Skip to main content
Top

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Economics in Berlin and Vienna: A Mosaic of Theories and Research Programs

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The chapter deals with economics in Berlin and Vienna where many original contributions in economics were made, giving rise to a confrontation between a variety of alternative approaches. First, the chapter examines economics in Berlin, where the Historical School had a well-established presence with its leader Schmoller, followed by young scholars like Sombart, Weber, and Spiethoff. Then, the development of economic thought in Vienna is analyzed, where Menger’s followers, Böhm-Bawerk and Wieser, established the Austrian School. They were followed by important scholars like Mises and Schumpeter. However, the scene was not occupied only by these actors. In both places, the intellectual richness of the environment was increased by some important Marxist and neo-Ricardian theoretical contributions by Hilferding in Vienna and Bortkiewicz in Berlin.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Adolph Wagner (1835–1917) cannot be considered a member of the Historical School strictu sensu. He was in agreement with Schmoller about the importance of institutions in the economy and the role of the state, but he did not assign as much to historical investigations. Considered one of the founders of public finance in Germany, he is well known for the so-called Wagner’s law, or law of increasing state spending as income growth expands.
 
2
A very good biography of Weber was provided by Radkau 2005. A moving biographical memoir was written by his wife Marianne (Weber 1926).
 
3
“While Spiethoff held Schmoller in high esteem, he did not follow him in each and every respect. He was certainly first and foremost an inductivist. However, confronted with swiftly changing conditions in the discipline, he tried to strike a compromise between historicism and modern developments in economics outside Germany. He also felt that abstract theory had an important role to play: it helped one to understand certain phenomena and economic principles in their pure, unadulterated form, and via elaborating analytical concepts and frameworks it directed one’s empirical work and the search for essential facts” (Kurz 2010, p. 3).
 
4
Schumpeter’s and Mises’s life and works extend well beyond the period covered in this first volume. Their contributions of the period between the two world wars will be examined in volume II of this book.
 
5
Robbins (1998) writes that this concept was formulated “with or without Austrian influence” (p. 278) by the American economist D. I. Green in an article in the Quarterly Journal of Economics entitled “Pain and Opportunity Costs” (Green 1894). Green was also the reviewer of Wieser’s book in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences (Green 1895). The British formulation of the same concept is in Wicksteed’s Common Sense.
 
6
As Ekelund and Hebert note, Wieser’s simultaneous solution may be viewed in a slightly different manner, one that illustrates the Austrian view of the whole valuation process:
“The issue might be put in the form of a question: Assuming that resources are properly allocated and that the system is in equilibrium (as we did in the equations above), what is the value of each input, and how are resources allocated? Given that an input is used in the production of a number of final or consumer goods, its value will be determined by the least valuable good that it produces. This value is determined at the margin, by the marginal utility of the last unit of the least valuable good the input is producing. Input value is imputed, and the value of the input, thus derived, establishes the opportunity cost of utilizing it in all other industry productions requiring it. Given fixed-proportions production functions in all industries and the rational (profit-maximizing) allocation of resources, the supplies of all other goods utilizing the input will be determined. Given the marginal utilities for these other goods, values are determined” (Ekelund and Hébert 1975, pp. 288–289).
 
7
For a brief description of the seminar, see Seager (1893).
 
8
A new posthumous German edition in three volumes, edited by Friedrich von Wieser, was published in 1921. It was translated into English in 1959.
 
9
Considered a move away from Menger’s subjectivism, the average period of production concept was criticized by Menger himself, who called Böhm-Bawerk’s use of the average period of production, as Schumpeter writes, one of the greatest errors ever committed. It was abandoned by later Austrian capital theorists.
 
10
The negative reviews of his books by Wieser and Böhm-Bawerk testify to this distance, as well as to Schumpeter’s conviction that the battle of method had been resolved, as he maintained in his Epochen (1914).
 
11
There are three important intellectual biographies of Schumpeter: (Allen 1991; Swedberg 1992; McCraw 2010).
 
12
The economic literature variously dates the publication year of the first edition of Theorie as 1911 or 1912. Schumpeter himself, as Swedberg points out, in a 1934 letter to David T. Pottinger, his contact at the Harvard University Press, says that Theorie appeared in 1911. See Becker and Knudsen (2002).
 
13
Smithies (1950, p. 631) writes: “In 1919, the incredible happened. He agreed to become finance minister, under socialist sponsorship, in the coalition government of the Austrian Republic. From the beginning the cards were stacked against him. Whatever their motives in appointing him, the socialists distrusted him because he was not a socialist; the right wing distrusted him because he had been the socialists’ candidate; and the bureaucrats distrusted him because, from their point of view, he was an amateur…But more important he differed basically from the socialists on Austria’s external policy. Led by Otto Bauer, they supported union with Germany, while Schumpeter believed that Austria must rely on support from the West”.
 
