Top

Metals and Materials International

30-08-2024

Effects of Different Microstructure on Strengthening Mechanism and Hardening Mechanism in Peak-Aged Mg–14Gd–0.2Sn Alloy

Authors: Boshu Liu, Kaiqiang Cao, Rongguang Li, Yuehong Zhang, Hang Zhang, Shanshan Li, Sha Sha

Published in: Metals and Materials International

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

A bimodal-grained microstructure is formed in the Mg–14Gd–0.2Sn alloy extruded with a small extrusion ratio of 7 (E7 alloy), containing a large number of fine dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains with an average size of ~ 1.11 μm. In comparison, a much higher proportion of DRXed microstructure (~ 90%) with a coarser grain size of ~ 5.85 μm is formed in the alloy extruded with a large ratio of 16 (E16 alloy). The lower actual temperature during extrusion of the E7 alloy increases the supersaturation degree of α-Mg solid solution matrix, and induces a higher volume fraction of dynamic precipitates (β-Mg₅Gd) compared with the E16 alloy. After aging, the E7-A alloy exhibits a stronger precipitation strengthening effect with a peak-aged yield strength (YS) of 405 MPa. The YS of the E7-A alloy presents a remarkable improvement of 88 MPa compared with that of the E16-A alloy, which is mainly related to finer DRXed grains and stronger texture. In contrast, the hardness increment of the E16-A alloy is higher than that of the E7-A alloy, and the peak hardness of the E16-A alloy is comparable to that of the E7-A alloy. Although the high density of precipitates in the E16-A alloy contributes to a strong aging hardening response, the weaker precipitation strengthening effect of the E16-A alloy is mainly attributed to the activation of twinning in coarser grains with a weaker texture.

Graphical Abstract

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

S.H. You, Y.D. Huang, K.U. Kainer, N. Hort, Recent research and developments on wrought magnesium alloys. J. Magnes. Alloy. 5, 239–253 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2017.09.001CrossRef

Q. Yang, S.H. Lv, B. Deng, N. Hort, Y.D. Huang, W. Sun, X. Qiu, Degraded creep resistance induced by static precipitation strengthening in high-pressure die casting Mg–Al–Sm alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 178, 48–58 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.035CrossRef

S.H. Lv, Y.W. Cheng, B. Deng, T. Xu, X. Qiu, Q. Yang, A new high-pressure die casting Mg–Gd–Sm–Al alloy with high strength-ductility synergy. J. Rare Earth. 24, 172–178 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2024.06.001CrossRef

S. Wang, H.C. Pan, D.S. Xie, D.D. Zhang, J.R. Li, H.B. Xie, Y.P. Ren, G.W. Qin, Grain refinement and strength enhancement in Mg wrought alloys: a review. J. Magnes. Alloy. 11(11), 4128–4145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2023.11.002CrossRef

Y.J. Huang, C.M. Liu, S.N. Jiang, Y.J. Ma, Y.C. Wan, Z.Y. Chen, Dislocation-induced β′ precipitation behavior and strength-ductility synergistic enhancement in Mg–Gd–Y–Zr–Ag alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 944, 169187 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169187CrossRef

K. Wang, X.W. Wang, C. Dang, S.Z. Wang, S. Huang, M.P. Liu, J.F. Wang, Achieving ultrahigh strength in pre-ageing-extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Mn alloys via ageing treatment. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25, 7169–7179 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.07.163CrossRef

X. Wu, Y. Wang, L.Y. Qiao, J. She, F.X. Bi, Influence of extrusion ratio on microstructure and tensile properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy. Met. Mater. Int. 30, 2012–2022 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01603-7CrossRef

B. Deng, S.H. Lv, Q. Yang, D.Y. Zhao, J.Y. Fan, X. Qiu, Lath-like phases formed at an extremely high temperature in a Mg–RE (RE=rare earth)–Al alloy. Rare Met. 43(8), 3937–3945 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-024-02785-8CrossRef

Y.H. Liu, Z.R. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Li, H.X. Li, L.Y. Jia, J.H. Wang, J.S. Zhang, A novel Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Cu–Ni alloy with excellent combination of strength and dissolution via peak-aging treatment. J. Magnes. Alloy. 11(2), 720–734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.05.012CrossRef

10.

Q. Zhang, Q.A. Li, X.Y. Chen, J. Bao, Z.Y. Chen, Effect of Sn addition on the deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy during hot compression. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 826, 142026 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142026CrossRef

11.

X.Y. Qian, Y. Zeng, B. Jiang, Q.R. Yang, Y.J. Wan, G.F. Quan, F.S. Pan, Grain refinement mechanism and improved mechanical properties in Mg–Sn alloy with trace Y addition. J. Alloy. Compd. 820, 153122 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153122CrossRef

12.

D.D. Yin, S.P. Li, K.X. Sun, R.H. Fu, Y.B. Zhang, B. Jiang, Y.D. Huang, Y. Zeng, Superior elevated-temperature strength of Mg–Y–Sn alloys with thermostable multi-scale precipitates and grain structure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 852, 143643 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143643CrossRef

13.

C. Wang, H.Y. Zhang, H.Y. Wang, G.J. Liu, Q.C. Jiang, Effects of doping atoms on the generalized stacking-fault energies of Mg alloys from first-principles calculations. Scr. Mater. 69(6), 445–448 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.05.026CrossRef

14.

W.L. Xu, C. Su, X.H. Chen, X.Z. Han, G.L. Zhang, F.S. Pan, Tailoring precipitates in Mg–12Gd–3Y alloys by Sn addition to obtain superior elevated temperature mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 873, 145006 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145006CrossRef

15.

Z.B. Ding, X.L. Zhi, B. Liu, H. Hou, S. Zhang, W.M. Guo, D.R. Chen, Y.H. Zhao, Enhancement of strength and elastic modulus of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy by Sn addition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 854, 143885 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143885CrossRef

16.

R.G. Li, H.R. Li, H.C. Pan, D.S. Xie, J.H. Zhang, D.Q. Fang, Y.Q. Dai, D.Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, Achieving exceptionally high strength in binary Mg–13Gd alloy by strong texture and substantial precipitates. Scr. Mater. 193, 142–146 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.10.052CrossRef

17.

L.Y. Jia, W.B. Du, J.L. Fu, Z.H. Wang, K. Liu, S.B. Li, X. Du, Obtaining ultra-high strength and ductility in a Mg–Gd–Er–Zn–Zr alloy via extrusion, pre-deformation and two-stage aging. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 34, 39–44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01132-xCrossRef

18.

Y. Zhang, W. Rong, Y.J. Wu, L.M. Peng, Achieving ultra-high strength in Mg–Gd–Ag–Zr wrought alloy via bimodal-grained structure and enhanced precipitation. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 54, 160–170 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.031CrossRef

19.

Q. Yang, S. Lv, K. Guan, Z. Xie, X. Qiu, Extra-conventional strengthening mechanisms in non-recrystallized grains of an extruded Mg–Gd–Zr alloy. J. Magnes. Alloy. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2023.09.024CrossRef

20.

Z.S. Wu, T. Nakata, G.Z. Tang, C. Xu, X.J. Wang, X.W. Li, X.G. Qiao, M.Y. Zheng, L. Geng, S. Kamado, Effect of forced-air cooling on the microstructure and age-hardening response of extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy full with LPSO lamella. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 73, 66–75 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.020CrossRef

21.

Z. Yang, C. Xu, T. Nakata, S. Kamado, Effect of extrusion ratio and temperature on microstructures and tensile properties of extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Mn–Sc alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 800, 140330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140330CrossRef

22.

X.Z. Jin, W.C. Xu, D.B. Shan, B. Guo, B.C. Jin, Mechanism of high-strength and ductility of Mg–RE alloy fabricated by low-temperature extrusion and aging treatment. Mater. Des. 199, 109384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109384CrossRef

23.

Z.J. Yu, C. Xu, J. Meng, X.H. Zhang, S. Kamado, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy with Zn and Nd additions. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 713, 234–243 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.070CrossRef

24.

M. Hong, S.S.A. Shah, D. Wu, R.S. Chen, X.H. Du, N.T. Hu, Y.F. Zhang, Ultra-high strength Mg–9Gd–4Y–0.5Zr alloy with bi-modal structure processed by traditional extrusion. Met. Mater. Int. 22, 1091–1097 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-016-6325-xCrossRef

25.

C. Xu, M.Y. Zheng, S.W. Xu, K. Wu, E.D. Wang, S. Kamado, G.J. Wang, X.Y. Lv, Ultra high-strength Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy sheets processed by large-strain hot rolling and ageing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 547, 93–98 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.087CrossRef

26.

C.P. Tang, J.J. Chen, X. Ma, W.H. Liu, H.M. Xie, M.H. Li, X. Liu, Effects of extrusion speed on the formation of bimodal-grained structure and mechanical properties of a Mg–Gd-based alloy. Mater Charact 189, 111952 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111952CrossRef

27.

D.D. Zhang, C.M. Liu, S.N. Jiang, Y.H. Gao, Y.C. Wan, Z.Y. Chen, Effects of extrusion process on microstructure, precipitates and mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr–Ag alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 856, 143990 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143990CrossRef

28.

X.S. Xia, D.Y. Shu, E. Yang, C.K. Hu, A comparative study of the role of Zn in microstructures and the mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloys. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25, 2903–2912 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.142CrossRef

29.

K. Shi, S.B. Li, Z.J. Yu, B.T. Du, K. Liu, W.B. Du, Microstructure and mechanical performance of Mg–Gd–Y–Nd–Zr alloys prepared via pre-annealing, hot extrusion and ageing. J. Alloy. Compd. 931, 167476 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167476CrossRef

30.

