition, the duration, frequency, and intensity of such disasters are projected to increase due to the climate change. However, in Indonesia, little is known about the effects of those climate disasters on human health. Given the population’s extremely limited adaptive capacity, this is a critical information gap. We estimated the risk probability of waterborne diseases caused by flood utilizing the quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) approach. We used the RCP 4.5 climate scenario of daily precipitation data of MRI-CGCM 3, MIROC5, HadGEM to determine the future projection of waterborne disease under the flood 50-year return period scenario in 2030. In two of the main cities in Indonesia, Medan and Surabaya, we looked at norovirus as a worst-case scenario waterborne disease. We found that the mean probability of the health risk during the extreme event in the future is 0.079 (increased by 22%) and 0.12 (increased by 35%) in Medan and Surabaya, respectively. The total number of infected people will have at least a twofold increase in Medan and Surabaya. It is critical to address the growing risk of norovirus in the face of climate change and to find local context-relevant adaptation measures by conducting a workshop with local stakeholders in each city. The most relevant and urgent actions listed during the workshop were raising awareness in hygiene and behavior during the flood, increasing green space, and providing leak-proof communal septic tanks. -
Chapter 25. Perceived Impact of Climate Change on Health: Reflections from Kolkata and Its Suburbs
Sudarshana Sinha, Anindya BasuThe chapter examines the perceived impact of climate change on health in Kolkata and its suburbs, focusing on how changes in temperature, humidity, and extreme weather events affect both physical and mental health. It highlights the direct impacts, such as heat-related illnesses and increased allergens, and indirect impacts, like food insecurity and mental health issues. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey of residents aged 20-50, revealing a complex interplay between climate change, health, and socioeconomic factors. The chapter stands out by providing a nuanced understanding of the health impacts in a developing urban context, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to support vulnerable communities.AI Generated
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AbstractClimate change is one of the greatest challenges, and it has a varied range of health implications on different sections of the society which varies according to the geographical region, but there is a lack of clarity about its impact on the health and well-being of people staying in of developing countries like India. The major objective of this paper is to study the impact of climate change on the mental and physical health of people staying in Kolkata and its suburbs. A random stratified sampling method has been used (age group of 20–50 years); the data were collected through online surveys. Twenty-two subindicators which were a part of either of the two domains were used for the analysis. These subindicators indicators were divided into three broad domains which deal with the kinds of loss faced by the respondents and how their physical health and mental well-being were affected. Likert scale was used, and the data were processed using SPSS software by correlation analysis, PCA, ANOVA. For physical health analysis, parameters such as allergies and respiratory disorders were considered, and for mental health experiences centering on posttraumatic stress disorder, stress due to livelihood uncertainty and fluctuations in productivity levels and alteration in their endurance level was considered. It has been observed that inter- and intra-variations in the responses lie between different age groups, sex ratio, and place of residence. However, the way in which climate change has affected the mental and physical health and well-being of the respondents is extremely unique and hard to homogeneously categorize. This is dependent on the perception of the respondents based on their memories and past experiences.
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Global Health, Sustainable and Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 26. Health Implications, Leaders Societies, and Climate Change: A Global Review
Ansar Abbas, Dian Ekowati, Fendy Suhariadi, Rakotoarisoa Maminirina FenitraThis chapter delves into the complex relationship between human health, climate change, and societal leadership, emphasizing the crucial role of social psychology in mitigating global climate challenges. It discusses the health implications of climate change, the importance of raising public awareness, and the strategic use of leadership to promote climate change awareness. The chapter also explores emerging climate challenges and adaptive approaches to sustain human health and well-being. It concludes by highlighting the significance of leadership in social psychology during climate change and proposes a conceptual framework for future research.AI Generated
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AbstractPerhaps the most recent difficulty for human beings across the globe is to comprehend climate change effects. It substantially impacts human rights, public health, and socio-economic benevolence. There are responsible leaders worldwide who are cognizant of its wide-ranging effects. They are undertaking appropriate initiatives (using their personality charisma/influence) to disseminate accurate information and increase awareness of global negative environmental effects. The ability of a community to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the effects of weather events determines its vulnerability to climate change. The impact of climate change will be seen in the industrial and agricultural sectors, health, and quality of life of nations. Some argue that climate change would exacerbate disparities between rich and poor, minority, and politically marginalized groups. In contrast, others argue that these disparities will be worsened by shifting transportation, health, and energy infrastructures. For the sake of humanity, it is vital to take action to raise awareness of climate change. During the discussion of climate change, this chapter focuses on the health implications and the role of leadership in waking up the world’s cultures. The literature review conclusions are open to various researchers and practitioners alike. -
Chapter 27. A Retrospective Cohort Study on Ambient Air Quality and Respiratory Morbidities
Shruti S. Tikhe, Kanchan KhareThe chapter delves into a retrospective cohort study conducted in Ahmedabad, India, to examine the correlation between ambient air quality and respiratory morbidities. Using data from 2016 to 2019, the study analyzes air quality indices and hospital records to establish temporal and seasonal models. The research reveals a significant association between air pollution and respiratory diseases, with higher hazard ratios observed during winter and post-monsoon seasons. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to reduce air pollution and improve public health outcomes in urban areas.AI Generated
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AbstractOutdoor air pollution is one of the greatest environmental health issues and a major factor compromising the quality of life of urban population. Severe health effects are observed when the residents are subjected to acute and long-term exposure. Studies describing a relationship between changing air quality and human health status have been done by many researchers. The outcome of studies in the form of advanced information allows policymakers, health caregivers, and residents to plan strategies and take preventive steps.The authors propose application of retrospective cohort study to investigate the potential association between air quality and respiratory diseases with changing seasonal patterns. Modeling options have been presented to assess the risk of respiratory diseases with variations in air quality.A case study of Ahmedabad, a metropolitan city in India, is presented which demonstrates the strength of retrospective temporal and seasonal cohort study. Hazard ratio calculated for this study for all the models is greater than 1 which signifies increased risk of occurrence of respiratory diseases in different seasons with increase or decrease in the value of air quality index which indicates a positive association between air quality index and respiratory diseases. -
Chapter 28. Coping Practices of Women Fisherfolk in Responses to Climate Change at UNESCO Declared World Heritage Site of Sundarbans
Anisa Mitra, Prabal BaruaThe chapter delves into the climate change vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms of women fisherfolk in the Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It discusses the impacts of climate change on the region's ecosystems and the livelihoods of women involved in small-scale fisheries. The text highlights the gender dimensions of climate change adaptation, emphasizing the need for inclusive policies and community-based management strategies to enhance the resilience of these vulnerable communities.AI Generated
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AbstractThe sustainable development of any socio-ecological system depends on the complex, mutual interaction of societal, economical, and ecological subsystems. In the ramification of climate change, the livelihood and well-being of individuals become endangered. Sundarbans, spanning across the border of India and Bangladesh, is one of the most vulnerable ecoregions, with diverse habitats of rich aquatic resources. Thus, the book chapter was conducted to assess the livelihood and ecological context of the climate change crisis for the women fisherfolk communities and their coping practices for their future uplifting in terms of the sustainable small-scale fishery. To achieve the goal of the study, the authors conducted a systematic literature review using a 6-step, systematic literature review protocol. Different journals, research papers, and books were reviewed for assessing the climate change impacts and coping practices of the women fisherfolk communities in the UNESCO heritage Sundarbans. A large rural population is dependent on climate-sensitive sectors of fishing activity and capture fishery in Sundarbans. As climate change directs ecosystem transformation, over the last two decades this region’s small-scale fishery is confronting challenges of extreme natural events, anthropological, and socio-political conflicts. The influence of climate change is disproportionately high on women fisherfolk as they are more dependent on their livelihood on natural resources. -
Chapter 29. Climate Change and Health Impacts in the South Pacific: A Systematic Review
Mumtaz Alam, Mohammed Feroz Ali, Sakul Kundra, Unaisi Nabobo-Baba, Mohammad Afsar AlamThe chapter explores the devastating health impacts of climate change on Pacific Island countries, where rising temperatures, increased precipitation, and sea-level rise pose significant threats. It discusses the vulnerabilities of these nations, particularly their susceptibility to extreme weather events, vector-borne diseases, and mental health issues. The authors emphasize the need for integrated adaptation strategies across sectors, including robust health systems and climate-resilient infrastructure. The chapter also highlights the importance of addressing non-communicable diseases and the mental health impacts of climate change, offering a holistic approach to mitigating the health consequences of climate change in the region.AI Generated