14
The book was translated into English in 1934, in abridged form, as The Theory of Economic Development. Andersen (2011) maintains that Entwicklung can be translated as both development and evolution “but it is the latter term that best represents a modern description of Schumpeter’s theory” (p. 5). Andersen emphasizes that “What Schumpeter analysed can better be described as evolution—that is, the unplanned processes of the irreversible change of biological species, human languages, and the routines of social life that emerge from the combined functioning of mechanisms of innovation, inertia and selection…. Thus the title…should be thought of as The Theory of Economic Evolution. This conclusion is supported by the fact that his large 1939 book, Business Cycles, only speaks of ‘economic evolution’” (Andersen 2011, pp. 5–6).
 
15
In Capitalism, Socialism and and Democracy (1942), Schumpeter will define this innovative process as a process of “creative destruction” and will consider it to be the essential fact about capitalism. Elliott (1980) considers this concept of creative destruction the essential similarity between Marx and Schumpeter, emphasizing their common visions of capitalism. Actually, the term was derived from his reading of Marx in the first part of the 1942 book. Sombart’s analysis of Marx may be considered another source of the concept.
 
16
A fact that has been neglected in the literature should be emphasized, viz. that Schumpeter’s characterization of entrepreneurship bears strong similarities to that of Marshall in the Principles and in Industry and Trade.
 
17
About Böhm-Bawerk’s criticism of Mises’s Theory, Mises himself writes: “Both Menger and Böhm-Bawerk tacitly assumed the neutrality of money. They had developed the theory of direct exchange and held to the opinion that all problems of economic theory could be solved with the imaginary concept of market exchanges without the use of money. My theory of the inevitable non-neutrality of money now made this position untenable. But Böhm-Bawerk refused to admit this.… According to him, the old doctrine was correct ‘in principle’ and maintains its full significance for an analysis aimed at ‘purely economic action’. In real life there is resistance and friction which cause the result to deviate from that arrived at theoretically” (Mises 1978, p. 40).
 
18
The difficulty of his action was well understood by Schumpeter (1939, p. 715): “The minister Hilferding, much too good an economist not to see what was wrong and much too good a Marxist not to realize that there are situations in which anticapitalist policy is in the end anti-socialist, actually went so far as to attempt a very ‘capitalistic’ fiscal reform”.
 
19
Hilferding recognized that his theory of money was influenced by contemporary theories, in particular, those of Karl Helfferich and Georg Friedrich Knapp.
 
20
In addition to Bortkiewicz and Dmitriev, we should also mention the Russian Marxist mathematician Georg von Charasoff (1877–1931) (see Egidi and Gilibert 1984; Kurz 1995; Stamatis 1999; Gehrke 2013; Parys 2014), who was the only ‘Marxist’ in this group of scholars—“not a Marxist in the conventional sense of the term”, as he wrote to Kautsky in 1909 (quoted in Gehrke 2013, p. 22). Born in Russia, von Charasoff emigrated to Germany for political reasons. He went to Heidelberg, where he obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1902. He then lived some years in Zurich and Lausanne until 1915. As far as we know, he worked principally on his own, starting from the study of the classical economists and Marx, as well as the works of Menger, Böhm-Bawerk, and Walras, as he writes in the preface of Charasoff (1909), and his contemporary literature, in particular Bortkiewicz (1906, 1907). He published two books—Karl Marx über die menschliche und kapitalistische Wirtschaft (Charasoff 1909) and Das System des Marxismus: Darstellung und Kritik (Charasoff 1910) that were originally intended as part of a trilogy devoted to the study of Marxist economic theory. His work received limited attention in Germany (it was, indeed, strongly criticized by the Marxist Otto Bauer [1911]) and remained unknown abroad.
 
21
Schumpeter (1932) wrote that “By far [von Bortkiewicz’s] most important achievement is his analysis of the theoretical framework of the Marxian system, much the best thing ever written on it” (p. 303).
 
Literature
go back to reference Allen, Robert L. 1991. Opening Doors: The Life and Works of Joseph Schumpeter. 2 vols. New Brunswick: Transactions Publishers. Allen, Robert L. 1991. Opening Doors: The Life and Works of Joseph Schumpeter. 2 vols. New Brunswick: Transactions Publishers.
go back to reference Anderson, O. 1932. Ladislaus v. Bortkiewicz. Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 3: 242–250.CrossRef Anderson, O. 1932. Ladislaus v. Bortkiewicz. Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 3: 242–250.CrossRef
go back to reference Andersen, Esben S. 2011. Joseph A. Schumpeter. A Theory of Social and Economic Evolution. Palgrave Macmillan. Andersen, Esben S. 2011. Joseph A. Schumpeter. A Theory of Social and Economic Evolution. Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Arena, Richard. 2010. Friedrich von Wieser on Institutions and Social Economics. In Austrian Economics in Transition, ed. H. Hagemann, T. Nishizawa, and Y. Ikeda, 109–137. London: Macmillan.CrossRef Arena, Richard. 2010. Friedrich von Wieser on Institutions and Social Economics. In Austrian Economics in Transition, ed. H. Hagemann, T. Nishizawa, and Y. Ikeda, 109–137. London: Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Auspitz, Rudolf, and Richard Lieben. 1889. Untersuchungen über die Theorie des Preises. Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot. Auspitz, Rudolf, and Richard Lieben. 1889. Untersuchungen über die Theorie des Preises. Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot.
go back to reference Backhaus, Jürgen. 1993–1994. Gustav Schmoller and the Problem of Today. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 27–42. Backhaus, Jürgen. 1993–1994. Gustav Schmoller and the Problem of Today. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 27–42.
go back to reference Backhaus, Jürgen, Günther Chaloupek, and Hans A. Framback, eds. 2018. Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner. Legacy and Lessons for Civil Society and the State. Cham: Springer. Backhaus, Jürgen, Günther Chaloupek, and Hans A. Framback, eds. 2018. Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner. Legacy and Lessons for Civil Society and the State. Cham: Springer.
go back to reference Balabkins, Nicholas W. 1993–1994. Gustav Schmoller and the Emergence of Welfare Capitalism. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 3–25. Balabkins, Nicholas W. 1993–1994. Gustav Schmoller and the Emergence of Welfare Capitalism. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 3–25.
go back to reference Bauer, Otto. 1911. Marx-Literatur. Der Kampf 4: 237–238. Bauer, Otto. 1911. Marx-Literatur. Der Kampf 4: 237–238.
go back to reference Becker, Markus C., and Thorbjorn Knudsen. 2002. Schumpeter 1911: Farsighted Visions on Economic Development. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 61 (2): 387–403.CrossRef Becker, Markus C., and Thorbjorn Knudsen. 2002. Schumpeter 1911: Farsighted Visions on Economic Development. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 61 (2): 387–403.CrossRef
go back to reference Beller, Steven, ed. 2012. Rethinking Vienna 1900. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. Beller, Steven, ed. 2012. Rethinking Vienna 1900. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
go back to reference Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen. 1884. Kapital und Kapitalzins—Geschichte und Kritik der Kapitalzinstheorien. Innsbruck: Wagner. English translation: Capital and Interest. A Critical History of Economic Theory. London: Macmillan. Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen. 1884. Kapital und Kapitalzins—Geschichte und Kritik der Kapitalzinstheorien. Innsbruck: Wagner. English translation: Capital and Interest. A Critical History of Economic Theory. London: Macmillan.
go back to reference ———. 1886. Grundzüge der Theorie des wirthschaftlichen Güterwerthes. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 13: 1–82 and 477–541. ———. 1886. Grundzüge der Theorie des wirthschaftlichen Güterwerthes. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 13: 1–82 and 477–541.
go back to reference ———. 1889. Kapital und Kapitalzins. Zweite Abteilung: Positive Theorie des Kapitales. Innsbruck: Wagner. English translation: The Positive Theory of Capital. London: Macmillan, 1891. Translation of 4th edn. as Capital and Interest, 3 vols. South Holland, Ill.: Libertarian Press, 1959. ———. 1889. Kapital und Kapitalzins. Zweite Abteilung: Positive Theorie des Kapitales. Innsbruck: Wagner. English translation: The Positive Theory of Capital. London: Macmillan, 1891. Translation of 4th edn. as Capital and Interest, 3 vols. South Holland, Ill.: Libertarian Press, 1959.
go back to reference ———. 1891. The Austrian Economists. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences I: 361–384. ———. 1891. The Austrian Economists. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences I: 361–384.
go back to reference Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus. 1906. Wertrechnung und Preisrechnung im Marxschen System. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 23: 1–50. Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus. 1906. Wertrechnung und Preisrechnung im Marxschen System. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 23: 1–50.
