Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Origin of Nonlinear Viscoelasticity in Filled Rubbers: Theory and Practice Read chapter Read first chapter

2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Effect of Double Networking on Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Elastomers

Authors : Yukun Chen, Chuanhui Xu

Published in: Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of cured rubber is quite different from that of uncured compound, since the presence of crosslink networks. The factors for the influence of the crosslink networks on the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors of cured rubbers are very complex and obscure. One of the reasons is that the crosslink networks may be consisted of several different types of networks. However, there are few literatures reporting the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors of cured rubbers with mutle-networks. We reviewed the literatures dedicated to the topic of the non-linear viscoelasticity of simplest mutle-networks—double-network and summarized the useful information as much as possible in the present paper. Song’s transient double-network model, double-network formed by twice curing and the specific crosslink network formed in metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids reinforced rubbers are introduced in detail.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Effect of Hybrid Fillers on the Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites
next chapter Modeling of Non-Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Filled Rubbers
Literature
1.
Medalia AI (1978) Effects of carbon black on dynamic properties of rubber. Rubber Chem Technol 51(3):437–523CrossRef
2.
Wang MJ (1998) Effect of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions on dynamic properties of filled vulcanizates. Rubber Chem Technol 71(3):520–589CrossRef
3.
Meier JG, Kluppel M (2008) Carbon Black Networking in Elastomers Monitored by Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromol Mater Eng 293(1):12–38CrossRef
4.
Vieweg S, Unger R, Heinrich G, Donth E (1999) Comparison of dynamic shear properties of styrene-butadiene vulcanizates filled with carbon black or polymeric fillers. J Appl Polym Sci 73(4):495–503CrossRef
5.
Payne AR (1965) In Kraus G (ed) Reinforcement of elastomers. Interscience Publisher, New York (Chap 3)
6.
Payne AR (1964) The role of hysteresis in polymers. Rubber J 146(1):36–49
7.
Zhao F, Shi XY, Chen X, Zhao SG (2010) Interaction of Vulcanization and Reinforcement of CB on Dynamic Property of NR Characterized by RPA2000. J Appl Polym Sci 117(2):1168–1172CrossRef
8.
Song MS, Wen Z, Hu GX (1999) Rheological behavior of polymer melts and concentrated solutions. part V: a new molecular theory of non-linear viscoelasticity for polymeric suspensions. J Mater Sci Technol 15(2):169–177CrossRef
9.
Collier AA, Clegg DW (1988) Rheological measurement. Elsevier Appl Sci, New York, 483
10.
Stephen TS, Winter HH, Gottlieb M (1988) The steady shear viscosity of filled polymeric liquids described by a linear superposition of two relaxation mechanisms. Rheol Acta 27(3):263–272CrossRef
11.
Song MS, He ZR (1990) The molecular theory of viscoelasticity for thermoplastic elastomer SBS(SIS) at large deformations. Rheol Acta 29(1):31–45CrossRef
12.
Song MS (1989) Studies on the relationship between the network structure and the mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1) theory of elasticity for rubber vulcanizates with carbon black fillers in large deformation. Chin J Chem Eng 4(2):162–177
13.
Roland CM, Warzel ML (1990) Orientation effects in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem Technol 63(2):285–297CrossRef
14.
Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1994) The mechanical behavior of double network elastomers. Rubber Chem Technol 67(2):359–365CrossRef
15.
Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1995) Failure properties of natural rubber double networks. Rubber Chem Technol 68(1):124–131CrossRef
16.
Roland CM, Peng KL (1991) Electrical conductivity in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem Technol 64(5):790–800CrossRef
17.
Hamed GR, Huang MY (1998) Tensile and tear behavior of anisotropic double networks of a black-filled natural rubber vulcanizate. Rubber Chem Technol 71(5):846–860CrossRef
