9. Ecotoxicological Effects of MPs as Emerging Micropollutants: Examination of Biomarkers, Current State, and Future Perspectives

Known ubiquitously, including in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, microplastics (MPs) are pollutants of concern and their harmful effects pose a growing threat. MPs, especially when considered together with increasing pollution and destructions in the ecosystem, cause deterioration of ecosystem functions and structure, raising concerns about possible negative effects on the environment. The environmental effects of microplastics, which increase especially rapidly in different environmental conditions, have been still discussed by many researchers today. While studies generally focus on the increase and effects of MPS in the oceans and seas, there is still a knowledge gap regarding its status and effects in freshwater and soil. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the effects of MPs on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The toxic compounds used as additives in the formation of microplastics absorb the pollutants in the environment during their stay in the land and aquatic environment and then may cause the development of microorganisms in these areas or threaten the environmental media by being directly assimilated by organisms. Therefore, this situation creates an ever-increasing danger and risk potential for ecosystems, and especially their sustainable presence on land and water creates negative effects on human health and the ecosystem. So, in this context, this book section aims to define MPs pollution in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine the ecotoxicological effects observed in ecosystems. In addition to the presence and potential effects of microplastics in soil and clean waters, their effects on human-food security, animal, ecosystem, and human health will be focused on. At the same time, biomarkers of microplastics that cause oxidative stress and damage to microalgae will be investigated. In addition, it is also aimed to present the current challenges and perspectives for future research in the context of microplastics and their effects, which are also known as worrisome.