go back to reference ———. 1907. Wertrechnung und Preisrechnung im Marxschen System. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 25: 10–51; 445–488. Reprinted as Value and Price in the Marxian System. International Economic Papers 1952 (2): 5–60. ———. 1907. Wertrechnung und Preisrechnung im Marxschen System. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 25: 10–51; 445–488. Reprinted as Value and Price in the Marxian System. International Economic Papers 1952 (2): 5–60.
go back to reference ———. 1921. Objektivismus und Subjectivismus in der Werttheorie. Ekonomisk tidslrift 21: 1–22. ———. 1921. Objektivismus und Subjectivismus in der Werttheorie. Ekonomisk tidslrift 21: 1–22.
go back to reference Charasoff, Georg. 1909. Karl Marx über die menschliche und kapitalistische Wirtschaft. Berlin: Hans Bondy. Charasoff, Georg. 1909. Karl Marx über die menschliche und kapitalistische Wirtschaft. Berlin: Hans Bondy.
go back to reference ———. 1910. Das System des Marxismus: Darstellung und Kritik. Berlin: Hans Bondy. ———. 1910. Das System des Marxismus: Darstellung und Kritik. Berlin: Hans Bondy.
go back to reference Conrad, Johannes E. 1896. Grundriss zum Studium der politischen Oekonomie. Jena: Gustav Fisher. Conrad, Johannes E. 1896. Grundriss zum Studium der politischen Oekonomie. Jena: Gustav Fisher.
go back to reference Dmitriev, Vladimir K. 1904. Ekonomicheskie Ocherki. Moscow: Richter. English translation: Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility, ed. D.M. Nuti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974. Dmitriev, Vladimir K. 1904. Ekonomicheskie Ocherki. Moscow: Richter. English translation: Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility, ed. D.M. Nuti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
go back to reference Dopfer, Kurt. 1993. The Status of Reality in Economic Theory: On the Significance of Gustav Schmoller’s Contribution to Modern Economics. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 143–178. Dopfer, Kurt. 1993. The Status of Reality in Economic Theory: On the Significance of Gustav Schmoller’s Contribution to Modern Economics. History of Economic Ideas I–II: 143–178.
go back to reference Egidi, Massimo, and Giorgio Gilibert. 1984. The Objective Theory of Prices. Political Economy 5: 59–74. Egidi, Massimo, and Giorgio Gilibert. 1984. The Objective Theory of Prices. Political Economy 5: 59–74.
go back to reference Ekelund, Robert B., and Robert F. Hébert. 1975. A History of Economic Theory and Method. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ekelund, Robert B., and Robert F. Hébert. 1975. A History of Economic Theory and Method. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Elliott, John E. 1980. Marx and Schumpeter on Capitalism’s Creative Destruction: A Comparative Restatement. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 95 (1): 45–68.CrossRef Elliott, John E. 1980. Marx and Schumpeter on Capitalism’s Creative Destruction: A Comparative Restatement. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 95 (1): 45–68.CrossRef
go back to reference Epstein, Michael. 1917. Obituary. Gustav Schmoller. Economic Journal 27 (107): 435–439.CrossRef Epstein, Michael. 1917. Obituary. Gustav Schmoller. Economic Journal 27 (107): 435–439.CrossRef
go back to reference Fisher, Irving. 1907. The Rate of Interest. New York: Macmillan. Rpt. in Fisher (1997). The Works of Irving Fisher, vol. 3. ed. William J. Barber. London: Pickering & Chatto. Fisher, Irving. 1907. The Rate of Interest. New York: Macmillan. Rpt. in Fisher (1997). The Works of Irving Fisher, vol. 3. ed. William J. Barber. London: Pickering & Chatto.
go back to reference Gehrke, Christian. 2013. Traces of the Life of a Georgian Intellectual: Georg von Charasoff in Heildelberg, Zuruch and Lausanne. Conference on the Pioneers of Linear Models of Production, 17–18 January 2013, University of Paris-Ouest, Nanterre. Gehrke, Christian. 2013. Traces of the Life of a Georgian Intellectual: Georg von Charasoff in Heildelberg, Zuruch and Lausanne. Conference on the Pioneers of Linear Models of Production, 17–18 January 2013, University of Paris-Ouest, Nanterre.
go back to reference Gloria-Palermo, Sandye. 1999. The Evolution of Austrian Economics: From Menger to Lachmann. London and New York: Routledge. Gloria-Palermo, Sandye. 1999. The Evolution of Austrian Economics: From Menger to Lachmann. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Green, David I. 1894. Pain-Cost and Opportunity-Cost. Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (2): 218–229.CrossRef Green, David I. 1894. Pain-Cost and Opportunity-Cost. Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (2): 218–229.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 1895. Wieser’s Natural Value. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 5: 52–70.CrossRef ———. 1895. Wieser’s Natural Value. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 5: 52–70.CrossRef
go back to reference Gumbel, Emil J. 1968. Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. D.L. Sills, vol. 2, 128–131. New York: Macmillan. Gumbel, Emil J. 1968. Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. D.L. Sills, vol. 2, 128–131. New York: Macmillan.
go back to reference Haberler, Gottfried. 1950. Joseph Alopis Schumpeter 1883–1950. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 64 (3): 333–372.CrossRef Haberler, Gottfried. 1950. Joseph Alopis Schumpeter 1883–1950. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 64 (3): 333–372.CrossRef