X. Wang, Y.X. Zhao, Y.C. Huang, Characterization of hot-extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy containing a novel lamellar structure and related high elevated-temperature mechanical properties. Met. Mater. Int. 29, 2556–2570 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01391-0CrossRef

31.

Z.Z. Jin, M. Zha, Z.Y. Yu, P.K. Ma, Y.K. Li, J.M. Liu, H.L. Jia, H.Y. Wang, Exploring the Hall–Petch relation and strengthening mechanism of bimodal-grained Mg–Al–Zn alloys. J. Alloy. Compd. 833, 155004 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155004CrossRef

32.

J. Xu, B. Guan, Y.C. Xin, X.D. Wei, G.J. Huang, C.L. Liu, Q. Liu, A weak texture dependence of Hall–Petch relation in a rare-earth containing magnesium alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 99, 251–259 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.076CrossRef

33.

H.H. Yu, Y.C. Xin, M.Y. Wang, Q. Liu, Hall–Petch relationship in Mg alloys: a review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34(2), 248–256 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.07.022CrossRef

34.

W. Yuan, S.K. Panigrahi, J.Q. Su, R.S. Mishra, Influence of grain size and texture on Hall–Petch relationship for a magnesium alloy. Scr. Mater. 65(11), 994–997 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.08.028CrossRef

35.

B. Li, B.G. Teng, E.D. Wang, Effects of accumulative rolling reduction on the microstructure characteristic and mechanical properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr sheets processed by hot rolling. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 765, 138317 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138317CrossRef

36.

C.P. Tang, L. Cui, H.C. Jiang, W.H. Liu, J. Li, X. Liu, H. Li, The role of initial grain size on bimodal-grained microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Nd–Zr alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 23, 4663–4677 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.056CrossRef

37.

M. Mabuchi, K. Higashi, Strengthening mechanisms of Mg–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 44(11), 4611–4618 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(96)00072-9CrossRef

38.

L.L. Rokhlin, Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare Earth Metals: Structure and Properties (CRC Press, London, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482265163CrossRef

39.

G. Cacciamani, A. Saccone, G. Borzone, S. Delfino, R. Ferro, Computer coupling of thermodynamics and phase diagrams: the gadolinium–magnesium system as an example. Thermochim. Acta 199, 17–24 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(92)80246-sCrossRef

40.

C. He, C.Q. Liu, H.W. Chen, J.F. Nie, Enhanced age-hardening response in Mg–Zn–Co alloys with Bi additions. J. Alloy. Compd. 815, 152419 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152419CrossRef

41.

C.R. Hutchinson, J.F. Nie, S. Gorsse, Modeling the precipitation processes and strengthening mechanisms in a Mg–Al–(Zn) AZ91 alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 2093–2105 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0330-xCrossRef

42.

Z.H. Yan, Y.D. Yu, J.H. Qian, J.T. Luo, Y.C. Sang, Fabrication of high-strength Mg–Gd–Nd–Zn–Sn–Zr alloy via extrusion and aging. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 4182–4194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00859-7CrossRef

43.

W.W. Jian, G.M. Cheng, W.Z. Xu, H. Yuan, M.H. Tsai, Q.D. Wang, C.C. Koch, Y.T. Zhu, S.N. Mathaudhu, Ultrastrong Mg alloy via nano-spaced stacking faults. Mater. Res. Lett. 1(2), 61–66 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2013.765927CrossRef

44.

R.G. Li, R.L. Xin, Q. Liu, A. Chapuis, S.F. Liu, G.Y. Fu, L. Zong, Effect of grain size, texture and density of precipitates on the hardness and tensile yield stress of Mg–14Gd–0.5Zr alloys. Mater. Des. 114, 450–458 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-022-01447-xCrossRef

45.

Q. Yang, S.H. Lv, P. Chen, Z.F. Xie, S. Zhou, X. Qiu, Formation and solute segregation for an asymmetric tilt boundary on 10–12 twin boundaries. J. Magnes. Alloy. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.01.026CrossRef

46.

S.H. Lu, D. Wu, R.S. Chen, E.H. Han, Reasonable utilization of 10–12 twin for optimizing microstructure and improving mechanical property in a Mg–Gd–Y alloy. Mater. Des. 191, 108600 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108600CrossRef

47.

X. Gao, J.F. Nie, Enhanced precipitation-hardening in Mg–Gd alloys containing Ag and Zn. Scr. Mater. 58(8), 619–622 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.11.022CrossRef

Title: Effects of Different Microstructure on Strengthening Mechanism and Hardening Mechanism in Peak-Aged Mg–14Gd–0.2Sn Alloy
Authors: Boshu Liu
Kaiqiang Cao
Rongguang Li
Yuehong Zhang
Hang Zhang
Shanshan Li
Sha Sha
Publication date: 30-08-2024
Publisher: The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials
Published in: Metals and Materials International
Print ISSN: 1598-9623
Electronic ISSN: 2005-4149
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01792-9