4. Effective Human–Artificial Intelligence Teaming

In 1998, the great social psychologist, (Jones, Gilbert et al.Fiske et al.Lindzey (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology, McGraw-Hill, 1998), asserted that interdependence was present in every social interaction and key to unlocking the social life of humans, but this key, he also declared, had produced effects in the laboratory that were “bewildering,” and too difficult to control. Since then, along with colleagues and students, we have brought the effects of interdependence into the laboratory for detailed studies where we have successfully explored many of the aspects of interdependence and its implications. In addition, in a review led by the first author and a colleague, the National Academy of Sciences reported that interdependence in a team enhances the performance of the individual (Cooke and Hilton,.Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science. Authors: Committee on the Science of Team Science; Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Research Council, National Academies Press, 2015). This book chapter allows me to review the considerable research experiences we have gained from our studies over the years to consider the situations in which an artificial intelligence (AI) agent or machine begins to assist and possibly replace a human teammate on a team in the future.