go back to reference Hansen, Alvin H. 1964. Business Cycles and National Income. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Hansen, Alvin H. 1964. Business Cycles and National Income. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
go back to reference Helfferich, Karl. 1903. Das Geld. Leipzig: C.L. Hirschfeld. Helfferich, Karl. 1903. Das Geld. Leipzig: C.L. Hirschfeld.
go back to reference Hennings, Klaus H. 1997. The Austrian Theory of Value and Capital. Studies in the Life and Work of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. ed. Heinz D. Kurz. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Hennings, Klaus H. 1997. The Austrian Theory of Value and Capital. Studies in the Life and Work of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. ed. Heinz D. Kurz. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
go back to reference Hilferding, Rudolf. 1904. Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik. Marx Studien I: 1–61. Hilferding, Rudolf. 1904. Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik. Marx Studien I: 1–61.
go back to reference ———. 1910. Das Finanzkapital. Eine Studie über die jüngste Entwicklung des Kapitalismus. Vienna: Wiener Volksbuchhandlung. English translation: Finance Capital. A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. ed. Tom Bottomore. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. ———. 1910. Das Finanzkapital. Eine Studie über die jüngste Entwicklung des Kapitalismus. Vienna: Wiener Volksbuchhandlung. English translation: Finance Capital. A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. ed. Tom Bottomore. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
go back to reference Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2001. How Economics Forgot History. The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRef Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2001. How Economics Forgot History. The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRef
go back to reference Hutchison, Terence W. 1953. A Review of Economic Doctrines, 1870–1929. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hutchison, Terence W. 1953. A Review of Economic Doctrines, 1870–1929. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
go back to reference Jaffé, William. (ed.) 1965. Correspondence of Léon Walras and Related Papers, 3 vols. Amsterdam: North Holland. Jaffé, William. (ed.) 1965. Correspondence of Léon Walras and Related Papers, 3 vols. Amsterdam: North Holland.
go back to reference Janik, Allan, and Stephen Toulmin. 1973. Wittgenstein’s Vienna. New York: Simon & Schuster. Janik, Allan, and Stephen Toulmin. 1973. Wittgenstein’s Vienna. New York: Simon & Schuster.
go back to reference Johnston, William M. 1972. The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938. Berkeley: University of California Press. Johnston, William M. 1972. The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938. Berkeley: University of California Press.
go back to reference Keynes, John M. 1914. Review of Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel by Ludwig von Mises. The Economic Journal 24 (95): 417–419.CrossRef Keynes, John M. 1914. Review of Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel by Ludwig von Mises. The Economic Journal 24 (95): 417–419.CrossRef
go back to reference Knapp, Georg F. 1905. Staatliche Theorie des Geldes. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Knapp, Georg F. 1905. Staatliche Theorie des Geldes. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
go back to reference Krabbe, Jacob J. 1996. Historicism and Organicism in Economics: The Evolution of Thought. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef Krabbe, Jacob J. 1996. Historicism and Organicism in Economics: The Evolution of Thought. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRef
go back to reference Kuenne, Robert E. 1971. Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. New York: Columbia University Press. Kuenne, Robert E. 1971. Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. New York: Columbia University Press.
go back to reference Kurz, Heinz D. 1995. Marginalism, Classicism and Socialism in German-Speaking Countries, 1871–1932. In Socialism and Marginalism in Economics, ed. Ian Steedman. London: Routledge. Kurz, Heinz D. 1995. Marginalism, Classicism and Socialism in German-Speaking Countries, 1871–1932. In Socialism and Marginalism in Economics, ed. Ian Steedman. London: Routledge.
go back to reference ———. 2010. The Beat of the Economic Heart: Joseph Schumpeter and Arthur Spiethoff on Business Cycles. MPRA Paper n. 20429. ———. 2010. The Beat of the Economic Heart: Joseph Schumpeter and Arthur Spiethoff on Business Cycles. MPRA Paper n. 20429.
go back to reference Leontief, Wassily. 1950. Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883–1950). Econometrica 18 (2): 103–110.CrossRef Leontief, Wassily. 1950. Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883–1950). Econometrica 18 (2): 103–110.CrossRef
go back to reference Marchionatti, Roberto. 2019. Between Berlin and Cambridge: Classical Conceptions of the General Economic Equilibrium in the Late 1920s. Cambridge Journal of Economics 43 (5): 1377–1395.CrossRef Marchionatti, Roberto. 2019. Between Berlin and Cambridge: Classical Conceptions of the General Economic Equilibrium in the Late 1920s. Cambridge Journal of Economics 43 (5): 1377–1395.CrossRef