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AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change causes at least 150,000 fatalities each year, with that figure predicted to double by 2030. A common worldwide objective is to enhance everyone’s health. Climate change is affecting human health globally. Not a risk creator or risk factor, rather a risk multiplier. Increase in the incidence of existing public health concerns, especially in communities with a high prevalence of climate-sensitive illnesses and disorders. Hotter and more frequent heatwaves raise the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack), especially in individuals with coronary artery disease. Access to natural resources, services, and enrichment (such as culture) is required for civilizations and their inhabitants. In the South Pacific, negative health effects, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are likely. Environments may cause illness and disease, as well as numerous harms, such as emotions of uneasiness and discontent. Changes in the environment affect the reproduction and spread of infectious organisms, vectors, human hosts, and disease reservoirs. Many Pacific Island nations confront significant difficulties today, including NCDs, infectious diseases, and climate change effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCD death rates in several Pacific Island countries (PICs) are already amongst the highest globally. There have been about 40 significant infectious disease outbreaks in the previous four years. Dengue, chikungunya, leptospirosis, and Zika virus illnesses are all connected to climate change. If climate change continues its current path, new patterns (and possibly new types) of health issues will develop when different thresholds are crossed later this century. This introspective study based on secondary data from books and publications as well as websites, web journals, reports, and government agencies. The study’s goal is to identify and characterize current and prospective health hazards in a community, population, or area. Assessing, planning, and evaluating adaptation (risk management) activities and assessing the extra-institutional, resource, and governance demands and needs on healthcare systems and larger population-based public health practice. This research could help Pacific islanders design and implement future climate change initiatives that improve structural and social determinants of health. -
Chapter 30. Changing Climate, Flood Footprints, and Climate-Related Actions: Effects on Ecosocial and Health Risks Along Ugbowo-Benin Road, Edo State, Nigeria
Angela Oyilieze Akanwa, Ngozi Joe-Ikechebelu, Angela Chinelo Enweruzor, Kenebechukwu Jane Okafor, Fredrick Aideniosa Omoruyi, Chinenye Blessing Oranu, Uche Marian UmehThe chapter delves into the severe impacts of climate change on the Ugbowo-Benin road in Edo State, Nigeria, focusing on flooding and its ecosocial and health consequences. It discusses the distinctive climate problems in Nigeria, with intense rainfall leading to significant flooding in the south. The study area, Ugbowo, faces persistent flooding due to poor infrastructure and human activities, resulting in disrupted socio-economic activities, health risks, and environmental degradation. The chapter emphasizes the importance of community involvement and climate-related actions to mitigate these risks, drawing on the Nigerian climate policy and international agreements. The study also highlights the need for improved urban planning and infrastructure development to create a sustainable and flood-resilient transportation system.AI Generated
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AbstractNatural and human factors have had unprecedented impact on the earth climate system causing changes on a global scale and necessitating the need for climate-related actions. Nigeria has experienced the dire consequences of climate change resulting in large-scale shifts in weather patterns that have triggered increased rainfall intensity and flooding in almost every major city. Benin City, Edo State Capital for the past half a century, have experienced repeated flood events along transportation routes and its adjoining residential areas. These floods have occurred in diverse capacities causing devastating damages to lands, properties, infrastructure and roads. The transportation routes are usually in terrible conditions after floods disrupting movement and socio-economic activities. The concept of Climate-related action was employed as a remedy in this qualitative case study to investigate the socio-economic and health risks of flooding footprints on Ugbowo-Benin road failure in Eg or LGA, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. It includes the use of primary and secondary data sources. Primary data covered transects walks, observations, photographs and in-depth interviews of key informants. From our findings, the flooding has persisted for over five decades in the area, which may be (un)related to poor-road design, river intrusion, poor-road maintenance and rehabilitation, and worsened by changing climate, as well as destruction of lives, household goods and properties goods, infrastructures, disrupting human and vehicular movements and services. More so, the flooding has continued to worsen scenic views of the highway, degrade roads resulting to huge economic loss from the disrupted commercial services and submerged properties. Concerning health risks, the flooding heightens formation of water pockets along the highway aiding the breeding of mosquitoes worsening the occurrence of malarial diseases and upper-respiratory tract infections. Based on our study, we recommend that community is fully involved in the highway road intervention plan, as well as the integrated flood management plan by the national government.
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Backmatter
- Title
- Ecological Footprints of Climate Change
- Editors
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Uday Chatterjee
Angela Oyilieze Akanwa
Suresh Kumar
Sudhir Kumar Singh
Abira Dutta Roy
- Copyright Year
- 2022
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-15501-7
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-15500-0
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7
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