18.
Kaang S, Nah C (1998) Fatigue crack growth of double-networked natural rubber. Polymer 39(11):2209–2214CrossRef
19.
Hvidt S, Kramer O, Batsberg W, Ferry JD (1980) Contribution of entanglements to the equilibrium modulus of 1,2-polybutadiene networks at small strains and estimate of the front factor. Macromolecules 13(4):933–939CrossRef
20.
Batsberg W, Kramer O (1981) A direct experimental determination of the elastic contribution of chain entangling in a tightly cross-linked elastomer. J Chem Phys 74(11):6507–6508CrossRef
21.
Granick S, Ferry JD (1983) Entangled chain structure trapped in a styrene-butadiene random copolymer by cross-linking in simple extension. Macromolecules 16(1):39–45CrossRef
22.
Kramer O (1988) Selective quenching of large-scale molecular motions by cross-linking in the strained state. ACS Symp Ser 367:48–58CrossRef
23.
Twardowski TE, Gaylord RJ (1989) The localization model of rubber elasticity and the stress-strain behavior of a network formed by cross-linking a deformed melt. Polym Bull 21(4):393–400CrossRef
24.
Gaylord RJ, Twardowski TE, Douglas JF (1988) The localization model of rubber elasticity and the deformation of a network formed by cross-linking a strained melt. Polym Bull 20(3):305–310CrossRef
25.
Tobolsky AV, Takahashi Y, Naganuma S (1972) Effect of additional cross-linking of continuous chemical stress relaxation of cis-polybutadiene. Polym J 3(1):60–66CrossRef
26.
Gillen KT (1988) Effect of cross-links which occur during continuous chemical stress-relaxation. Macromolecules 21(2):442–446CrossRef
27.
Flory PJ (1956) Theory of elastic mechanisms in fibrous proteins. J Am Chem Soc 78(20):5222–5235CrossRef
28.
Mandelkern L, Roberts DE, Diorio AF, Posner AS (1959) Dimensional changes in system of fibrous macromolecules: polyethylene. J Am Chem Soc 81(16):4148–4157CrossRef
29.
Hikmet RAM, Lub J, Vanderbrink PM (1992) Structure and mobility within anisotropic networks obtained by photopolymerization of liquid crystal molecules. Macromolecules 25(16):4194–4199CrossRef
30.
Reichert WF, Goritz D, Duschl EJ (1993) The double network, a model describing filled elastomers. Polymer 34(6):1216–1221CrossRef
31.
Mott PH, Roland CM (2000) Mechanical and optical behavior of double network rubbers. Macromolecules 33(11):4132–4137CrossRef
32.
Kaang S, Gong D, Nah C (1997) Some physical characteristics of double-networked natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 65(5):917–924CrossRef
33.
Aprem AS, Joseph K, Thomas S (2004) Studies on double networks in natural rubber vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 91(2):1068–1076CrossRef
34.
Wang J, Hamed GR, Umetsu K, Roland CM (2005) The Payne effect in double betwork elastomers. Rubber Chem Technol 78(1):76–83CrossRef
35.
Flory PJ (1960) Elasticity of polymer networks cross-linked in state of strain. Trans Faraday Soc 56:722–743CrossRef
36.
Baxandall LG, Edwards SF (1988) Deformation-dependent properties of polymer networks constructed by addition of crosslinks under strain. Macromolecules 21(6):1763–1772CrossRef
37.
Termonia Y (1990) Molecular model for the mechanical properties of elastomers. 3. networks cross-linked in a state of strain. Macromolecules 23(7):1976–1979CrossRef
38.
Dontsov A, Decandia F, Amelino L (1972) Elastic properties and structure of polybutadiene vulcanized with magnesium methaceylate. J Appl Polym Sci 16(2):505–518CrossRef
39.
Saito Y, Nishimura K, Asada M, Toyoda A (1994) Polymerization behavior of zinc methacrylate study of zinc methacrylate/rubber/peroxide compounds; Part 2. J Jpn Rubber Soc 67(12):867–872CrossRef
40.
Gao GX, Zhang ZC, Zheng YS, Jin ZH (2009) Effect of magnesium methacrylateand zinc methacrylate on bond properties of thermal insulation material based on NBR/EPDM blends. J Appl Polym Sci 113(6):3901–3909CrossRef
41.
Yin DH, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Peng ZL, Fan Y, Sun K (2002) Reinforcement of peroxide-cured styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizates by mathacrylic acid and magnesium oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 85(13):2667–2676CrossRef
42.
Yin DH, Zhang Y, Peng ZL, Zhang YX (2003) A comparison between the SBR vulcanizates reinforced by magnesium methacrylate added directly or prepared in situ. Eur Polym J 39(1):99–105CrossRef
43.
Lu YL, Liu L, Yang C, Tian M, Zhang LQ (2005) The morphology of zinc dimethacrylate reinforced elastomers investigated by SEM and TEM. Eur Polym J 41(3):577–588CrossRef
44.
Peng ZL, Liang X, Zhang YX, Zhang Y (2002) Reinforcement of EPDM by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 84(7):1339–1345CrossRef
45.
Yuan XH, Peng ZL, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (1999) The properties and structure of peroxide-cured NBR containing magnesium methacrylate. Polym Polym Comp 7(6):431–436
46.
Du AH, Peng ZL, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2003) Properties of EVM vulcanizates reinforced by in situ prepared sodium methacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 89(8):2192–2200CrossRef
47.
Nie YJ, Huang GS, Qu LL, Zhang P, Weng GS, Wu JR (2010) Cure kinetics and morphology of natural rubber reinforced by the in situ polymerization of zinc dimethacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 115(1):99–106CrossRef
48.
Du AH, Peng ZL, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2002) Effect of magnesium methacrylate on the mechanical properties of EVM vulcanizate. Polym Test 21(8):889–895CrossRef
49.
Lu YL, Liu L, Shen DY, Yang C, Zhang LQ (2004) Infrared study on in situ polymerization of zinc dimethacrylate in poly(α-octylene-co-ethylene) elastomer. Polym Int 53(6):802–808CrossRef
50.
Klingender RC, Oyama M, Saito Y (1990) High-strength compound of highly saturated nitrile and its applications. Rubber World 202(3):26–31
51.
Lu YL, Liu L, Tian M, Geng HP, Zhang LQ (2005) Study on mechanical properties of elastomers reinforced by zinc dimethacrylate. Eur Polym J 41(3):589–598CrossRef
52.
Du AH, Peng ZL, Zhang Y, Zhang YX (2004) Fracture morphology and mechanical properties of ethylene/vinyl acetate rubber vulcanizates reinforced by in situ prepared sodium methacrylate. J Polym Sci B 42(9):1715–1724CrossRef
53.
Chen YK, Xu CH (2012) Stress-strain behaviors and crosslink networks studies of natural rubber-zinc dimethacrylate composites. J Macro Sci B Phys 51(7):1384–1400CrossRef
54.
Xu CH, Chen YK, Cao LM, Wang YP, Zeng XR (2013) Study of the crosslinking evolution of the styrene-butadiene rubber/zinc dimethacrylate based on dissolution/swelling experiments. J Macro Sci B Phys 52(2):319–333CrossRef
55.
Xu CH, Chen YK, Huang J, Zeng XR, Ding JP (2012) Thermal aging on mechanical properties and crosslink network of natural nubber/zinc dimethacrylate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 124(3):2240–2249CrossRef
56.
Xu CH, Chen YK, Zeng XR (2012) A Study on the crosslink network evolution of magnesium dimethacrylate/natural rubber composite. J Appl Polym Sci 125(3):2449–2459CrossRef
57.
Chen YK, Xu CH, Wang YP (2012) Viscoelasticity behaviors of lightly cured natural rubber/zinc dimethacrylate composites. Polym Compos 33(6):967–975CrossRef
58.
Chen YK, Xu CH (2012) Specific nonlinear viscoelasticity behaviors of natural rubber and zinc dimethacrylate composites due to multi-crosslinking bond interaction by using rubber process analyzer 2000. Polym Compos 32(10):1593–1600CrossRef
59.
Xu CH, Chen YK, Cao LM, Zeng XR (2012) Dynamic viscoelasticity behaviors of magnesium dimethacrylate/natural rubber composites with different cure extent. Polym Compos 33(7):1244–1253CrossRef
60.
Chen YK, Xu CH (2011) Crosslink network evolution of nature rubber/zinc dimethacrylate composite during peroxide vulcanization. Polym Compos 32(10):1505–151CrossRef
61.
Chen YK, Xu CH (2012) Stress softening of NR reinforced by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 123(2):833–841CrossRef
62.
Roozbeh D, Mikhail I (2009) A network evolution model for the anisotropic Mullins effect in carbon black filled rubbers. Int J Solids Struct 46(16):2967–2977CrossRef
63.
Jong L (2005) Dynamic mechanical properties of soy protein filled elastomers. J Polym Environ 13(4):329–338CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Effect of Double Networking on Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Elastomers
Authors
Yukun Chen
Chuanhui Xu
Copyright Year
2014
Book
Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08701-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-08702-3

Copyright Year: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08702-3_7

Premium Partners

    Image Credits