Top

The Annals of Regional Science

Published in:

28-01-2019 | Original Paper

Effect of academic field and gender on college-bound migration in Japan

Author: Maki Kato

Published in: The Annals of Regional Science | Issue 2/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This study investigates college-bound migration flow in Japan using national-scale data from 2003 to 2014. The results, through a zero-inflated count data model regression, show the influence of academic field, network, and gender, as well as geographic and socioeconomic determinants, on college-bound migration, wherein such determinants are intertwined. Migration stocks increase the quantity of college-bound migration. Although, as expected, the migration ratios higher for natural sciences and for male students, gender differences were not found in the humanities and science, and female engineering students have a higher tendency to migrate. The total tendency of field effect is similar to the lower selectivity categories and different from the upper categories. Regional differences were also identified in relation to academic field and selectivity: 10 prefectures showed positive net migration (mainly from local to center) in all fields combined while in medicine, there were 28 prefectures in the opposite direction (mainly from center to local). Further, there are more outbound students for selective institutions in the western and metropolitan areas than in northeastern Japan. These results suggest that, to understand college-bound migration, there is a need to account for the intertwined effects of academic fields.

previous article Regional convergence clubs in China: identification and conditioning factors

next article Urban spatial structure and the potential for vehicle miles traveled reduction: the effects of accessibility to jobs within and beyond employment sub-centers

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

The female ratio was 13.7% in physics, 4.0% in mechanical engineering, 71.1% in literature, 89.7% in home economics, and 89.3% in nursing in 2014, according to the School Basic Survey in Japan.

In Japan today, the total number of high school graduates is not expected to increase. For the target period from 2003 to 2014 in this study, the number of students for first enrollment had not changed (0.6% increase from 2003), with increases in enrollment rate (about 10% increase) and decreases in the number of high-school graduates (about 20% decrease), as a result of declining birth rates in Japan (less than 2.0 since 1975).

The total is based on the amount in 2017. The fee for national universities is based on the standard amount proposed by MEXT, but most national ones might follow it. The municipal tuition was calculated by out-of-prefecture students.

The other problem is that the total value of the estimation matrix of origin and destination does not become equal to the total value of the measured values. A family of spatial interaction models, including the entropy maximization model, solves the problem (Wilson 1975).

HEIs were established, merged, or abolished in Japan for the target period of 12 years. The study only targeted HEIs with a program for undergraduates and excluded HEIs with graduate schools only.

There were attempts to classify Japanese universities. The most frequently used one was Amano (1986), but it is already over a quarter of a century old, and the number of HEIs is currently increasing by more than 170%. Recent attempts also have some issues, such as the classification of national universities (Murase 2009). Liberal arts colleges are adjusted according to their scores in national entrance examinations for HEIs.

There are several arts/humanities HEIs. Exceptionally, two selective HEIs with large student bodies do not report their new students’ majors, which affects the variable of selective migration by field.

It is important to note that the share of the category “others” in academic fields reached 12.9% in 2014, which includes new and multidisciplinary departments such as “science and technology” instead of “engineering.” Therefore, the academic fields discussed in this paper were based on the traditional framework.

Akinaga Y, Shima K (1995) Time series analysis on regional migration of freshmen. Annu Rep Fac Educ Tohoku Univ 43:59–76

Amano I (1986) Japanese structure of higher education. Tamagawa University Press, Tokyo (in Japanese)

Anderson JE (2011) The gravity model. Annu Rev Econ 3:133–160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-111809-125114 CrossRef

Beine M, Docquier F, Özden Ç (2011) Diasporas. J Dev Econ 95:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004 CrossRef

Beine M, Noël R, Ragot L (2014) Determinants of the international mobility of students. Econ Educ Rev 41:40–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.03.003 CrossRef

Beine M, Bertoli S, Fernández-Huertas Moraga J (2016) A practitioners’ guide to gravity models of international migration. World Econ 39:496–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12265 CrossRef

Benesse (2017) The cost for enrollment into university. https://manabi.benesse.ne.jp/parent/okane/02/page2.html. Accessed 28 June 2018 (in Japanese)

Burger M, van Oort F, Linders GJ (2009) On the specification of the gravity model of trade: zeros, excess zeros and zero-inflated estimation. Spat Econ Anal 4:167–190CrossRef

Cabinet Secretariat (2017) On the current state of concentration in Tokyo. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/sousei/meeting/kpi_kenshouteam/h29-10-06-shiryou2.pdf. Accessed 28 June 2018 (in Japanese)

Chevalier A (2011) Subject choice and earnings of UK graduates. Econ Educ Rev 30:1187–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.04.007 CrossRef

Ciriaci D (2014) Does university quality influence the interregional mobility of students and graduates? The case of Italy. Reg Stud 48:1592–1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.821569 CrossRef

Docquier F, Lodigiani E (2010) Skilled migration and business networks. Open Econ Rev 21:565–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-008-9102-8 CrossRef

Dotzel KR (2016) Do natural amenities influence undergraduate student migration decisions? Ann Reg Sci 59:677–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0765-6 CrossRef

Endo T (2017) The time series analysis of student migration – focusing on geographic factor. Bull Grad Div Lit Waseda Univ 62:113-127 (in Japanese)

Faggian A, Franklin R (2014) Human capital redistribution in the USA: the migration of the college-bound. Spat Econ Anal 9:376–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2014.961536 CrossRef

Faggian A, McCann P, Sheppard S (2007a) Human capital, higher education and graduate migration: an analysis of Scottish and Welsh students. Urban Stud 44:2511–2528CrossRef

Faggian A, McCann P, Sheppard S (2007b) Some evidence that women are more mobile than men: gender differences in U.K. graduate migration behavior. J Reg Sci 47:517–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00518.x CrossRef