go back to reference Marchionatti, Roberto, and Raffaella Fiorini. 2000. Between Walras and Ricardo L. von Bortkiewicz and the Origin of Neo-Ricardian Theory. Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales. Cahiers Vilfredo Pareto 38: 173–191.CrossRef Marchionatti, Roberto, and Raffaella Fiorini. 2000. Between Walras and Ricardo L. von Bortkiewicz and the Origin of Neo-Ricardian Theory. Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales. Cahiers Vilfredo Pareto 38: 173–191.CrossRef
go back to reference McCraw, Thomas K. 2010. Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef McCraw, Thomas K. 2010. Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Milios, John. 2001. Hilferding, Rudolf (1877–1941). In Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, ed. B.R.J. Jones, vol. 2, 676–678. London: Routledge. Milios, John. 2001. Hilferding, Rudolf (1877–1941). In Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, ed. B.R.J. Jones, vol. 2, 676–678. London: Routledge.
go back to reference von Mises, Ludwig. 1912. Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel. Munich: Duncker und Humblot. translated into English as Theory of Money and Credit. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934. von Mises, Ludwig. 1912. Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel. Munich: Duncker und Humblot. translated into English as Theory of Money and Credit. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934.
go back to reference ———. 1949. Human Action. New York: The Foundation for Economic Education. ———. 1949. Human Action. New York: The Foundation for Economic Education.
go back to reference ———. 1978. Notes and Recollections. South Holland, Ill.: Libertarian Press. ———. 1978. Notes and Recollections. South Holland, Ill.: Libertarian Press.
go back to reference ———. 1984 [1969]. The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute. ———. 1984 [1969]. The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
go back to reference Mitchell, Wesley. 1927. Introduction to Friedrich von Wieser. Social Economics. New York: Adelphi Company. Mitchell, Wesley. 1927. Introduction to Friedrich von Wieser. Social Economics. New York: Adelphi Company.
go back to reference Morgan, Lewis H. 1877. Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. London: Macmillan. Morgan, Lewis H. 1877. Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. London: Macmillan.
go back to reference Morgenstern, Oscar. 1927. Friedrich von Wieser, 1851–1926. The American Economic Review 17 (4): 669–674. Morgenstern, Oscar. 1927. Friedrich von Wieser, 1851–1926. The American Economic Review 17 (4): 669–674.
go back to reference Parys, Wilfried. 2014. Why Didn’t Charasoff and Remak Use Perron-Frobenius Mathematics? European History of Economic Thought 21: 991–1014.CrossRef Parys, Wilfried. 2014. Why Didn’t Charasoff and Remak Use Perron-Frobenius Mathematics? European History of Economic Thought 21: 991–1014.CrossRef
go back to reference Radkau, Joachim. 2005. Max Weber: die Leidenschaft des Denkens. Carl Hanser Verlag: Munich. English translation: Max Weber: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity Press. Radkau, Joachim. 2005. Max Weber: die Leidenschaft des Denkens. Carl Hanser Verlag: Munich. English translation: Max Weber: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity Press.
go back to reference Robbins, Lionel. 1998. In A History of Economic Thought. The LSE Lectures, ed. Steven G. Medema and Warren J. Samuels. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Robbins, Lionel. 1998. In A History of Economic Thought. The LSE Lectures, ed. Steven G. Medema and Warren J. Samuels. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Schmoller, Gustav. 1883. Zur Methodologie der Staats- und Socialwissenschatten. Jahrbuch för Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im deutschen Reich 7: 965–994. Schmoller, Gustav. 1883. Zur Methodologie der Staats- und Socialwissenschatten. Jahrbuch för Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im deutschen Reich 7: 965–994.
go back to reference ———. 1900–1904. The Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. ———. 1900–1904. The Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
go back to reference Schneider, Erich. 1951. Schumpeter’s Early German Work, 1906–17. The Review of Economics and Statistics 33 (2): 104–108.CrossRef Schneider, Erich. 1951. Schumpeter’s Early German Work, 1906–17. The Review of Economics and Statistics 33 (2): 104–108.CrossRef
go back to reference Schorske, Carl E. 1980. Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Politics and Culture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Schorske, Carl E. 1980. Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Politics and Culture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
go back to reference Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1908. Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. English translation: The Nature and Essence of Economic Theory. New Brunswick and New York: Transaction Publishers, 2010. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1908. Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. English translation: The Nature and Essence of Economic Theory. New Brunswick and New York: Transaction Publishers, 2010.
go back to reference ———. 1911. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. English translation: Theory of Economic Development. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1934. ———. 1911. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. English translation: Theory of Economic Development. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1934.
go back to reference ———. 1914. Epochen der Dogmen- und Methodengeschichte. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr. English translation: Economic Doctrine and Method. An Historical Sketch. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. ———. 1914. Epochen der Dogmen- und Methodengeschichte. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr. English translation: Economic Doctrine and Method. An Historical Sketch. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954.
go back to reference ———. 1926. Gustav v. Schmoller und die problem von heute. Schmoller Jahrbuch 50: 1–52. ———. 1926. Gustav v. Schmoller und die problem von heute. Schmoller Jahrbuch 50: 1–52.
go back to reference ———. 1932. Ladislaus von Bortkievicz: 1868–1931. The Economic Journal 42: 338–340.CrossRef ———. 1932. Ladislaus von Bortkievicz: 1868–1931. The Economic Journal 42: 338–340.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 1939. Business Cycles. A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York: McGraw-Hill. ———. 1939. Business Cycles. A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference ———. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. ———. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
go back to reference ———. 1951. Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ———. 1951. Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference ———. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ———. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Seager, Henry R. 1893. Economics at Berlin and Vienna. Journal of Political Economy 1 (2): 236–262.CrossRef Seager, Henry R. 1893. Economics at Berlin and Vienna. Journal of Political Economy 1 (2): 236–262.CrossRef
go back to reference Shionoya, Yuichi. 2005. The Soul of the German Historical School. Methodological Essays on Schmoller, Weber and Schumpeter. New York: Springer. Shionoya, Yuichi. 2005. The Soul of the German Historical School. Methodological Essays on Schmoller, Weber and Schumpeter. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Smart, William. 1891. An Introduction to the Theory of Value, on the lines of Menger, Wieser, and Böhm Bawerk. London: Macmillan. Smart, William. 1891. An Introduction to the Theory of Value, on the lines of Menger, Wieser, and Böhm Bawerk. London: Macmillan.
go back to reference Smithies, Arthur. 1950. Memorial: Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1883–1950. The American Economic Review 40 (4): 628–648. Smithies, Arthur. 1950. Memorial: Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1883–1950. The American Economic Review 40 (4): 628–648.
go back to reference Sombart, Werner. 1902. Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot. Sombart, Werner. 1902. Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot.
go back to reference ———. 1913. Der Bourgeois. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot. ———. 1913. Der Bourgeois. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot.
go back to reference Spiethoff, Arthur A.C. 1903. Die Krisentheorien von M. Tugan Baranowsky und L. Pohle. Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft 27: 679–708. Spiethoff, Arthur A.C. 1903. Die Krisentheorien von M. Tugan Baranowsky und L. Pohle. Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft 27: 679–708.
go back to reference Spiethoff, Arthur A. C. 1925. Krisen. Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften 6: 8–91. English translation: Business Cycles. International Economic Papers 1953 (3): 75–171. Spiethoff, Arthur A. C. 1925. Krisen. Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften 6: 8–91. English translation: Business Cycles. International Economic Papers 1953 (3): 75–171.
go back to reference Spiethoff, Arthur A.C. 1955. Die wirtschaftlichen Wechsellagen. Aufschwung, Krise, Stockung. 2 vols. Tübingen and Zürich: Polygraph. Spiethoff, Arthur A.C. 1955. Die wirtschaftlichen Wechsellagen. Aufschwung, Krise, Stockung. 2 vols. Tübingen and Zürich: Polygraph.
go back to reference Stamatis, Georg. 1999. Georg Charasoff: A Pioneer in the Theory of Linear Production System. Economic System Research 11: 15–30.CrossRef Stamatis, Georg. 1999. Georg Charasoff: A Pioneer in the Theory of Linear Production System. Economic System Research 11: 15–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Stigler, George. 1949. Production and Distribution Theories: The Formative Period. New York: Macmillan. Stigler, George. 1949. Production and Distribution Theories: The Formative Period. New York: Macmillan.
go back to reference Swedberg, Richard. 1992. Schumpeter. A Biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Swedberg, Richard. 1992. Schumpeter. A Biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
go back to reference ———. 1999. Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist: Towards a Fuller Understanding of Weber’s View of Economics. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58 (4): 561–582.CrossRef ———. 1999. Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist: Towards a Fuller Understanding of Weber’s View of Economics. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58 (4): 561–582.CrossRef
go back to reference Sweezy, Paul. 1949. Introduction to Karl Marx and the Close of His System by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk & Böhm-Bawerk’s Criticism of Marx by Rudolf Hilferding. New York: A. M. Kelley. Sweezy, Paul. 1949. Introduction to Karl Marx and the Close of His System by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk & Böhm-Bawerk’s Criticism of Marx by Rudolf Hilferding. New York: A. M. Kelley.
go back to reference Taylor, O.H. 1951. Schumpeter and Marx: Imperialism and Social Classes in the Schumpeterian System. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 65 (4): 611–622.CrossRef Taylor, O.H. 1951. Schumpeter and Marx: Imperialism and Social Classes in the Schumpeterian System. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 65 (4): 611–622.CrossRef
go back to reference Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail I. 1894. Promyšlennye krizisy v sovremennoj Anglii, ih pričiny i vliânie na narodnuû žizn’. St. Petersburg: Skorohodov. German translation: Studien Zur Theorie Und Geschichte Der Handelskrisen in England. Jena: Ludwig Fisher, 1901. French translation: Les crises industrielles en Angleterre. Paris: Giard et Brière, 1913. Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail I. 1894. Promyšlennye krizisy v sovremennoj Anglii, ih pričiny i vliânie na narodnuû žizn’. St. Petersburg: Skorohodov. German translation: Studien Zur Theorie Und Geschichte Der Handelskrisen in England. Jena: Ludwig Fisher, 1901. French translation: Les crises industrielles en Angleterre. Paris: Giard et Brière, 1913.
go back to reference Veblen, Thorstein. 1901. Gustav Schmoller’s Economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 16 (1): 69–93.CrossRef Veblen, Thorstein. 1901. Gustav Schmoller’s Economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 16 (1): 69–93.CrossRef
go back to reference Weber, Marianne. 1926. Max Weber: ein Lebensbild. Munich. English translation: Max Weber: A Biography. New York: Wiley, 1975. Weber, Marianne. 1926. Max Weber: ein Lebensbild. Munich. English translation: Max Weber: A Biography. New York: Wiley, 1975.
go back to reference Weber, Max. 1898. Grundriss zu den Vorlesungen über Allgemeine (Theoretische) Nationalökonomie. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr. Weber, Max. 1898. Grundriss zu den Vorlesungen über Allgemeine (Theoretische) Nationalökonomie. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr.
go back to reference ———. 1904. Die Objektivität sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer erkenntnis. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 19: 22–87. Then in Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre. Mohr: Tubingen, 1922. ———. 1904. Die Objektivität sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer erkenntnis. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 19: 22–87. Then in Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre. Mohr: Tubingen, 1922.
go back to reference ———. 1904–5. Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 20, 1904, S. 1–54; 21, 1905, S. 1–110. ———. 1904–5. Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 20, 1904, S. 1–54; 21, 1905, S. 1–110.
go back to reference ———. 1921–22. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr. ———. 1921–22. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr.
go back to reference von Wieser, Friedrich. 1884. Über den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirtschaftlichen Werthes. Wien: A. Hölder. von Wieser, Friedrich. 1884. Über den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirtschaftlichen Werthes. Wien: A. Hölder.
go back to reference ———. 1889. Der Natürliche Wert. Wien: A. Holder. English translation: Natural Value. London: Macmillan, 1893. ———. 1889. Der Natürliche Wert. Wien: A. Holder. English translation: Natural Value. London: Macmillan, 1893.
go back to reference ———. 1914. Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft. In Grundriss der Sozialökonomik, I, ed. Max Weber. English trans. Social Economics. New York: Adelphi Company, 1927. ———. 1914. Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft. In Grundriss der Sozialökonomik, I, ed. Max Weber. English trans. Social Economics. New York: Adelphi Company, 1927.
go back to reference ———. 1926. Das Gesetz der Macht. Wien: Julius Springer. English translation: The Law of Power. Lincoln: University of Nebraska-Lincoln. ———. 1926. Das Gesetz der Macht. Wien: Julius Springer. English translation: The Law of Power. Lincoln: University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
go back to reference Yagi, Kichirö. 2011. Austrian and German Economic Thought. From Subjectivism to Social Evolution. London: Routledge. Yagi, Kichirö. 2011. Austrian and German Economic Thought. From Subjectivism to Social Evolution. London: Routledge.
Metadata
Title
Economics in Berlin and Vienna: A Mosaic of Theories and Research Programs
Author
Roberto Marchionatti
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40297-6_5