Flannery D, Cullinan J (2014) Where they go, what they do and why it matters: the importance of geographic accessibility and social class for decisions relating to higher education institution type, degree level and field of study. Appl Econ 46:2952–2965. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.916392 CrossRef

Frenette M (2006) Too far to go on? Distance to school and university participation. Educ Econ 14:31–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290500481865 CrossRef

Gottlieb PD, Joseph G (2006) College-to-work migration of technology graduates and holders of doctorates within the United States. J Reg Sci 46:627–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2006.00471.x CrossRef

Grogger J, Hanson GH (2011) Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants. J Dev Econ 95:42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.06.003 CrossRef

Hozawa Y (2014) An explanation of the regional differences in college attendance rates for females: focusing on pecuniary benefits of higher education by prefecture in contemporary Japan. Educ Stud Jpn 81:14–25 (in Japanese)

JASSO (2016) Student life survey. https://www.jasso.go.jp/about/statistics/gakusei_chosa/2016.html. Accessed 28 June 2018 (in Japanese)

JILPT (2018) Wage disparities between men and women. http://www.jil.go.jp/kokunai/statistics/timeseries/html/g0406.html. Accessed 28 June 2018 (in Japanese)

Kaplan S, Grünwald L, Hirte G (2016) The effect of social networks and norms on the interregional migration intentions of knowledge-workers: the case of Saxony, Germany. Cities 55:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.03.017 CrossRef

Kato M, Ando A (2017) National ties of international scientific collaboration and researcher mobility found in Nature and Science. Scientometrics 110:673–694CrossRef

Kelly E, O’Connell PJ, Smyth E (2010) The economic returns to field of study and competencies among higher education graduates in Ireland. Econ Educ Rev 29:650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.11.001 CrossRef

Liu Y, Shen J, Xu W et al (2017) From school to university to work: migration of highly educated youths in China. Ann Reg Sci 59:651–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0753-x CrossRef

Long SJ, Freese J (2006) Regression models for categorical dependent variables using STATA, 2nd edn. A Stata Press Publication, College Station

Ma K-R, Kang E-T, Kwon O-K (2017) Migration behavior of students and graduates under prevailing regional dualism: the case of South Korea. Ann Reg Sci 58:209–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0799-9 CrossRef

McKenzie D, Rapoport H (2010) Self-selection patterns in Mexico-U.S. migration: the role of migration networks. Rev Econ Stat 92:811–821. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00032 CrossRef

MEXT (2016) School basic survey report. Nikkei Printing, Tokyo (in Japanese)

MEXT (2018) List of universities by size. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/toukei/chousa01/jouhoukiban/kekka/1280706.htm. Accessed 28 June 2018 (in Japanese)

Miguélez E, Moreno R (2014) What attracts knowledge workers? The role of space and social networks. J Reg Sci 54:33–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12069 CrossRef

Murase Y (2009) An empirical classification of private universities: towards organizational analysis. Bukkyo Univ Grad School Rev 37:37–53 (in Japanese)

Murayama S (2007) Reexamination of interregional disparity in university educational opportunities: focusing on the structure and process of admission movements. Saga J High Educ 3:62–74 (in Japanese)

Niedomysl T, Hansen HK (2010) What matters more for the decision to move: jobs versus amenities. Environ Plan A: Econ Space 42:1636–1649. https://doi.org/10.1068/a42432 CrossRef

Nishimura K (2014) Majors and income alter college graduation. Sugaku Tsushin 18:39–43 (in Japanese)

OECD (2017) Education at a glance 2017: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2017-en

Ramos R (2017) Modelling migration. In: Matyas L (ed) The econometrics of multi-dimensional panels: theory and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 377–395CrossRef

Sano K (2012) An analysis of determinant factors concerning the scale of students’ movements for college enrollment: focused on the difference between humanities and science department of capacity. Master’s thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology (in Japanese)

Sasaki Y (2006) Regional gaps in educational opportunities: trends after the high growth period and effects of structural factors. J Educ Sociol 78:303–320 (in Japanese) CrossRef

Spiess CK, Wrohlich K (2010) Does distance determine who attends a university in Germany? Econ Educ Rev 29:470–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.10.009 CrossRef

Ueyama K (2013) The expansion pattern and regional distribution of the regional gap in the university advancement rate: comparison with the regional gap in the university capacity. Bull Fac Educ Hokkaido Univ 118:99–119. https://doi.org/10.14943/b.edu.118.99 (in Japanese)

Wilson AG (1975) Some new forms of spatial interaction model: a review. Transp Res 9:167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-1647(75)90054-4 CrossRef

Winters JV (2017) Do earnings by college major affect graduate migration? Ann Reg Sci 59:629–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0748-7 CrossRef

Yoshimoto K (1993) College and junior college education and regional activities by prefecture. Educ Inf 420:2–9 (in Japanese)

Yoshimura H (2008) Inter-regional migration and income transfer arising from entrance into university. Reg Econ Stud 19:3–24. https://doi.org/10.15027/28825 (in Japanese)

Title: Effect of academic field and gender on college-bound migration in Japan
Author: Maki Kato
Publication date: 28-01-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: The Annals of Regional Science / Issue 2/2019
Print ISSN: 0570-1864
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-019-00899-x

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 2/2019

Spatial linkages and third-region effects: evidence from manufacturing FDI in Mexico

Skill formation, environmental pollution, and wage inequality

Urban spatial structure and the potential for vehicle miles traveled reduction: the effects of accessibility to jobs within and beyond employment sub-centers

Regional convergence clubs in China: identification and conditioning factors

Wage income inequality in Catalonian second-rank cities

Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea